Legal Encyclopedia. Letter B

UNEMPLOYMENT

- "Does not depend on the will of the employee suspending work for the long term because of the impossibility of employment, usually as a result of termination of the employment agreement between the employer and hired labor." And, therefore, unemployment appears as a phenomenon, the content of which is that there is a situation of complete lack of work at a certain time for a certain part of the economically active population.

Unemployment stands objective factor of economic life. Her appearance was made possible only with the advent of wage-labor institution.

For decades, human resources management policy in the Soviet Union repelled not by human interests, but on the defined common requirements

oriented economy to a predominantly extensive growth. It was subordinated to the objectives

overcoming the shortage of staff, to find additional sources of labor to staff the growing number of jobs. This has led to the almost complete exhaustion of labor and excessive involvement in the economy and women pension age people with disabilities. In the Soviet Union for a long time there was such a thing as irrational overemployment. At the same time enterprises and organizations took place inflated managerial and support staff, the number of vacant jobs in the industrial sector in the millions. Three million graduates

"Distributed" in the USSR every year and the number of vacancies is not decreased.

In 1980, the Soviet Union vigorously celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of "the largest social gains of the workers - unemployment liquidation". And after ten-odd years, July 1, 1991 officially registered unemployed began in the Soviet Union.

The transition to a market economy inevitably led to great changes in the use of labor resources.

An integral feature of the market economy

It is unemployment - temporary unemployment of the economically active population. The reasons for this phenomenon are diverse:

1) structural changes in the economy, reflected in the fact that the introduction of new technologies, equipment leads to a reduction in the surplus labor force;

2) economic recession or depression, which forced employers to reduce the need for all resources, including labor;

3) The policy of the government and trade unions in wage: raising the minimum wage increases the cost of production and thereby reduces the demand for labor;

4) seasonal variations in production levels in some sectors of the economy;

5) changes in the demographic structure of the population, in particular the growth of population of working age increases the demand for labor and increases the likelihood of unemployment.

Based on the causes of unemployment can formulate its basic form.

Frictional unemployment - is associated with the movement of people from one job to another,

from one place to another. The reason for this form of unemployment is that people and jobs are not uniform, so take some time for "mutual search".

Structural unemployment - associated with changes in technology, as well as the fact that the goods and services market is constantly changing: there are new products that displace the old, are not in demand. In this regard, the enterprise reviewing the structure of the resources, and in particular, labor resources. As a rule, the introduction of new technologies has led to the dismissal of the workforce or to retrain staff.

Seasonal unemployment - associated with unequal volumes of production, performed by some of the industry in different periods of time, ie, in some months the demand for labor in these sectors is growing, in others - is reduced. Among the industries, which are characterized by seasonal fluctuations in production volumes, are primarily agriculture and construction.

Cyclical unemployment - associated with insufficient aggregate demand for goods and services, which causes an increase in unemployment in those industries where these goods are produced.

Hidden unemployment, which is typical for the domestic economy. The gist of it is that in the conditions of incomplete use of enterprise resources, caused by the economic crisis, companies are not laying off workers, and transferred to a shorter working hours (part-time or time) or sent to forced unpaid leave. Formally, these workers can not be considered unemployed, but they are actually established.