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Pricing - Yerukhimovich IL

conclusions

1. The level, the ratio and the change in prices for products (work, services) is affected by many factors. The main ones are: production costs, quality, supply and demand, monopolies, inflation, sales channels.

2. In the conditions of the monopoly market, a high level of costs determines a high price. In a competitive environment, the impact of production costs on prices decreases.

3. Improving the quality of goods should provide equally beneficial terms to both the producer and the consumer.

4. Demand is characterized by a mass of goods that can be bought on the market, and supply - a mass of values ​​created to meet demand.

5. Direct relationship between demand and price characterizes the elastic demand, the inverse relationship is inelastic. The coefficient of elastic demand is more than one, inelastic - less than one.

6. The direct relationship between supply and price characterizes the inelastic proposal, the inverse - elastic.

7. In case of equal demand and supply, the interests of producers and consumers coincide: the whole volume of proposals is realized and all available demand is satisfied. This state of the market is called market equilibrium. The price that balances supply and demand is called the equilibrium price.

8. Steady excess of demand over supply, which causes price increases and an increase in the number of transactions, characterizes the upward market conditions at which economic advantages arise for sellers. This situation is created in the seller's market.

9. Excess of supply over demand leads to a state of bearish or low market conditions, creates economic benefits for buyers. This is typical for the buyer's market.

10. The degree of monopolization of the market is inversely related to the number of sellers. Monopoly of sellers contributes to higher prices, monopolism of buyers causes low prices.

11. Restriction of monopoly is achieved through competition. There is competition industrial and market.

12. Industrial competition is competition between producers. It can be intra-industry and intersectoral.

13. Market competition is a rivalry between sellers and between buyers under the influence of the supply-demand ratio for a particular product.

14. Antimonopoly legislation serves as a form of limiting monopoly prices.

15. Inflation - the process of depreciation of money in connection with the increase in prices for goods and services. Inflation is moderate (creeping) and accelerated (galloping). Moderate inflation is an incentive for expansion of production and causes a slight increase in prices. Accelerated (galloping) inflation leads to a decrease in sales and higher prices.

16. The number of links in commodity circulation and the price are directly dependent.

17. In terms of accounting for costs and profits, prices vary wholesale and retail. The production goods can be sold directly to consumers (at the wholesale price of the producer) and through intermediaries (at the price of wholesale trade). Prices for goods sold through retail trade are called retail prices.

18. A variety of wholesale prices are the purchase prices (for agricultural products) and the prices of forward transactions used in transactions on the exchange. A variety of retail prices are the prices of commission and auction trading.

19. Prices can be basic and limited. Base prices are set for representative products of a certain purpose with fixed quality parameters. Limit the maximum permissible prices that ensure the interest of consumers in the use of new products.

20. In terms of the degree of enterprise autonomy in pricing, free, or independently established, contractual (contract), regulated and fixed prices and tariffs are distinguished.

21. Free prices are set by producers independently in accordance with the price policy they adopt. The list prices (reference prices of information non-periodical nature published by the seller) and catalog prices (official prices published in catalogs and prospectuses of enterprises, firms and wholesale organizations irregularly, as a rule, by the seller) are included as free.

22. Distinguish prices of the seller, the buyer and net. The seller's price reflects his interests and is formed in conditions of exceeding demand over the supply (in the seller's market). The buyer's price reflects his economic interests and is formed in conditions of excess supply over demand (in the buyer's market). Net price - the net price of the goods at the place of purchase and sale. It is for the buyer the amount actually paid to the seller, and for the seller - the actual sales proceeds less costs incurred in connection with the transaction.

23. Contractual (contractual) prices are those established in contracts (contracts) between the seller and the buyer.

24. Regulated prices are determined at the state or local level and may fluctuate within certain limits, not exceeding a given level.

25. Fixed prices are approved by the state or local authorities as permanent and operate for a certain time.

26. Tariffs are the prices for services.

27. Estimated cost is the price of construction products.

28. The prices indicated in the contracts may be firm, with subsequent fixation and sliding. All these prices are called the prices of actual transactions. The firm price remains unchanged from the moment of signing the contract until the goods arrive at the buyer. The price with subsequent fixation is indicated on a certain calendar date. The sliding price depends on the economic condition of the exporting country.

29. Indicative is the price that has developed in the international market for the relevant goods at the time of the export (import) operation taking into account the terms of delivery and settlement.

30. Dumping price - the price of the goods, which is much lower than in normal commercial transactions.

31. Depending on the region of implementation, prices are divided into single, regional, zonal and belt prices.

32. By the time of action, prices are divided into permanent, temporary and one-time. A variety of time prices are stepped.

33. Transport and related costs, taken into account in prices, are determined by the terms of delivery of the goods. In domestic trade, depending on the terms of delivery of goods, prices vary by Franco. In international trade practice, the basic terms of delivery are used for this, the interpretation of which is contained in the collection "Incoterms".

34. Prices used in the practice of accounting, analysis and planning of economic indicators, can be current and comparable.

Test questions and tasks

1. List the factors that affect the price level. Briefly describe them.

2. How does the cost of production affect the price level in the conditions of different types of market?

3. Name the possible options for the dependence of the profit of the producer on the level of quality of products.

4. How is demand, supply and price interrelated?

5. Give the definition of the concept of "elastic (inelastic) demand (supply)".

6. How does the seller's market differ from the buyer's market?

7. The price of 1 liter of gasoline of one brand at the gas stations of the city is in the range of 40-55 kopecks. The daily sales volume is 2.0-2.5 thousand liters and depends on the price level. At the same time, a price increase of 10% causes a decrease in demand for gasoline by 3%:

A) plot the change in demand for gasoline and its supply, depending on the price level;

B) find the point of the equilibrium price and the values ​​of this price, as well as the value of supply and demand of gasoline;

C) determine the type of demand according to the conditions of the task.

8. Give a definition of the concept of market conditions and characterize the essence of its varieties.

9. Give examples of competition of production and market, price and non-price.

10. How does moderate and accelerated inflation affect price changes?

11. What is the difference between wholesale and retail prices?

12. What kind of prices are purchased?

13. What is the "forward transaction price"?

14. What is the difference between regulated and fixed prices? What kind of electricity prices are related to?

15. What is the difference between the prices of the buyer and the seller?

16. What is the difference in prices for Franco types? Give examples.

17. When making what calculations do you need to use current prices, and at what - comparable?