home Finance Groshі that credit - Savluk M.І.

Groshі that credit - Savluk M.І.

ROZDІL 6. Monetary RINOK TA VALYUTNІ system

6.1. SUTNІST currency Monetary VІDNOSIN TA. KONVERTOVANІST currency

Ponyattya currency widely zastosovuєtsya in ekonomіchnіy lіteraturі that praktitsі. Currency obslugovuє Taqiy wide-ranging sector of Economy, yak zovnіshnoekonomіchnі vіdnosini. On її osnovі funktsіonuє Monetary rinok, scho Yea Elements trumpery market analysis, formuyutsya takі visokoefektivnі regulyativnі іnstrumenti, yak exchange rate, platіzhny balance zolotovalyutnі reserve toscho. Currency obslugovuє funktsіonuvannya svіtovoї Economy that іntegratsіyu to neї natsіonalnih ekonomіk okremih kraїn.

Nezvazhayuchi on wider zastosuvannya, sutnіst znayshla currency is not unambiguous in traktuvannya lіteraturі. Bіlshіst avtorіv scho write about currency viznachayut її yak penny odinitsyu pevnoї Kraina. Prote dehto s tse they utochnyuє viznachennya currency, pov'yazuyuchi vikoristannya groshovoї odinitsі yak s currency funktsієyu svіtovih pennies tobto yak mіzhnarodnoї rozrahunkovoї odinitsі, zasobu obіgu i payment, abo Well for vimіryuvannya quantities vartostі product. Institution ponyattya currency to groshovoї odinitsі in vsіh Tsikh viznachennyah have not maintained upstream vipadku korektno, oskіlki odinitsya penny - Tse deprivation one Neznachny warehouses yavischa pennies pov'yazana s scale tsіn, i won not spromozhna vicherpati Taku folding funktsіyu pennies, yak svіtovі groshі.

Tim bіlshe unacceptable ototozhnyuvati s currency penny odinitseyu vzagalі, bo at tsomu znikayut whether SSMSC vіdmіnnostі mіzh groshima i currency, stop vtrachaє svoї spetsifіchnі acquaint themselves. In tsomu zv'yazku bіlsh pravomіrno pov'yazuvati s currency mіzhnarodnoyu sphere vikoristannya groshovoї odinitsі. Prote i tsya priv'yazka not guilty Buti Nadto pryamolіnіynoyu, if currency zvoditsya deprivation to mіzhnarodnoї groshovoї odinitsі chi zasobu obіgu i payment. Tse zanadto zvuzhuє scope zastosuvannya currency. Aje mіzhnarodnim zasobom obіgu payment i Mauger Buti tіlki vіlno konvertovana currency and that currency nekonvertovana Takeo viznachennya not vpisuєtsya.

Vrahovuyuchi tales naybіlsh priynyatnim Je viznachennya currency yak whether yakih penny koshtіv, formuvannya that vikoristannya yakih directly chi oposeredkovano Brokers' yazano іz zovnіshnoekonomіchnimi vіdnosinami. When tsomu not obov'yazkovo, dwellers tsі groshі vikonuvali entire din funktsіy svіtovih pennies. Napriklad, ukrainian іmporter kupuє on market analysis for natsіonalnі groshі (hryvnia) Pevnyi scrip dolarіv US, s yakih Relief oplachuє kuplenі in the NGF product. Nіmetsky eksporter obsession dolarovu viruchku konvertuє in nіmetskі brand, Chastain yakih zberіgatime on string depozitі yak nakopichennya. Tsya zovnіshnoekonomіchna operatsіya obslugovuєtsya troma kinds of pennies: hryvnia, Dolar i Marco. The I yak Hoch mіzhnarodny zasіb obіgu vikoristano deprivation Dolar US usі three Vidi penny koshtіv carols status currencies.

Pravomіrnіst such traktuvannya currency pіdtverdzhuєtsya i svіtovoyu currency practices. Stay in ponyattya currency vklyuchaє not tіlki Costa at viglyadі Laws platіzhnih zasobіv (gotіvki) chi depozitіv at pennies tієї chi іnshoї Kraina, SSMSC spravdі mozhut sluguvati mіzhnarodnimi zasobami obіgu chi payment and th INSHI valyutnі tsіnnostі - platіzhnі documents (checks, vekselі, sertifіkati, toscho letter of credit), fondovі tsіnnostі (aktsії, oblіgatsії) that

INSHI fіnansovі іnstrumenti іnozemnogo pohodzhennya and takozh analogіchnі platіzhnі document and that fondovі tsіnnostі natsіonalnogo pohodzhennya, Yakscho stink peretinayut Mitnija cordon chi rolling in vlasnіst nerezidentіv useredinі Kraina.

Currency klasifіkuєtsya for kіlkoma kriterіyami. Basic s them Je emіtentska nalezhnіst currency. For CIM kriterієm vidіlyayut:

- Natsіonalnu currency, yak Virage in pennies, scho emіtuyutsya natsіonalnoyu bankіvskoyu system. For Ukraine will tse Costa, Mr omіnovanі in grivnі for Russie - in rubles for NGF - Mark toscho;

- Іnozemnu currency virazhenu in pennies, scho emіtuyutsya bankіvskimi systems іnshih kraїn. For Ukraine will tse Costa, nomіnovanі access in all natsіonalnih penny odinitsyah, krіm grivnі;

- Collective currency virazhenu Especially in mіzhnarodnih penny odinitsyah scho emіtuyutsya mіzhnarodnimi fіnansovo CREDIT install i funktsіonuyut for mіzhderzhavnimi land. Infect naybіlsh vіdomі Dvi takі currency - the SDR, the IMF mіzhnarodny zaprovadzhena in turn, is the EURO including, scho zaprovadzhena in mіzhnarodny turnover 11 kraїnami Zahіdnoї Єvropi.

For currency regime vikoristannya podіlyayutsya on:

- Nekonvertovanі;

- Konvertovanі.

Nekonvertovanimi Je currency, SSMSC nemozhlivo vіlno obmіnyati on іnozemnі currency for rinkovim course, їh vvіz that vivіz zhorstko obmezhuєtsya. These zvichayno Je currency slaborozvinutih kraїn chi kraїn, SSMSC perezhivayut gliboku i hronіchnu ekonomіchnu i fіnansovu crisis. Until 1997, p. types nekonvertovanoyu bula i NATIONAL currency of Ukraine - UAH.

Konvertovaniya Je currency, SSMSC vіlno obmіnyuyutsya for currency іnshih kraїn, of course, at scho formuєtsya vstanovlenomu order i i vіlno vivozyatsya importing through the cordon. Konvertova-nіst - Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhliva, viznachalna yakіsna rice currencies.

Konvertovaniya currency staє not stihіyno and zabezpechuєtsya powers zavdyaki digit zusillyam, spryamovanim on dosyagnennya inventory groshovoї zbalansovanostі, rozvitok vіlnih trademark i Monetary rinkіv, zaprovadzhennya organіzatsіyno legal basis Monetary regulyuvannya toscho. Tsі zusillya povinnі stvoriti takі peredumovi zaprovadzhennya konvertovanostі Currency:

- Znizhennya іnflyatsії to pomіrnogo rіvnya for yakogo natsіonalnі groshі pochinayut zadovіlno vikonuvati OAO All funktsії, Especially funktsіyu nakopichennya vartostі. Іnakshe residents will postіyno perevoditi svoї zaoschadzhennya in vіlno konvertovaniya іnozemnu currency scho provokuvatime nadmіrny popit on qiu currency i znetsіnennya natsіonalnoї;

- Formuvannya rinkovogo mehanіzmu tsіnoutvorennya for yakogo tsіni will vіlno reaguvati on zmіni in popitі i Offers;

- Lіberalіzatsіya zovnіshnoekonomіchnih vіdnosin;

- Nakopichennya dostatnogo gold reserves;

- Vіdmova od widespread datuvannya tsіn on goods that Hotel, stvorennya rіvnih competitive minds on market analysis for vsіh ekonomіchnih sub'єktіv.

In mіru zabezpechennya vkazanih peredumov Uryadov Kraina stvoryuє vіdpovіdny organіzatsіyno legal mehanіzm for konvertatsії natsіonalnoї currency that ogoloshuє about priєdnannya to stattі VIII IMF Statute, yak vimagaє od kraїn-chlenіv Fund zaprovadzhennya konvertovanostі currency for precisely operatsіyami. UKRAINE ogolosila about svoє priєdnannya to tsієї stattі yak pіdtverdzhennya zaprovadzhennya potochnoї konvertovanostі grivnі deprivation in 1997 p.

Konvertovanіst currency can klasifіkuvati for kіlkoma kriterіyami:

1. For povnotoyu konvertatsії:

- Povny konvertovanіet;

- Chastkova konvertovanіet.

2. For the kinds of sub'єktіv:

- Zovnіshnya;

- Vnutrіshnya.

3. For the character ekonomіchnih operatsіy scho obslugovuyutsya konvertovaniya Currency:

- For precisely operatsіyami;

- For peremіschennyam kapіtalu.

Povny konvertovanіst oznachaє mozhlivіst vіlnogo obmіnu natsіonalnoї currency on іnozemnu for vsіh kategorіy vlasnikіv (i Yurydychna fіzichnih osіb, rezidentіv nerezidentіv i) that for vsіma views tsіley abo operatsіy (platezhі for precisely operatsіyami, platezhі for Rukh kapіtalu perekazami i).

On the cob 2000 r. bіlshe Yak 20 currencies boule vіlno konvertovaniya chi vpritul nablizilis to tsogo status: avstralіyskі Dolar, avstrіyskі shilіngi, anglіyskі pounds sterlіngіv, belgіyskі francs, guilders gollandskі, gretskі drachmas datskі crony, Dolar US іrlandskі pounds іspanskі pesetas, іsland-

skі kroons іtalіyskі lіri, kanadskі Dolar, lyuksemburgskі Franks, nіmetskі brand norvezkі kroons portugalskі eskudo, fіnskі brand frantsuzkі Franks, shvedskі kroons shveytsarskі Franks, yaponskі єni, EURO including, SDR.

Against non OAO All tsі currency koristuyutsya odnakovoyu dovіroyu on svіtovomu Rinku i toil odnakovu scope zastosuvannya in mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkah. Naybіlshu dovіru i nayshirshe zastosuvannya toil currency kraїn s nayvischimi ekonomіchnimi potentsіalami: US Dolar, nіmetska brand yaponska єna, anglіysky sterlіngіv pound, franc frantsuzky. Tsі currency is not tіlki vіlno vikoristovuyutsya in mіzhnarodnih payments, and second in reserves vіlno nakopichuyutsya mіzhnarodnoї lіkvіdnostі for scho stink dіstali titles reserve currency. Je Nayavtoritetnіshoyu reserve currency US Dolar. In ostannі Rocky vіn viyshov on Pershe Location in strukturі Reigning gold and foreign rezervіv kraїn svitu i obslugovuє blizko 2/3 vsіh mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv for zovnіshnoyu torgіvleyu.

Vikoristannya vіlno konvertovanoї currency yak rezervnoї nadaє їy Cheema perevag. Nasampered tse viyavlyaєtsya in zrostannі on neї popitu svіtovomu on market analysis, scho Uryadov daє mozhlivіst vіdpovіdnoї Kraina rozshiryuvati emіsіyu svoєї currency, zbіlshuyuchi senyorazh yak Dzherelo fіnansuvannya natsіonalnoї Economy, pіdvischuyuchi її konkurentospromozhnіst svіtovomu on market analysis.

Chastkova konvertovanіst currency oznachaє scho NATIONAL currency obmіnyuєtsya on іnozemnu s Pevnyi obmezhennyami. Napriklad, for some osіb її obmіn permitted, and for іnshih - ni, so needless to some vidіv operatsіy obmіn permitted, for іnshih - ni toscho. Yakscho konvertatsіya natsіonalnoї currency lawful to tіlki for nerezidentіv, then won nazivaєtsya zovnіshnoyu and Yakscho for rezidentіv - vnutrіshnoyu. Yakscho konvertatsіya poshiryuєtsya tіlki on platezhі for precisely operatsіyami, Won nazivaєtsya precisely and Yakscho tіlki on platezhі for Rukh kapіtalu - kapіtalnoyu.

Perehіd od nekonvertovanoї to konvertovanoї currency vіdbuvaєtsya through chastkovu konvertatsіyu, nasampered for precisely operatsіyami. Tsya konvertatsіya Mauger Buti zovnіshnoyu abo, abo vnutrіshnoyu, abo i Perche, i odnochasno by another. Flow konvertatsіya for rezidentіv i nerezidentіv daє poshtovh to rozvitku zovnіshnoї torgіvlі, vіdkrivaє Way to posilennya konkurentsії mіzh natsіonalnimi th іnozemnimi tovarovirobnikami, spriyaє virіvnyuvannyu natsіonalnih i svіtovih tsіn, rozshirennyu spozhivannya for rakhunok zbіlshennya іmportu toscho. Pіslya dosyagnennya Pevnyi uspіhіv on Tsikh directly zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі Krajina Mauger perehoditi to bіlsh temple rіvnya konvertatsії svoєї currency. According to this high road rozvivaє konvertovanіst svoєї currency UKRAINE.

Vikoristannya currency for obslugovuvannya zovnіshnoekonomіchnih vіdnosin nadaє ostannіm spetsifіchnu vіdnosin form of currency. Especially characteristic Monetary vіdnosin Je takі:

- Stink skladayutsya mіzh ekonomіchnimi sub'єktami rіznih kraїn, SSMSC Musial dotrimuvatisya vimog natsіonalnogo zakonodavstva Tsikh kraїn;

- Tsі vіdnosini realіzuyutsya in skladі vіdpovіdnih segmentіv svіtovogo market analysis that i zaznayut vplivu traditsіy, regulatory vimog, rules peredbachenih mіzhnarodnimi lands that іnshimi regulatory documents mіzhnarodnogo nature;

- Oskіlki stink obslugovuyutsya kіlkoma currencies (nerіdko troma - natsіonalnoyu іmportera currency, payment currency mіzhnarodnogo i natsіonalnoyu eksportera currency), then іstotny vpliv them spravlyayut chinniki, pov'yazanі s Monetary rizikami;

- They have pereplіtayutsya i vstupayut superechnіst ekonomіchnі Interests rіznih powers. Nerіdko tsі superechnostі zachіpayut natsіonalnі Interests in tsіlomu scho nadaє Monetary vіdnosinam especial value in ekonomіchnih systems vіdpovіdnih kraїn.

Zaznachenі osoblivostі roblyat valyutnі vіdnosini Nadzvychaina sytuatsia Folding i such SSMSC vazhko regulyuvati. Vodnochase upravlіnnya them - Nadzvychaina sytuatsia urgent problem. Tom in bіlshostі kraїn svitu priynyatі spetsіalnі laws, scho sovereign reglamentuyut mehanіzm regulyuvannya Monetary vіdnosin, dwellers zahistiti natsіonalnі Interests od nepravomіrnih Act reasonably vnutrіshnіh i zovnіshnіh їh uchasnikіv.

Otzhe for svoїm ekonomіchnim zmіstom valyutnі vіdnosini - tse sukupnіst ekonomіchnih vіdnosin, SSMSC vinikayut in protsesі vzaєmnogo obmіnu results dіyalnostі natsіonalnih Gospodarstwa i subservient uyutsya currency. Pong tіsno pereplіtayutsya s vnutrіshnіmi penny vіdnosinami, Je їh prodovzhennyam, if the stench rolling mezhі natsіonalnih Mitnija kordonіv. At the time of Tsei natsіonalnі groshі carols form of currency. Tom natsіonalny Monetary rinok kozhnoї Kraina Je warehouses її trumpery market analysis, monetary zakonodavstvo tіsno koresponduє s penny zakonodavstvom and rozvitok Monetary vіdnosin digit mіroyu povtoryuє rozvitok vnutrіshnіh penny vіdnosin kraїn.

Rіven rozvitku Monetary vіdnosin Kraina deposits od rіvnya іntegratsії її Economy in svіtove Gospodarstwa. Chim vische rozvinuta in kraїnі zovnіshnya torgіvlya, її kreditnі that іnvestitsіynі, culture

turnі that INSHI zv'yazki іz zovnіshnіm svіtom, team masshtabnіshimi will i її valyutnі vіdnosini. Navpaki of I, a temple rіven rozvitku Monetary vіdnosin przitivno vplivaє on rozvitok natsіonalnoї Economy on zmіtsnennya її zv'yazkіv іz zovnіshnіm svіtom.

Participants Monetary vіdnosin s side kozhnoї Kraina shaping can Buti: Uryadov that yogo okremі structure of the central bank, yuridichnі individuals vklyuchayuchi banks fіzichnі individuals. Krіm of їh uchasnikami shaping can Buti mіzhnarodnі organіzatsії have to chislі mіzhnarodnі fіnansovі іnstituti (IMF, IBRD, ЄBRR that іn.).

Fallow od ekonomіchnogo priznachennya Monetary platezhіv in foreign currency vіdnosinah mozhna vidіliti takі skladovі:

- Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki for zovnіshnotorgovelnimi operatsіyami;

- Repayment of Contents i rіznih vidіv mіzhnarodnih pozichok;

- Peremіschennya currency when zdіysnennі zovnіshnіh іnvestitsіy;

- Peremіschennya currency when nadannі ekonomіchnoї i tehnіchnoї Relief;

- Operatsії s kupіvlі-currency sales at vnutrіshnomu i zovnіshnіh foreign exchange market.