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Історія економічних учень - Korniychuk L.Ya.
Theory of transactional vitrates
The economics of the rights of power are uneconomical . Ronald Coase (born in 1910) is an American economist of the English march. 1991 p. Won the Nobel Prize for the problems of transactional vitrines - "Nature of the Firms" (1937), "Problems of Social Vitration" (1960). Тоді ці публікації few people buly відомі. And zgodom about them began to talk about the epochalny pratsi, zokrema stattu "Problems of social vitrat", it is understood that not the most valuable fruits of the economical dumplings of other countries.
One of the most important merits of Coase Polagaye in the tiem, scho vin viznachiv i prokazvadiv u naukovyi obig taku kategoriyu, yak transaktsіyni * 14 vitrati (vitrati on poshuk іnformatsії about tsіni, popit, poshuk partnerіv, ukladannya kontratіv tochno). Tse marked the appearance in the institutionalization of the so-called contract pidkhodu to the theory of institutions, it was the appearance of the new science of science and technology: the rule of law, the economic theory and the organi- zation.
* 14: {Transactional (in the Latin transactio - perfect) operation, good (polichnichna, naukova, ekonomichna), scho ssprovodzhuetsya vzemnimi deeds.}
Gospodarska system - the system is systematically synchronized with the system of interruptions of material and non-material goods and served by people. Coordination of the word zv'yazku, tobto virishennya shcho vogotovlyati, yak vigotovlyati, for whom vygodovlyati, mozhe zdіysnyuvatisya dvaam ways: spontaneous, abc stihynіnim order and ієррхією.
Spontaneous order - tse-chains, a kind of a wicker with a natural hat, in the process of developing people's civi-lizatsii. Behind the minds of the banking system, information on goods, goods on them, schodo smakiv spozhivachіv rozporopisheno. For the cynicism of minds, information is needed for sub-ecstas of the deed, can be transferred to the Lisha through mehanizm kolivannya tsin. Posush інформації (schodo tsin, popita, poshuku partnerіv tochshe) will require great vitrat, yakі Coase nazav transaktsіnimi.
Іншим a way орядня інформації about those, шо, як і for whom vigotovlati, і ієррхія, тобто system, if one center is low nakazіv i доручень доконі вицівцця (виробника). With the backdrop of the hierarchical order of social welfare, the command and administration system was de-boned, and all the instructions were given to the government of the country's resources through the system of state organs and party organizations.
Ієрархія має місце в будь-якій фірмі, де керівник віддає накази своїм підлеглим. In the case of artists, do not borrow the tips of information, stink order. Tse zabezpechuєe perechennya transaktsіynih vitrat. Taku is the very role of power. Відтак може врастись враження, що саме ієрархія, тобто централізоване керівництво, ефективніша, бо need some less transactional vitrates. It's the right thing to pursue a fair tv shodo. Shchogo to the power, then vana vzagali can not zdіysnjuvati effektivnogo regulyuvannya vseih ekonomichnyh protsessiv. In one center, it is impossible to concentrate all the necessary information about the resources, іх використання, попит, смаки споживачів тощо. Otzhe, staviti pitanie, sho krashche - spontaneously regulyuvannya (rink) chi ієрархія (фірма, держава), it is often said that "the ricoche chi plan" is wrong. Вирішувати це питання слід з позицій економії трансакційних витрат. Щоправда, це not ідиний критерій, але з економічного погляду надзовичайно важливий.
Skorochennya transaktsіynih vitrat, ozhe, pidvishchennie efektivnosti funktsionuvannya ekonomiki zabezpechuyutsya існуванням правових норм і їх дотриманням. The name of the legal norms (rights vlasnosti) and transactional vitrates boole was formulated by Coase from the yogo famous theorem. Coase beckoning, but viznachennya rights vlasnostіe importantly alternately I teach rinkovyh ugly. Yakbi spontaneous, tsinovy mehanizm not perebachav vitrat chasu koshtiv na poshuk іnformatsії y ukladannya kontraktiv, then not bulo b і neobhіd-nostі in opratsyuvanni rights vlasnosti (legal norms). Al is the function of the economy without transactional vitrats nemozhlive. I'm not Vypadko American economist J. Stigler writing, scho svit z nullovimi transaktsіnimi vitratami same terrible, yak naturny svit without terteya.
What is the essence of the economical theory of the rights of power? Skazhemo, re-redovsim, scho, krim Coase, її opratsovovali A. Alchian, and zgodom J. Barzel, D. North Ta іnshi. Svoeridnost tsієї теорії полягала в трактуванні власності та її використанні як методилогічної и теоретичної основи економічного аналізу. Understanding "vlasnist" fronts of the theory of the term "right of power". Vlasnist є not a resource by itself, but low rights abo prinaymnі part of the right vikoristana resource.
The part includes 11 elelementiv: right volodinnya, the right koristustvannya, the right to manage, the right to dohіd і under. Rights vlasnostі є not sho іnshe, yak pevnі "rules of gris, sanktsіonovany suspilstvom. Another feature of the theories of law is the power of the field in the category, and the category is governed by the problems of replacing resources. Tі resource, kіlkіst yakih not obmezhena, do not become ob'ektom vlasnostі. З drive їх використання між люди не виникає ринкових відносин.
Rights vasosnostyayut Buti chіtko viznachenі, і саме вони стають об'єктом купівлі і sale. "Yakshtso rights to zdіysnennya pivnikh dіy mozhut bouti kuplenі, abo prodanі - pishe Kouz, - їх зрештою придбають ті, hto вище цінує given to them mozvolostі vibrobnitsva abo rozvag" * 15. Otzhe, chitke viznachennya rights vlasnosti, usunennia інших осіб від вільного access to the resources змінють і поведінку суб'єкті господаювання. Cі obtstavni svstiayut trinket of minds for pribannya rights vlasnostimi, hto їx tsinuє vische і zdatniy oderzhuvati vіd them більшу корсть. For the rink is not important, it's personally a resource. It's important, such a bureaucrat.
* 15: {Coase R. Firm, market and law. - M., 1993. - P. 14.}
At the Duma of the Coase, for the success of the functioning of the market, the important thing is to melt the yak transactional vitrati, so and the rights of power. Yakshtso transaktsіynі vitrati is not great, and the rights of viasnost chichko vichnacheni and vikonuyutsya sub'ektami gospodarjuvannya - znakom zdatniy before samoregulyuvannya nastilki, sho mozhe usuyati navіt sotsіno znachuschy zovnіshni efekti (eksternalії). Zovnіshni efekti - tse vitrati, abo vigodi, zv'yazі z ekonomichnoyu diyalnistyu, sho stosuyutsya osib, yakі not є participants of the danian reserve. Napriklad, zabrudnnya nakkolishnogo mezhdolishna yakimos pidpriemstvom, the noise aeropor-tu chto. Too, hto sprinkinyaet tsi "efekti," often zmushuє population zbіlshuvati vitrati for the hunter entering, ale far from zavzhdi kompensuє їх.
Досліджувати цю the problem почав іще англійський економіст А. Пігу. Він bringing, Що ринкова system нездатна її розв'язати, оскільки зовнішні ефекти не можна оцінити. Tom vіn obgruntuvav neobhіdnіst sovremennogo vtruchannya і zaprivadzhennya spetsialnogo special payment for vinnih. R. Coase довів помилковість теоретичних висновків A. Пігу і showing the possibility of transforming the impact of the effects in the interior of viticulture participants in the rink's carpet without being a bit of a vengeance. Tsei vysnovok I call the theorems of Coase. Keep vtruchanya not zazhdi bazhane. Vaughn will be effective, if the vitrity of the state vtruchanya will menshimi for vitrati, zv'yazni n neustabilnistyu rinku.
In multinational transactional supplements, the vitrat of the states is played in a singing role: priinyattya vidpovіdnikh legіv і zabezpechennya їх дотримання, виробництво суспільних благ, defense, the state apparatus, infrastructures, social consumption.
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