Міжнародні розрахунки та валюні операції - Savluk M.І.

4. NON-DOCUMENTARY FORMS OF ROSRAHUNKIV

Після вивчення цього розділу ви зможете:

  • Be aware of the non-documentary forms of roses in the international sphere;
  • Zasvoiti especialism of the basic forms of roses in the international trade;
  • Explain, advise the advance payment of the payment for the claims of the rakhunok;
  • Зрозуміти механізм розрахунків за допомогою банковівського переказу;
  • Explain, yak vikoristovuyutsya vekselі і checks in the international roses.

4.1. Specializations in the international sphere of basic forms of roses

Doslіdzhennya currency and financial minds zovnіshnotorgonvelnyh kontraktov have shown that during the implementation of trading procedures, it is important прави correct vibri form rozraunkіv, oskilki vіn give zmogu to contractors zmenshuvati vitrati і risiki nevikonannya protintezhnyu side of his zobov'azan for the contract.

Forms rozraunkіv - tse pogulgovanі zakonovstvom kraine-uchasnits method vikonannya grooshov zobov'azan for zovnishnototorgovelnim contract. With the procedure for the formation of forms of international roses, they shall be regulated by international documents, which shall be disposed of in special cases by the organizers - the International Chamber of Commerce, the Committee on the Rights of International Trade of the United Nations.

Forms of international roses are sent to the documentary (accreditations, in particular) and non-documentary (payments for advertising, advance payments, bank transfer, checks and checks).

Міжнародні розрахунки is self-centered self-sistemu system, yaka povyazyana in the ru mizh kraїnami commodity-material tsinnosty that groschen і yaka maє pevnі osoblivostі.

First of all, the international roses on the inside of the internal are not regulated by national normative and legislative acts, but by the international laws, banking rules and zvichays, such as: the one-year check law, the Constitution of the Geneva Convention of 1931; The second law on the re-negotiation is that good bill, the adoption of the bill of exchange by Geneva in 1930; Unifikovany rules t zvichta for documentary accreditations, the remainder of the publications of some (No. 500) was founded by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in 1993; Unifikovani rules for іnnazo, ostannya editorial yakih nabula chinostі з 1 січня 1996 р. (Publication of MTP No. 522); Unifikovany rules for contract guarantees, vidnih ICC in 1978 p. (Publication No. 325); Unifikovany rules for the guaranty, sho pіdljagayut pays for wimogu, vidanі MTP in 1992 р. (No. 458), that інші, які regulate the formation of the method of international roses, viznachayut character vzaemovіdnosin uchasnikіv rozraunkovyh operatsiy. Подібний розмах уніфікацій міжнародних розруунків з боку світового співториства викликаний інтернаціоналізаціціць з годиських зв'язків, збільшенням обсягів міжнародних торговельних угод і, отже, розрахунків, універсалізацією банківських опцій.

In a different way, the international roses are built in different currencies. Tom, one side, on the efektivnist vplivaye dinamika kurshnikh kursiv. On the other side, the normal function of the international commodity-groschens is to reach the Lisha for the purpose of exchanging the national currency for the currency of the other countries, without a rush of coins. In other words, Naiheektivnishe is included in the world of foreign trade in the international currency of the international currencies and retail deposits of currencies on the basis of converted currency.

Convertibility of currencies немовби розмиває національні кордони під час руху товарів, послуг, переміщення капіталу in the scale of the holy rink. So, to the exporter, a real product for the cordon with payment from currencies, importers, currencies and third parties, the conversion of currencies to safe use of the safe transfer of the kept virus at the national currency for the pirate of the normal round-robin yogo koshtiv of the territory. Analogically, the problem of retailing for goods and goods, payment in foreign currency: through the mechanism of converting money to an account of the national currency of an importor to the payment of a foreign payment.

Вільна конвертація національної грошової одниці - не тільки the form зв'язку між національним та світовим господарствами. Вона забезпечує країні:

  • Вільний вибір виробниками і споживачами найвигідніших ринків збуту та закупівлі усередині країни і за кордоном;
  • Rozshirennya mozlivostey zaluchchennia іnozemnikh інвестицій і розміщення інвестицій за кордоном;
  • Stimuljuchju дія іноземної competitors on ефективність, гнучкість і пристосовування підприємств to minds, що змінються;
  • Підтягування національного виробництва до міжнародних стандарів що ціни, витрат, якості та асортименту;
  • Mozhlivist zdіysnennya mizh international rozraunkiv at the national pennies.

The third is the singularity of the international roses in the field, in which, in the territories, in a partially converted currency, the power is vikorostvuyu vidpovidnі kvaltennі obmezhenna, yakі without poseyreddno vplyivat on kvalyatyn rozraunki. The currency exchange is the law of admonition, the settlement and regulation of the resident and non-resident transactions in the currency with the same currency values. Currency mozhdzhennya zvozhuyut mozhnovostі і підвищують vitrati currency exchange and payments for international lands. The main causes of foreign exchange are: non-exchange currency, tyco zovnishnogo zaborgovanosti, rozbizhnosti in paid balance sheets. The head meta їх is introduced - the concentration of the currency values ​​at the hands of the state, and takozh virivnyuvannya payment balance і підтримання the exchange rate of the national scale grocery. With the help of the possible forms of exchange, the interchange of deposits inside the internal zmistu and structure:

  • Blokuvannya virchki eksportterіv vіd sale of goods from danіy kraїні, омеження їх можливостей розпоряджатися цими коштами;
  • Obovyazyviy sales of currency virchka exporter pobnistyu pokalno to central and / or abode to banks;
  • Omgezhnye sales of foreign currency to importers (for example, for permission to redistribute installations);
  • Fence to pay for imports of active goods in foreign currency;
  • Regularity of lines of payments for export of that import;
  • The number of foreign exchange rates - the rates of exchange of foreign currencies for different types of transactions, commodity groups and regions.

In Ukraine, before obnobnye obmezhen nalezhat: obovvyazvyy sales by exporters 50% of currency virchka to the market, the regulation of payment lines for export by import, zokrema, control of advance payments for imports and payments to the export stash for export, the 90th day of the foreclosure of currency virgins for Razunok exporter.

Valutin ta іnshі obmezhennja, yakі zаvazhayut zdіysnennuyu zvonnіshnіh operatsі, primushuyut torgovelnі fіrmi v vооm sіtі reverno vivchati пітання експортно-імпортного ліцензування, currency control, sub-legislation; Вимоги з екології й охорони праці; Legal vimogi to the goods (ambassador), їх упакування та маркування; Osoblivostі tariffs and quotas; Trading embargo; Anti-dumping legislation; Наявності конвертованої валюти і стабільності місцевої валюти в країні пороційного партнера. With the help of the trading methods, you can sign up for real estate agents for the collection of necessary information in the territories of potential purchase (sales), held marketing campaigns.

Do bugatokh pidruchnikah to osoblivoste mizharbanyh rozraunkviv vidnosyat іх documentary nature. Tse doshit hibne uyavlenya, oskilki bahato kraine svitu vzhe for a long time vikoristovuyot yak dokumentarny, and undocumented forms of roses. At ts'omu for ostanynі kіlka rokіv, the popularity of non-documentary roses through its simplicity and cheapness has grown significantly.

At rozraunkah mizh kraineami z svininyu rinkovoi ekonomikoyu perevazhayut nedokumentarny form rozraunkiv. Dokumentarnyi in the rozrawnakh with the edges of the third, and with the active regions of the USSR. Tse pov'yazano s tim, scho dokumentarnі forms give mozhlivіst uniquely zmenshiti rizik non-payment abo nepostachannya product.

Documentary forms of roses are widely vikorostvuyutsya in the Ukrainian zovnіshnotorgovelniy practice. Zokrema, dokumentarnі letter of credit for іmportnimi operatsіyami vikoristovuyutsya in rozrahunkah s partners іz Zahіdnoї Єvropi, Pіvnіchnoї America Yaponії, tobto s rozvinutimi kraїnami, SSMSC vrahovuyut pіdvischeny rizik Kraina - Ukraine - i nizku platospromozhnіst of Ukrainian іmporterіv. When eksportnih operatsіyah Ukrainian banks pіdpriєmstva i vikoristovuyut letter of credit in rozrahunkah s kraїnami svitu Thirdly, platospromozhnіst yakih otsіnyuєtsya nizko. Водночас багато українських підприємств упішно використовуть некукументарні формы розрахунків.

Cutaneous rozrahunkіv mіstit Pevnyi chastku riziku for eksportera abo іmportera i od deposits bagatoh chinnikіv: od mean product, step vzaєmnoї Dovira kontragentіv, nayavnostі kreditnoї land, platospromozhnostі zovnіshnotorgovelnih partnerіv, rіvnya popitu i Offers on Danian product nadіynostі zaluchenih bankіv. Tom cutaneous counterparty namagaєtsya napolyagati on tіy formі rozrahunkіv for yakoї vіn MAV bi naymenshy rizik. Різні the form of rozraunkіv shodo otsynyuvannya risiku vidobrazheni in Fig. 4.1.

Otsynyuvannya risiku non-payment

Fig. 4.1. Оцінювання ризику неплатежу / нестачачаня товару для контрагентів при різних формах розрахунків

Yak is seen in Fig. 4.1, advance payments and payments to the reports of rakhunok perebuvayut on the polar poles. The goal is to explain the time, form and form of the forms, to become one-to-one, sellers, abo purchase. Krіm addition, vіdmіnu od documentary іnkaso th letter of credit, while the fate of bankіv forms Tsikh rozrahunkіv uniquely Mensch. Wongs є Lishhe providnikami grooshovyh koshtiv.