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Розіщення продуктивних сил України - Дорогунцов С.І.

3. ZARUBIZHI THEOREMS OF ROSMISCHENNA VYROBNICTSVA

Significant part of the notarial visions do not viznaci virishalnoy vplyvu way vibrobitvtva i saspilnogo fret on rozmischennya productive forces and vidda recourse to natural factors, the geographic middle.

The spade of the rosary of the theory of the virbnitsvet vinobnitsva vidnesitsya to the XVIII cobble - the ear of the XIX century. І був покладений послідовниками D. Ricardo . Vonya vvazhali, sho rozmіschennya promislovostі-naslіdkom prostorovogo rozpodіlu nadliskіv sіl'skogoospodarskoi produktsії, yak vikoristovuvalas yak food for robotniki and yak sirovina for vibrobnitsva.

At Tsei perіod naybіlsh відомими в Німеччині та за її межами були теорії І. Tünen and A. Weber . Model І. Tünen , yak bula published in the 1826 р. Yogo prazi "Izolovan Power", for its own sake, it was a classic model of the birth of the Silesian government. Vona bula to the main city of the mind and practical could be in the vicinities of the country in the neighborhoods of the active regions of the Zapovedni region and in the active states of the USA. The main rewinds for the author's version of the model are the following: 1) the "power is lost"; 2) її central to місто - єдиний ринок збуту; 3) a well-developed single-bottomed рівниною; 4) "the state of power" is served by one type of transport - guzovim; 5) the river is populated by farmers, whichever the post-production of products to the central municipality is; 6) farmer namagayutsya maximum zbilshiti pributki and automatically pristosovuyutsya before popita on the central market.

The territory of the Solskopolodarskih lands in the middle of the central region of the power was rooted in concentric rings. For udoskonalennya the first version of his model, Tyunen zapononuvav і other, in a kind of stealing transport nyvi. Pobachiv and і other rinkovy center menshih rozmіrіv ta іn.

The main factors, yaki vplyvali on rozmіschennya farmerskih gosdarstv, on the duma of the author, buli: viddal vid fermi to rinku, tsina, for the anchored farmer realizovav his product, and land rent.

Tyuyen's pratsya was punished for the character of the vikladu bula opisovuyu, ae ekonomisti piznishogo periodu (Hoover 1935, Llosh 1954), and in the course of his life, the Tuyen model was modeled, and the basis for normative models was vikorostovuvali.

Scheme rozmyschennya vibrobitvtva, scho її rasprobiv Tyumen 173 rocky, for daniy hour, dokorinno zmіnilasya iz-for rozvitku transport, vikinnenya novye technika tochno. І all the same, yak vvazhayut vyzak zarubizhny vcheni, tsiu model in okremih vipadkah mozhna vikoristivuvatichi i in our days.

The model of A. Weber (1909) bula was discovered on the hour of naybylsh vdaloyu for rozmischennya promyslovosty. At the beginning, so itself and in Tünen, the state is lying, and the natural resources needed for the storage of vibrobitvita, are to be seen in concentric zones, as well as in the ricochet centers.

The natural resource is supplemented by Weber on "localized material" (mineral oil, ore, etc.) that "everywhere" (water, pisok, clay and etc.). Vigodachi із вказаних передумов, автор вважав, що економічна вигідність окремих варіантів розміщення bude варіювати залежно від постачання і попиту.

Vrahovoyuchi, the diversity of minds, pidpriemeets bude rozmischuvaty plant in the world with minimal vitriments, yakі viznachayutsya trioma the main factors rozmischennya: transport, robochoyu power and agglomeration of chi deglomeratsiye (rozosementzhennyam) ob'ektiv. At tsiomu vrahovuvalas peredumova, sho transportni vitrati to lie in the vagi of transported material and long distance transport. Vigodachi zik mirkuvan, the point of the most important transport vitrates is supposed to be known there, de suma zvazhinyh transporting sirovini, yak to be delivered to the plant, and finished products, yaka zbuvatsya in the rinks, where the minimum.

By the method of compiling our own model, Weber zapononuvav "materialniy indeks", which is itself vidnoshennya vagi localization materialov, scho enter the plant, to vagi finished products.

Цей індекс дозволяє на основі знаходження пункт мінімальних транспортний витрат визначити - чи знатьсяться він скоро to джерел матеріалів (індекс> 1), чи до ринку збуту (індекс <1). Vazhlivim є takozh introduced by Weber "robochogo koefitsynta", scho characterize vidnoshennya vitrat on robotchu force up to sumnarnoi vagi materіalіv, yakі vitrachayutsya, і raspovoyї produkcii. Він вважать, що в тих виробництвах, де вартість робочої сили висока, цей factor can vpolnuti peremischennya promyslovogo pіdpriemstva з місця мінімальних транспортний витрат в іншу точка (for the reason, for the economy, for the viticulture, for the robot, for the strength of compulsory transport, for transport, vitrati).

We respect veber Weber agglomeration economy. Він вважав, що вигоди, які забезпечує агломерація , по'язані з змоленістю здобути в цих точка економію від укрупнення виробництва. At the same hour, vint zivtav vlagu on those, scho on pivnomu rivnі concentrіії vibrobnitsva znіl'shuіsya zііlshuytsya tsіni zemnіі dіlyanki v shvidko zrostasjuchih mіstah, and tse podviljuє rozoseredzhenіst virobnitsvva.

Slabkі місця в моделі Вебера pіддавалися криці з боку таких вчених, як Хаміл, Мозес, Ізард, Александр, Дін, Hoover. In kintsevyh prisoners of criticism robyvsya zagalny vysnovok about those, scho weberivskaja model rozmischennya, in yakі is taken as a basis pragnennja up to mіnіmalnih vitrat, myo bahato wad із-за ії відриву vід real minds. Al at dvomu chyomu a number of vchem for the whole hour pratsyuvav above udoskonalennyaam, perebuduvannam model Weber, nablizhennyam її to dysnosti, to mozhnostyі її застосування в різних умовов. І in the world plan, різні варіанти.

On the first stage of the work of the Zarubnichi vsheniyah on rozmіshchennu vibrobitvva більша їх a part of the boule is dedicated to problems. Meta of such dosage fell in the fact that she viznachiti naybіlsh vigidnoe mіssse rostashuvannya one pidpriemstva.

Mensh of the part of the vachins took up a rosary of the darker theories of the city of Gospodarstvo. The ear of the cosset was strained by V.Kristaller (1933), who, having carved out the theory of the central moscow and obgruntuvav її empiricichnim give.

Economical centrio, scho zabezpechuyut produktsiєyu its okrugu, yak mozhe bouti yak sіls'koju місцевістю, so і розосередженими settlements of міського type, vіn naming the central miсci. Ці місця він розподілив за рангами: чим вище the rank, тим більша територія, якій він постачає свою продукцію.

Krestaller indulging his system of central cities on the basis of what the center of the city is responsible for, but the centers themselves are rooted in the tops of the traditional tricutnik and the zone of the zbutu form of the correct six-katik. In the podalshmu central system of the future was based on the principle that in the center of the burden of tricutnum, utoported triom in the most remote centers, but in the center of the lower ranks. Podal'sha motivnoy metezhi prodovzhuyutsya doti, docks will not be viznachenі mіnіmalnyi zoni zbutu і tsentrіnі mіscya nizkogo rangu.

Kristaller confirming his theory of actual giving about the number, rozmіri i rozmіschennya tsentrіvіlіki na primіnі південної Німеччини.

In 1944 r. І пізніше з'явилися robot of the Ukrainian economist A. Llosh. On vidminu vid A. Weber, a kind of namagavsya know the world for pidpriemstva, scho zbezpechuvalo b pіdpriemtsu mіnіmalnі vitrati, A. Losh for the basis of the maximum shah.

On vidminu vіd svoyїh vremennikov vin rozglyadav not zaremu galuz chi pіdpriemstvo, and the entire economy in tlomu. Al at once zim vin vvazhav head raionotyumvoryuyuchim factor is not spetsializatsiu ekonomichnogo district, and rinkovy zbut kavkaz.

Spiruyuchis on ti zh himself principle, scho і Kristaller, Losh rasprobiv his system tsentrіv z bіlsh retimnym ekonomichnim obgruntuvannâm i krіshim vіkoristannyam різних геометричних побудов (розіщення). Optimal rozmіri zinc zones are viznachae mnezheyu, yaka dredge from the right six-kutnikov. Vіn showing, scho mozhliveі існування трьох тиів ринкових зонках шестикутної форма. Viznachennya sistemi tsentriv Llosh zrobiv for obopomoyu nakladannya odnієї na іnshu tіvіvіh zmierzh rinkovyh zones for різних продуків, які мають хоча б один загальний центр.

The main preoccupations of the Šodo model of Llosh were made before that, when they were introduced to the ranks of the classics, they were present at the Kristaller, who had crossed over to the river in the distance, in which he was not seen in the center of the city, but also ignored the traffic jams Vitrate.

In the remainder of the rock, the "regional science" became popular in the remote areas, as well as by the visors of the aspirations of U. Іzard (USA) and P. Hagget (England). Vony vikoristovoyte at his own practice, practical practical rozraunki і mathematics techniques analizu rozmischennya i teritorialnogo razvitku productive forces. At its own priests, it is necessary to open up a vozmozv'yazi rozmyschennya pidpriemstv і galusiey dopomogo mizhgaluzevyh balance. In the science of literature, the same is true of a number of theories and models of the world of the vibrobitva and the population.