home Political economy Історія економічних учень - Korniychuk L.Ya.

Історія економічних учень - Korniychuk L.Ya.

Економічні ідеї декабристів

Під назвою декабристів в історію ввійшли дворянські революціонери, які оооли визвольний рух у Росії в першій чверті ХІХ ст. Kulminatsynim point Ruhu Bulo rebel 14 of the chest 1825 rock.

The program of the Decembrists was pervasive to the administration of autocracy. Майбутнє Росії вони зв'язували або з з республіканським устроєм (P. Pestel, S. Muraviov-Apostol, K. Rileyev), abolition of the Constitutional Monarchy (M. Turgenev, M. Muravyov).

Central Pitannia sotsіalno-ekonomichnoї progry dekabristіv bulo znischennya kripatstva. Decembrists gostro criticized kriposnitsky mode, a kind of galmuvav rozvitok productive forces kraїni. The stink of bullets by the stalwarts transition to the new economic system, which was grounded on special property and state freedoms, on privatniy vlasnosti vіnnonaymanіy praci.

The program of the Decembrists is objectively bourgeois, it is cynical on the zoning of the feudal fret in the yogo by becoming acquainted with the formulation of capitalist invoices. Prote subektivno decembrists did not boo ideologues of bourgeoisie, yak not buly ideologists of villages, movies of which were printed in the world.

Viknennenia and the form of the ideology of the Decembrists were zoomed in by the socially economical camp of the statehood and by the draft of progressive information from Russia on the pillar of the ХІХ century. We have an hour at the Suspilno-Polichnic arena for the noble-minded reformers: M. Speransky, M. Balug'yansky, M. Mordvinov and іnshі. Hoch with a few rulers of the ideological ambush of the states, the proteges of the spirit of reform. "Rossiyskim Reformer" calling M. Speransky M. Chernyshevsky. Usi vani mali vidnoshennya pomirkovanih lіberalnih reforms, sho rozblyalis' at pershiki tseryuvannya Oleksandra І.

The very same period is known by the great entertainer to the political economy. On the cob of the ХІХ century. There was a wait-and-see of the political economy in universities, lyceums, gimnaziyah, scho rozglyadalosya tsarist detachment yak pidgotovka dvoryanskoe molodi to derzhavnoy diyalnosti. Spotchatka vikladachami buli іnozemtsi, peremozhemo nimtsi, і read the course nimetskogo moivo. Aly zgodom, yak pisav O.Turgenev at the leaf to the brother, already all, navnit inozemtsi, zobov'yana buli read leksii rosіyskoyu movoyu. «Навіть Політичну Економію викладають тепер Рос ...» * 3

* 3: {Archive of the Turgenev Brothers. - St. Petersburg., 1911. - Issue. 2. - P. 397.}

Вивченню політичної економії great respect приділяють і майбутні декабристи. In 1816-1817, r. Course politichnoї ekonomії hears from prof. Herman's brother Muravyovi-Apostoli, Pestel, M. Muravyov, S. Trubetskoi, I. Dolgorukov, F. Glinka and іnshі. Znayomstvo z politichnomu ekonomiєyu became one of the sign of a nobleman. Wikladali polichnichu ekonomiiu in universities (in the main) for A. Smіtom.

The main part of the economic programs of the Decembrists was boredo skasyuvannya kripatstva. Shodo tsiogo nіііdі діі tendіії, які знайшли відображення in agrarian projects of P.I. Pestel ("Russian Truth"), and takozh M. Turgenev and M. Muravyova.

Pavlo Ivanovich Pestel (1793-1826) - was born in the family of the Smolensk province gentry. Studied in Dresden. In 1810, after joining the Paszyski Corps in St. Petersburg, de viviviv great interest to the vivchennya іstorichnikh i ehonomichnyh nauk, beating the fate of Vitschiznyanniy Vіnі 1812 р.

Pestel buv one of the organizers of the Decembrist partnership and the keeper of the yogic "Peerless Partnership". Written by him, "Russian Truth" has become a programmatic document of the Decembrists. In її obogovorennny took the fate of yak Pivdennogo, and і півніічного partnership. In the paper of Pestel, having obgruntuvav neobhіdnіst dokornіnogo peretvorennya sovremennogo I will arrange і of the people's state of Russia. Він standing on the positions ліквідації autocracy that krіpatstva і vstanovlenya republic of the republic.

In a basis sotsіalno-ekonomichnoi perebudovy Rosii Pestel having put agrarnyi peretvorennja. Він розумів, що необхідною пере-думомовуую радикальної зміни ставища селян є їхня special freedom. Shchob zabezpechit villagers svozhnzhno freedom, мм треба дати земля. Same in the earth Pestel, bashiv nayvazhlivіshu support of the su-spilnogo prosperity, and і proponuvav nadiliti kozhny dі-іlankoyu zemlі.

Alya yak zabezpechiti realizatsiyu chyogo nimir? Pestel is divided into two forms of landownership: private and soup. Він пропонує створти фон суспільного володіння земю за рахунок поміщицьких і державних земли. In the great landlords, part of the land of confiscation, dribnim - splatit singing compensations. Tse Fund formed at the volosts, become їхню власність і використовується для наділення земю всіх, хто забажає. For korostuvannya land villagers povinni buli platiti obrok stretching 10-15 rock. Such termin, such Pestel nazivaet perehіdnim, vin vstanovlyuete for that, shob pomoschiki could pristosuvatis to new minds.

The agrarian project of Pestel, nezavazhayuchi on pesny utopism, buv insanely progressive at the plan of socially-economical re-implement. Pestel приділяє увагу і проблем розвитку промисловості. Prote here vin not perebachaet such radical zmіn, yak u sylskomu gospodarstvі.

Mikola Ivanovich Turgenev (1789-1871). He was born in the m. Simbirsk in the noble family. 1811 р. Zakinchiv Ghettingen University (Nimecchina). Працював у Комісії зі складаня законів і в мі-ністерстві фінансів. Він having emblazoned a great literary decline: «Досвід теорії податків» (1818), «Росія і росіяни» (1847), «Питання звільнення і питання управління селян» (1858) та ін.

Central to yogo prazah - pittany about stavlennya to kripatstva. Звільнення селян він naming "the sacred and worthy method of the eighth life". In his creations M. Turgenev gostro criticize feudalism and vypedeє the seizure freedom in usіh її manifestations: freedom of the individual, freedom of the gospodarstvo діяльності. At kripatstvі vyn bachiv golonu pereskodu for ekonomichnogo rozvitku Rosii.

M. Turgenev, having sprinkled the project of villagers. Він був прихильником ліквідації кріпацтва з допоmюю low postepovyh zahodіv: "... postupovogo daravannya peasants uchastichih osobistih rights ..." і "postopovogo obmezhennia vladi pomіchіvіv * 4. The project is peredachiv zvilnennya villagers without earth. For the sustained land of the villagers, they are fined by the riches.

* 4: {Turgenev NI Experience of the theory of taxes. - 3rd ed. - M .: Sotecgiz, 1937. - P. 68.}

M. Turgenev namagavsya bring pomeshchikam vigіdnist for them zvilnennya villagers. Selyanin, zvilneny without zemelі, abo z nevelichkoju dlyanka, budey ekonomichno zalazhnim vid pomischika, yaky zalishetsya zhalis. Pomoschiki otrimayut vikup, and z vіnogo pratsі selyan matimut not menshy dohіd, nizh earlier. Otzhe, basic zmist ekonomichnyh peretvoren on the village Turgenev bachiv u kapitalalisticheskikh peretvorenney pomishchitskogo gospodarstva.

The agrarian program of Turgenev, nezvazhayuchi on those in the past, on the past with the programs of Pestel, the share of the peasant was podporyadkovuvali to the interests of the pomischitskogo gospodarstva, bula is madly progressive. Usuperech noble lіberalam vіn bringing the need for zvilnennya one-hourly all villages, vystupav for znischenna stanovih privilechov tochno. The jodo yogo said about the post-sowing of the villagers, then, yak vin writing from his schodenniku, won out to the vipadok, if the one-hour and shvidkogo zvilnennya peasants attack on protidyu.

Цікавими є й погляди Turgenєва на розвиток промисловості та торгівлі в Росії. І в цьому питанні він having acted as a foothold freedom: freedom to develop pro-peace, freedom to negotiate. Sprinjavshi ідеї економічного лібералізму A. Smіta, він respecting, шо їх it is possible застосувати і в тогочасній Росії.

In the interiors of Turgenev, the principle of freedom is free. The problem of pro-datukvania, the yak takozh vin virishuvav from the bourgeois-democratic positions, was taken up in the yogi pratyah.

Mikita Mikhailovich Muravyov (1796-1843). Variation of agrarian reform of the memory character of the bufs of the Muraviovim yo-yo "Constitution". The first variant of the "Constitution" punctuated the individual with freedom of the villagers і pozhavlenya їх навіть засобів праці. Moreover, zabavleni zemlennogo zasobliv praci villagers have not the slightest right to go to the robot before the new pomyschika. Tse the project having recognized the criticism of the members of the Peer Partnership.

The other variant of the project is lining behind the villagers їхні присадибні ділянки, будівлі, засоби праці, thinness. Іlishe tretiy warant, Muraviovim's writings in vyaznitsy, perebachav nadannya peasants 2-3 dessiatins of land on the dvir, and takozh the right of the decaying volodinnya her.

Otzhe, Muraviov's project, yak і Turgenev's project, were characterized by a significant pomorcovanism portrayed by Pestel's project. Prote navnit soi pomirkovanni proekt agrarnikh peretvoren mali nazvichajno velikie znachennya, to that shcho put pitannya about nehokhdnist znischennya kripatstva i usunennya autocracy.