Legal encyclopedia. Letter F

GRADUATED CREDENTIALS TO NAVY AND CITIES.

In 1785, Catherine II was published by J. G. D., which consolidated the rights of noblemen to engage in industrial and commercial activities, thereby opening for the estate a new perspective of activity.

G. G. D. consisted of an introductory manifesto and four sections (92 articles). It established the principles of the organization of local gentry self-government, the personal rights of noblemen and the order of drawing up the genealogy of noble books.

G. G. D. was a codification of legislation on the status of the nobility. Behind the nobles were fixed:

1) personal rights: corporal

Inviolability (noblemen were not subjected to corporal punishment and torture); Right on heraldry (coat of arms); Exemption from compulsory public service, first approved by Peter III in the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility of 1762 According to this Manifesto, all the nobles were rewarded for service, it became

Their privileges;

2) property rights: a monopoly on the possession of inhabited estates; The right to own subsoil on the landowner's land (in contrast to the decree of Peter I, who left the bowels behind the state); Exemption from taxes and duties; The right to any business activity not prohibited by law (except for retail trade); Distillery monopoly.

On the county and provincial levels, noble assemblies were set up to choose

The corresponding leaders of the nobility. The nobles chose their class judges (for the district courts and the upper district courts) and even a part of the officials.

In 1785, G.G.D., in 1785, summarized all the already existing advantages of the nobility class. Some of them were the result of the recent emancipation of this class - freedom from compulsory service, the right to protect the inviolability of their class privileges by judicial protection; Others - the exclusive right to own land, freedom from taxes - were the old advantages left by the enslaved regime, but now they got a new meaning; From natural

Consequences of compulsory service, they also turned into estate privileges based solely on the dignity of the noble rank. In addition, the charter created the corporate initiative of the nobility in the sphere of its class interests by the establishment of noble provincial societies endowed with legal rights as certain rights.

In 1785, Catherine II published Zh. G. G., which was a codification of legislation on the status of the urban population.

Zh. G. G. was published simultaneously with J. G. D. in April 1785. It consisted of the Manifesto, 16 sections and 178 articles.

There were 6 categories of urban population. City merchants were divided into guilds depending on the size of the estate. The urban intelligentsia, bankers and capitalists formed a layer of honorable (eminent) citizens who possessed the rights of personal nobles. Meshchan, engaged in petty trade, constituted a significant layer of urban inhabitants. Meshchan, engaged in craft, received the legal status of artisans. In the composition of G. G. G. in 1785 entered a special handicraft statute. Separately

Foreign citizens were granted, as well as non-residents. The last category included all other townspeople.

In the cities, city dumas were created, which were headed by city heads (governors).