home Political economy Історія економічних учень - Korniychuk L.Ya.

Історія економічних учень - Korniychuk L.Ya.

3. The broadening of Keynesianism in the different regions

Poyva conception of Keynes lawfully produced a great resonance in the capitalistic world, and she managed to tap into the further development of economical theory and economics. Naybіlsh active її прихильники зв'язують цю model with the cob of a new stage in the development of economics science.

Keynesianism was busy providnom misse in politeconomy in the margins of the roughened capitalism, especially in the United States and England, and in the hour of zberigalo its posiyіії. Keynes's followers had three problems, they seemed to be vainly self-conscious: the problem of dynamical rivnovagi, the problem of trivali vidhileni in the camp of dynamical rivnovagi, that problem of short-tailed vidhilen, abo cyclical kolivan. Teorii, scho vikikli yak result of the long-distance development of Keynes's theory, nazyvayut neokeynsianstvom.

In the USA, Keynes was rooted in 30-th of the rivers. Yogo american posts and transfer of economics to the Harvard University E. Hansen ta S. Harris. Elvin Hansen (1887-1976) in the Harvard University specialty seminar, a kind of vizviduvali vyzadovny officials of the business. Tse seminar vіdіgrav important role in the wider Keynesian languages ​​in the United States.

Characteristic of the riches of economical theories of the settlement of the year are those that are explained in the most economical problems, but they can not be implemented. Poslednevniki Keynes vyhodyat zto, sho cause tsiklichnosty, and vodnochas і cause of periodicheskih crisis takelessness of the field in the "kolivanni dinamiki vinvestitsy." "Privatnі інвестиції та державні витрати - an axis ті spheres, де слід it is more important шукати пояснення змін зайнятості та доходів", - pointing Hansen. Західні theorists надають капіталовкладенням властиіість своєрідної незалежної змінії, від яіяї занять інші змінні.

The development of the neo-economic relations is called for by the names of such independent economists, R. Harrod, P. Samuelson, D. Khiks. At Keynes's own words "The law is borrowed, the percentage of that penny " is the problem of the cycle of visibility. In bookish є lishe pevnі vkazyvki on the cause of the crisis - znizhennya normi pribudku, posilenee psi-hologichnim obstavany. Neo-Keynesians did not zaperechuvali kolicichnosti kapitalistichnoi ekonomiki, even looked at the yak of power-vist, pritamannu be-yakі dinamichnyi sistemi. Wong pragnu-li know the cause kolivalnih rukhiv ekonomiki that vstanoviti character of the transition to one-way transition to one phase in the country on the basis of the endogenous factors, vikoristoyuchi in the category of keynesian categories "borderline efektivnosti kapitalu", "function spozhivannya", "podeprnanya multiplikatora that accelerator." Взаємодія цих ендогенних факторів спричиняє спади і створює можливості для піднесення. Spovilnennya increase spozhivannya vplivaye on dohіd, and tse, from his chergo, to bring up zmenshennia increment іn-veditsіy i td.

Rose Keynesom concept multiplikator at zashosuvanny to national income zv'azuє pririst natsionalnogo income with the growth of investments.

Neokainiansky theorists have completed the concept of the multiplayer for the cycle of the so-called accelerator concept, which is characterized by the ringing of voices by national income and investments. The accelerator is shown, at skilki raziv it is possible to mend zbylshuvatsya kapitalovkladennya in the result of specific tempi zrostaniya natsionalnogo income. Yakshcho I'll spell the rozhgortannya multiplikatsionogo process є nayavnnost vіnogo robochoї si ta nezajnyatih vibrochnichih vozbuzhnost, then for accelerator - neobhіdnі інші уми. Zrostania national income to the demand of the mob of vibrotic exhilarations, that capitals' day (for the reason, for the vibro, for the vicarious revolution, for the Mayzha ponynistu). At his cherv, znizhennya abo hoch spovilnennya tempiv zrostania natsionalnogo income to the prince before the fall of the tempi kapitalovkladen і, navіt, to disinvestuvannya.

Velikie znachennya neokeynsianskiy teorії cycle moe podil kapitalovkladen on autonomous ta pokhidny. Похідні інвестиції - це такі, що зв'язані з розширенням пожиживання внаслідок зростання національного доходу. The type of investment takes a lot off the model multiplikator - accelerator. Prote in the process of the economic growth is low in the minimum factors, it is not enough to save money on the national income, but for the sake of the national income, but for the sake of technical progress in the new technological revolution, the settlement of the population, the power of the state and the factor of autonomous character. Same z dієy tsih factorів і зв'язані автономні інвестиції. Conceptuality of two types of investment and additional property of nature in a way that is not isolated from the ruins of the platosphere, populated by vinobnitsva vobrobnitsva vzrobivtva.

The neo-economic cycle of the theory is detailed in the work of E. Hansen "Economical cycle of national priorities" (1958). The theory has been vividly expressed by one of the first fruits of the primitive evolution of Keynesianism. Vona entered into herself the basic principles of Keynes's theory, dopovnila їh by the active new posovlenni, head zyakih є mehanizm accelerator. Rushennoyu power, pershotprichinoyu vibrobitvtva, for Hansen, і technical progress, which will require new capitals, a toto of autonomous investments. The result of skinning of the new autonomous regions is the development of the multiplication-accelerating process. Tse means, sho ínvestitsії breeds come, suma some kind of a whim, chim bіlsha "shilnіst to spozhivannya." Зростання доходів веде до похідних інвестицій, які ще збільшують національний дохід. In such a process, the cumulative, the self-adverbial pidness, the post-harvesting of the postal ones, were given autonomy.

At the dump of Hansen, technical progress is not a result of the formation of autonomous entities, but the vividness of the capitalist factor, the accelerator. Tom інтенсивність та тривалість process zrostaniya viznachayutsya viklychno character tehnichnogo progress.

The process of zostaniya, scho rozhduzhuyut zovnіshnіmi factors, zokrema tehnichnim progresom ta kumulyativnim protsessom, mozhe, dumku Hansen, vyayvitis dostatnim pod, nappaki, lacking in order to ensure the natural resource of zostannya zanyatosty. It is necessary to lie down, at its own depth, in the magnitude of autonomous investment opportunities and boundary conditions, before settling, that is, the value of the multiplier, and which does not depend on the accelerator, which is set not at once, but at the same time as we ask, and at the same time as we do in the technology.

Hansen is the cause of the cause, you can marshal the process of growth and call to the back of the padin. Persha of a group of reasons is called to postpone to the outpourings of autonomous investments: the znizhennya ochikuvanoї normi pributku u mir zrostanya інвестицій, підвищення цін капітальних товаів і поччкового percent. A friend of the group is called to the indulgence of the already described "nadkumulyativnogo process," which is the generation of the multiplayer accelerator. Trivale and the intensity of the pidnesnenya viznachayutsya, golone, the vigilance of the intensity of autonomous investment. Ale "... if autonomous entities are involved, then they will soon be able to stimulate the incentive and incentive to invest" * 7. Pripinennya obo razcherpanya reasons, scho zumovlyuyut zrostanya, prizvodit to korotchennya kapitalovkladeny ta ekonomichnogo recession. The spade of the new pidnesennya budusomozhenii takozh automatically zavdyaky to that, scho spozhivannya znizhuyutsya povіlnіshe, nіzh dohіd u tsilomu, i nastane such a moment, if spozhivannya pobezhivati ​​prehid. Tse, at his chergo, sprinkle the little men's stock of spare supplies, which will stimulate them before the admission of investments. We have to work out the way to the spinning machine directly.

* 7: {Hansen E. Economic cycle and national income. - M., 1959. - С.602.}

Hansen, natchnenny, mabut, Statteyu Franco Modiljani "Perevagi lіkvіdnostі, teorії percent і groshe" (1944), becoming the main popularizer of that variant of Keynesian theory, to be grounded on the conceptual income - vitrate.

Rivnivaga rinkovoi sistemi, vidpovidno to teorii Kainsa, peredachaє zagalnu abo makroekonomichnu rivnivogu rynku productov, groshei, oblіgatsіy ta robochoї sili. Зрештою, макроекономічна рівновага кводиться до взаємодії двох ринків - товарів та облігацій, або товарів і groshee. Останній варіант call the model Хікса-Хансена і є нйбільш the widened інтерпретацією теорії D. Hansen. Hansen, having taken the Keynesian variance as the basis, including the famous IS-LM dioragram, which was given to the non-Russian populace of the proposal on the market of praces.

Model Хікса- Хансена відкриває великі можливості для дослідження взаємодії ринків товарів та грошей. Zokrema, mozhna dovіdatisya, naskilki stіykoyu є їхня рівновага, чи вона зберігається, як на ній відбиваються ті chі інші варіанти державно регулювання, інфляція і т. П.

So, napriklad, Yakscho in perіod rіvnovagi rinkovoї Sistemi vіdbulosya polіpshennya іnvestitsіynogo klіmatu scho mozhlive in Dobou masovogo vikoristannya advanced tehnologіy have rezultatі tsіlespryamovanih Act reasonably powers that s іnshih reasons, pіdpriєmtsі, optimіstichno otsіnyuyuchi PERSPECTIVE virobnitstva i orієntuyuchis on іsnuyuchu rate of interest, zbіlshat kapіtalovkladennya , Використовуючи з цією using the method of actual contact.

Zrostanya інвестицій bring up a vyrrobnitsva vzboryntva, scho, with its chergo, zbilshuvatime, the oath of the succinct income. Ці зміни зачіпають грошовий ринок, але оскільки пропозиція грошин заслашається незмінною, and part of the income peretovyuetsya on додатковий попит на гроші, то ринок реагуватиме підвищенням норми ценми. Teper znovu zapravtsyue mehanizm rinku goods: pidvishchenya normy percent і znizhennya pіd ії tyskom ochіkuvanoe normi pributku zmenhit інвестиційний попит. Відбудеться гаммування зростання інвестицій, виробництва і сукуного доходу, у ринокій системі vstanovitsya nova rivnivaga.

Розуміння цих процесів має great value for zyasuvannya суті й динаміки ринкової системи. Viyavlyaetsya, scho, sprimayuchi імпульси ззовні, ринкова економіка стротна пересуватися з один рівноважного will be in the future. Дуже суттєво, що рушійний імпульс неойно дає splash годардарської активності, а потім взаємодія ринків товарів і гроши гасить її та стабілізує stan.

Analytic model of the model of Hixa-Hansen, the representatives of the scientific and technical sciences of the economically active science can be met.

Інвестиційна теорія cycle became an ambush for the motivations of neo-Keynesian anti-cyclical programs, which were reflected in the dinamitsy kapitalovkladen, її reguljuvannі z boku derzhavi. Tipov tlumachennya such regulyuvannya giving Hansen, calling two methods borotby with cyclic colitis. One method is a field in the process of establishing a universal eco- nomic partnership, and the other is to compensate for privatized investments in the fis- cal and credit-groom poli- tics.

Neokaintsianstverdzhuyut, scho for the day-to-day minds tilkom mozhno interstitial rozmov cycle cyclists, strimuyuchi zrostannya vibrobitvtva u phazi pіdnesennya y stimuljuyuchi yogo y fazi retressii. The body, the building business, the state, the state, the state in which it is located, the privatized property of the economy, for the privatization of private investments, for the sake of success, is deprived of the right to self-sufficiency of the economy.

Значне місце в концепції американських неокейнсіанців належить so zvaniem vbudovanim stabilizatoram, tobto automatic zastosuvannu podatkovoї ta budutnoї polichiki for regulyuvannya cycle. On їхню думку, for minds швидкого економічного зростання neххідно підвищувати податки, shob weaken the function "spizhivannya" ta strimati інвестиції, and at perіод спадів, навпаки, знижувати податки та збільшувати витрати, do not look back at the deficit budget, staggering piddtruskuyu popit. One factor is one, so that one is guilty of competing with the populace, - the sovereign, the zokrema vіys'kovі procіvіlі.

The handicap of neo-unity in the original and original rulings of the state, on which Keynes's injustice culminated in a much smaller flush. Before them, the Stockholm school was called so. Predstavnykів цієї економічної течії неправвомірно було б називати полідовниками Кеййнса, оскільки ще в 30-ті рр. Group of young Swedes economists uninhibited in the course of the day of analogous visnovkіv.

Pід hour economical crises of the 30th рр. Швеція, як і більшість країн світу, was described as a result of inter-financial collapse. Витрати on інвестиції have rushed off to speed and і згодом звсім зникли. Restrictive groschina polichika (obmezhennia grosnovih ehmііі, skorochennya kіlostyi groshe v obygu) znilala kupіivelnu spozmomnist populated and sparred zrostannju besprobottya.

Prote Crisis in Shvetsі bula menstal, nіzh in інших країнах, окільки structurally перебудова національної економіки for that hour already rozpochalasya. Novі perspectivny galuzі promislovostі z vikoristannjam novіtnіh tehnologij zabezpechili Shvetsії shvidke narushchuvnya ekonomichnogo potentsialu, і through two fate kraina has passed to ekspansionistyko polity. 1932 р. On the vibors before the parliament, the social democracy was able to shuffle the wings of the program of economical vigilance.

The economical program of the Swedish Social Democrats was based on the self-sufficiency of the Stockholm School of Political Economy, the main representatives of the boulevard, Erik Lindal (1891-1960), Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987), Bertil Ulin (1899-1979), Erik Lundberg (1902-1987) . The theoretical concept is analogous to that of Keynes. So itself yak і Keynes, shvedskі економісти були впевнені, що існує ефективний спосіб розв'яяня basic problems of economics. The essence of the yogo poleah in the tiem, scho power to blame vtutchatisya in godararske zhittya і conduct active ekonomichnu politiku meto lіkvіadacії rozirivіv bezrobіttya іnflyatsії. The main subject of the state vtruchanya is the subnykh otsyg popita.

E. Lyndal and G. Myrdal pandered a model of a penny-bank, yak demonstrator of the economy of the economy, of the resources of the capital, zokrema vіd zaoschadzhen spozhivachіv. B. Ulin obgruntuvav neobihidnost svernovnyh інвестицій і громадських робіт як засіб від безробитття. And the youngest representative of the Stockholm school, E. Lundberg, poveduval specials for the analysis of the size of the roses without frostbite and inflation.

Розроблену on ambushes економічних концепцій стокгольмської школи програму шведської соціал-демократичної партїї було покладено урядом in the basis of the form of economical policy of the 30th рr. The main provisions were based on the following principles: the strong state regulates the economical process, the vikoristovochi for the self-regulation mechanism, the sphere that is transferred to the penny; Prospects are straightforward - from the economics of propositions to the economics of populism; Social sphere is based on the strong and stable economy, the development is controlled by the state.

Цю політику conducted and controlled the Ministry of Finance of Shvetsії, Що його очолював Ернст Вігфорс (1881-1977). Вігфорс recognizing the possibility of the fact that the government can not afford to buy the population, to change the scale of the economic crisis and to send it to social security.

In general, the booze was imprinted in the draft budget of 1933, and Gunnar Myrdal, in addition to giving up the theoretics of the novelty of the "anti-cyclical" finance policy. Швеція, such rank, became першою in світі країною, що has turned шлей activelyї політики стабілізації.

Іншим butt поширення ідей кейнсіанства ї програмування капіталістичної економіки, індикативне планування, що набуло розвитку у Франції, де після другомї світової війни the state of the economy is on a large scale.

Frantsuzku concept of an unconventional plan for operating Francois Perru. Not zaperechyuchi znachennya rinkovogo mekhanizmu rivalryії regulyuvannyi kapitalisticheskoy ekonomiki, the fronts of the conception of the unicative plan of the overvalued znachennya pushed the sovereign regulyuvannu through programuvannya ekonomichnogo razvitku kraїni. The basis of such programming was the system of national dimensions of those sovereign plans of the non-indicative (advisory) nature. The roll-up of that priinyattya natsionalnih planіv rozvitku neobhіdno zdіysnjuvati, Perry's dum, for dopomogo gorodzhenzhen, kompromіsiv that "social dіalogіv" різних класів. Such a system of non-indicative planning included mehanizm yak short-line (conjuncture), and pre-urban (structural) regulation of the national economy.

The concept of Perra cope with the importance of vplyv on the practical implementation of the programent of the economy of France. 1947 р. The first plan was adopted. This practice is trivial in the approaching rock.