Basics of polіtologії - Bregeda AY

Rozdіl IV ROZVITOK POLІTICHNOЇ Dumka in UKRAЇNІ

1. Іstorichna genesis polіtichnih іdey s pradavnіh chasіv to XIX stolіttya

In stanovlennі duhovnoї culture ukrajins'koho people scho Pocha formuvatisya s davnіh chasіv, Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhlive Location posіdaє polіtichna Dumka. Suspіlno-polіtichna Dumka tіsno poєdnuєtsya s Butt ukrajins'koho people s yogo іstorichnoyu doleyu. In zhittі people polіtichnі іdeї that polіtichnі Look toil dosit gliboke sotsіalne korіnnya. Appeared їh pov'yazano virobnichoyu dіyalnіstyu s, s formuvannyam svіdomostі that Helsinki Human Formation yak individuals viniknennyam vladnih vіdnosin in suspіlstvі.

Vivchayuchi skladnі Process spiritual polіtichnogo rozvitku our predkіv, mi maєmo zvernutisya to pershodzherel. W dalekoї minuvshini to us dіyshli mіfi is the legend, in yakih vіdobrazheno togochasnі suspіlnі vіdnosini have to chislі th vladnі. Pershi Elements polіtichnoї pillows that polіtiko legal uyavlen vinikli slit for pervіsnoobschinnogo fret, "Perche Іstorichno vіdomoyu Form suspіlnoї svіdomostі Bula Rodova svіdomіst Helsinki Human Epoch formuvannya hard-Rodino i rodoplemіnnih vіdnosin. Usvіdomlennya іndivіdom svoєї nerozrivnoї "krovnoї 's native єdnostі i samosvіdomіst old yak tsіlіsnogo sub'єkta rodoplemіnnih vіdnosin i suspіlnoї virobnichoї dіyalnostі boule Duzhe vazhlivimi chinnikami zakrіplennya, funktsіonuvannya i rozvitku childbirth vіdnosin" [1].

Provіdnoyu Dumka bula mіfologіchnogo svіtoglyadu Helsinki Human іdeya about the divine, ethereal pohodzhennya іsnuyuchoї Vladi th order on zemlі, about zemnі vіdnosini scho regulyuyutsya deities. Axis chomu in suspіlnіy svіdomostі postupovo poshiryuєtsya i posіdaє panіvne Location іdeologіya divine pohodzhennya Vladi i pov'yazanih іz her Pevnyi polіtichnih forces.

Slіd zaznachiti scho Especially bagato vazhit in ukraїnskіy іstorії that polіtichnomu zhittі since been called to come Reigning Doba, yak mayzhe ohoplyuє p'yat stolіt. Vіtchiznyanі іstoriki vidіlyayut in nіy two perіodi od mid IX Art .: Kievskiy - to 1240 p. that Halytska-Volins'ka - up to 1349 p. Protyagom IX-XII Art. in Kiїvskіy Rusі vіdbulosya formuvannya feudal suspіlstva, yak suprovodzhuvalosya rozvitkom teorії powers i right poshirennyam novіtnіh polіtichnih іdey, science, lіteraturi, fіlosofії toscho. Provіdna role in tsomu protsesі, yak i access in all areas suspіlnogo Zhittya, nalezhala Christianity, poshirennya minutes that have been approved yakogo spriyalo rozvitkovі not tіlki spiritual polіtichnogo Zhittya and second posilennyu ekonomіchnih i cultural zv'yazkіv Kiїvskoї Rusі s Vіzantієyu that іnshimi єvropeyskimi kraїnami. At that samy perіod (X-XII cent.) In Kiїvskіy Rusі vinikla origіnalna literature, yak vіdbivala rіznі PARTIES togochasnogo Zhittya th vіdobrazhala pragnennya zmіtsniti feudal way that spriyati poshirennyu vplivu Kiїvskoї powers on INSHI Kraina.

Pіdtverdzhennyam temple rіvnya rozvitku suspіlno-polіtichnih іdey in Kiїvskіy derzhavі Mauger Buti those scho to our dnіv dіyshlo Cheema togochasnih pisemnih Jerel that pam'yatok: lіtopisi, polіtiko-relіgіynі treatise okremih osіb, relіgіynih dіyachіv, zbіrki that Institution zakonіv i, etc... W-pomіzh Tsikh pisemnih Jerel treba nazvati, nasampered "Povіst temporarily lіt", "The word about the law i grace" Іlarіona, "Ruska truth," Ostrom Єvangelіє, Іzborniki Svyatoslav, "The Lay of Іgorevіm", "Poslanіє" Klimentіya Smolyatich, "Povchannya" Volodymyr Monomakh that іn.

Slіd pіdkresliti, scho in Kiїvskіy Rusі Nadzvychaina sytuatsia temple rіvnya dosyagaє polіtiko legal Dumka. In bagatoh pisemnih Jerel scho dіyshli to us vikladayutsya duzhe tsіkavі pillows about pohodzhennya powers, viniknennya pravlyachoї dinastії, about Yednist i suverennіst polіtichnoї Vladi, company profile naydotsіlnіshih forms pravlіnnya, zakonnіst i realіzatsіyu nayvischih vladnih povnovazhen, vzaєmovіdnosini mіzh Church is the Power, formuєtsya that obґruntovuєtsya Yurydychna termіnologіya toscho. Vodnochase namagannya rozkriti ninі Glibin Sens polіtichnih іdey of perіodu Je duzhe folding right, oskіlki polіtichna Dumka in Ti chasi slit not viokremlyuvalas іz zagalnoї relіgіyno-teologіchnoї svіdomostі. And that second she polіtichna science could not sformuvatisya todі yak okremy view lyudskoї dіyalnostі.

In іstorії suspіlno-polіtichnogo Zhittya in Ukraїnі perіod XVI-XVIII art. harakterizuєtsya rozvitkom Progressive іdeyno-polіtichnogo Ruhu, pov'yazanogo s vizvolnoyu Borotba ukrajins'koho people. Tse LUVs perіod, if at zmіnu burhlivomu rozvitkovі Kiїvskoї that Halytska-Volinskoї serednovіchnih s powers їhnіmi dosyagnennyami access in all Galuzo suspіlnogo Zhittya priyshov Etap zanepadu th rozpadu, trivalogo іnozemnogo ponevolennya bagatoh of Ukrainian lands. Prote suspіlny rozvitok nashogo people not pripinivsya.

Great role in formuvannі polіtichnoї svіdomostі ukrajins'koho vіdіgravali Osvita people, culture, Mistetstvo. Polemіchna literature, scho z'yavilasya Tsey perіod gave mogutnіy poshtovh rozvitku narodnoї osvіti. Poshirennyu osvіti bagato in chomu spriyali bratskі school, de vikladannya bazuvalosya on vіtchiznyanomu dosvіdі th natsіonalnih traditsіyah. Digit poshirennya osvіti in Ukraїnі was vazhlivoyu peredumovoyu stvorennya th funktsіonuvannya Kiєvo-Mogilyanskoї Academy. Tsya setups became Persha vischim The Teaching skhіdnoslov'yanskih mortgage on land. Aje to the perіod ukraїntsі not mali vlasnoї derzhavnostі, Vlad on їhnіh lands nalezhala polskomu king. For Tsikh minds єdinoyu Vlady, yak Bulo mozhna protistaviti polskomu king that polsko-shlyahetskomu panuvannyu, Bula Vlad pravoslavnoї church. Obґruntuvav іdeyu panuvannya pravoslavnoї church in Ukraїnі P. Grave - zasnovnik Kiєvo-Mogilyanskoї Academy.

Protyagom usієї svoєї іstorії ukrainian people are not MAV The Teaching mortgage, yaky bi cope bіlshy vpliv on rozvitok osvіti, i science culture, nіzh Kiєvo-Mogilyanska akademіya. Navkolo Academy zgurtuvalisya prosvіtitelі, uchenі, gromadskі that tserkovnі dіyachі. Kiєvo-Mogilyanska akademіya small zagalnonatsіonalny character dopuskayuchi to navchannya OAO All verstvi ukrajins'koho suspіlstva, od "getmanicha to the Commonwealth." In nіy, yak wrote I. Mazepa 's tsvechenіє every malorosіyskih dіtey hotyachomu teaches like "[2]. Vikladachі Academy, peredovsіm Petro Mohyla that yogo poslіdovniki have protsesі vikladannya of Namangan іntegruvati naukovі Znannya comes that i Immediately Єvropi in Taqiy sposіb spriyali viroblennyu natsіonalnogo svіtoglyadu th mislennya scho vіdpovіdalo require real Zhittya.

Nadzvychaina sytuatsia plays an important role in zhittі ukrajins'koho people in Yogo borotbі for the will, for the first sovereign state Square nalezhit kozatstvu. "Kozachchina - Pichet doslіdnik tsogo power Doroshenko - Je no tіlki naybliskuchіshoyu, nayefektivnіshoyu appeared ukraїnskoї іstorії, won him yavlyaє slit th Dobou naybіlshogo napruzhennya forces ukrajins'koho people i yogo derzhavnoї, sotsіalnoї that kulturnoї tvorchostі ..." [3].

Analіzuyuchi Reason th minds viniknennya kozachchini, MS Grushevskogo zaznachav, scho yak yavische on pobutovomu rіvnі vono viniklo slit in davnoruskі chasi and yak-suspіlno polіtichny chinnik - s kіntsya XV century. Harakterizuyuchi nature kozachchini, Grushevskogo wrote: "Before kozatstva gornutsya masi people yakih zovsіm not Tyagny ni to the border voєnnogo sport ni tim less then - to distant overseas pohodіv, vzagalі to" Kozatska hlіba ". Pong volіyut hlіb zvichayny, hlіborobsky, hochut pid fіrmoyu i pokrivkoyu kozachchini, pid її zverhnіstyu th receptionists spokіyno gospodaryuvati "on volostі" not znayuchi panіv ni, ni їhnіh posіpak "[4].

In zhittі kozatstva, yak zaznachaє doslіdnik tsієї problemi I. P. Krip'yakevich, Bulo bagato superechnostey: "freedom odinitsі th Teror masi, svavіllya th distsiplіna, i rozgulnіst asceticism - at burhlivomu kazanі sіchovogo Zhittya rіznі Elements zmagalisya mіzh him. Ale tsya buynіst gave Sіchі nezvichayne moral significance th visuvala її on provіdne Location organіzatsії in Ukraine "[5].

Already pіznіshe ekonomіchny i ​​polіtichny rozvitok, utіlennya in Zhittya democratically traditsіy became the basis formuvannya hristiyanskoї kozatskoї respublіki, yakoyu tsіkavilosya bagato vchenih that polіtichnih dіyachіv. A. I. Herzen, napriklad, s tsogo drive to write: "Ukraine has been viewed Kozatska respublіkoyu, pіdvalinami yakoї steel demokratichnі th sotsіalnі ambush. Zaporizka Sich - tse divovizhne yavische plebeїv-vityazіv, litsarіv-muchenikіv "[6].

Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhlivu role in rozvitku ukraїnskoї polіtichnoї pillows that are democratic in stanovlennі ambushes vіtchiznyanogo derzhavotvorennya vіdіgrala konstitutsіya Orlyk in 1710 roku. Nezvazhayuchi on those scho tsya konstitutsіya in Zhittya not bula vtіlena, Won Got yak great significance of the document, in Cauterets Vpershe іstorії Ukraine de jure zafіksuvav principles pokladenі the basis of great-power polіtichnogo arrange. Leaning ukraїnska Derzhavna іdeya znayshla viraz in Yurydychna dokumentі, de Bulo viznacheno, SSMSC sama i Where Money Does order toil Buti zdіysnenі derzhavnі reforms in Ukraїnі. Vazhlive Location in konstitutsії Orlyk posіla problem vzaєmin mіzh hetman i people. "Vlad Getmanska small Buti obmezhena i postіynoyu part in upravlіnnі generalnoї elders i radoyu-General; obmezhennya stosuvalis admіnіstratsії, court viborіv elders fіnansіv. Trichі on Year nalezhalo zbirati Diet іz polkovoї that sotennoї elders deputatіv i od poslіv zaporіzkogo vіyska. Peredbachalasya Suvorov okremіshnіst sovereign belongings od koshtіv scho vidіlyalisya s rozporyadzhennya Hetman. Location digit vіdvodilosya democratically Human usіh stanіv suspіlstva, Especially kozatstva and takozh Human mіst "[7].

Otzhe, navіt pobіzhny perelіk mainly etapіv in rozvitku ukraїnskoї polіtichnoї pillows daє mozhlivіst dіyti visnovku, scho slit in Ukraїnі zadovgo to the bourgeois-democratic character revolyutsіy in Єvropі Bulo sformulovano Cheema Progressive legal іdey.

Pochinayuchi s 40th rokіv XIX century. i to 20-x rokіv twentieth century. in ukraїnskіy polіtichnіy dumtsі mayzhe nepodіlno panuvav narodnitsky example. Predstavniki tsogo directly Naukova that creates praktichnіy dіyalnostі Velika uwagi pridіlyali analіzu podіy, pov'yazanih іz Zhittya of labor weight, nasampered Selyanske. Pong vvazhali Folk masi bunt rushіynoyu power іstorії and Interests of the working people - єdinim kriterієm suspіlnogo Progreso.

Naprikіntsі 1845 - on the cob 1846 pp. in Ukraїnі viniklo Kirilo-Mefodіїvske tovaristvo. Viniknennya tsієї organіzatsії Bulo pov'yazane s bezpravnim encampment of Ukraine pid Vladoiu tsarskoї Russie. Zhorstoka crisis rosіyskoї krіposnitskoї feudal system have produced a 40-x Rokach XIX century. GOSTR needful in Pevnyi іdeyah that novih suspіlno-polіtichnih see.

One іz zasnovnikіv i nayaktivnіshih uchasnikіv Kirilo-Mefodіїvskogo tovaristva CCU professor M. Kostomarov. rushіynimi forces ukraїnskoї іstorії vіn Dear Folk masi, їhnyu samosvіdomіst: scho svіdomіshim Je people, that skorіshe vіn znayde of myself i through samorealіzatsіyu samovizvolitsya. Dumka M. Kostomarov about federatsіyu, respublіkansky way, gromadyanskі freedom, scho yogo worked polіtichnu kontseptsіyu, boules obґruntovanі him at programі Kirilo-mefodіїvtsіv that in okremih statte.

Krіm Kostomarov, an active member of Kirilo-Mefodіїvskogo tovaristva boule M. Gulak, W. Bіlozersky, Kulіsh P., O. Markovic, Shevchenko is the іn. Kirilo-mefodіїvtsі boule good obіznanі s nayperedovіshimi іdeyami togochasnih zahіdnih Scientists i fіlosofіv, zokrema tsіkavilisya "lіvimi Hegelian". Sin krіpachki Kostomarov, kolishnіy krіpak Shevchenko good rozumіli pochuttya, i pragnennya require broad popular mass. Tsya obіznanіst s folk Zhittya poєdnuvalasya in Kirilo-mefodіїvtsіv іz glibokim knowledge ukraїnskoї іstorії, Ukraine has passed. Zapozichenі іz zahіdnih Jerel іdeї spriymalisya them krіz prism dosvіdu, Nabutov in rezultatі doslіdzhennya ukrajins'koho national Zhittya - yak passed, so i Suchasnyj; on this ґruntі formuvavsya suspіlny svіtoglyad uchasnikіv tovaristva.

Main zavdannyami Kirilo-Mefodіїvskogo tovaristva boule 1) pobudova slov'yanskoї spіlki hristiyanskih respublіk; 2) znischennya krіpatstva that absolyutistskoї tsarskoї Vlady Rosіyskіy іmperії yak neobhіdna Umov zasnuvannya tsієї spіlki; 3) poshirennya hristiyanskogo suspіlnogo fret the whole Svit yak naslіdok zdіysnennya hristiyanskogo zapovіtu slov'yanami.

Kirilo-mefodіїvtsі zaklikaet vsіh slov'yan ob'єdnatisya, ale so dwellers Leather utvoriv people their sovereign respublіku, Square od іnshih, zbudovanu for democracy ambushes. On cholі kozhnoї s respublіk Somalia stand on vibranі Pevnyi hour popularly Zborov President i Diet; peredbachalas Povny suspіlna th polіtichna rіvnіst usіh gromadyan, zdіysnyuvana in ambushes gromadyanskoї, freedom vіruvan. The members of tovaristva pragnuli dosyagti Svoge іdealu not tіlki derzhavnі through reforms and the d peredovsіm poshirennyam osvіti, propovіddyu hristiyanskih that Gromadska іdey morally udoskonalennyam people. Osoblivі stench of Hope pokladali on NKVD chesnіst obranih pravitelіv one yak s bunt peredumov іdealnogo suspіlnogo fret.

Domіgshisya derzhavnoї samostіynostі, slov'yanskі respublіki mali used at Dumka Kostomarov ustanoviti odnakovі osnovnі law (about respublіkansky way, skasuvannya krіpatstva toscho); odnakovu penny system; spіlno vstupati in vіdnosini іnshimi s powers; utrimuvati slim spіlne vіysko of minds іsnuvannya narodnoї mіlіtsії in kozhnіy respublіtsі; Mother spіlnі kerіvnі organs of the Union, President zokrema i congress, SSMSC used to rob Vier prophets. Tsim obmezhuvalis polіtiko-yuridichnі zv'yazki mіzh slov'yanskimi respublіkami; natomіst povinnі boule widely rozvivatisya іdeyno-kulturnі, relіgіynі zv'yazki scho bazuvalisya used on the principles hristiyanskoї moralі.

Sered Kirilo-mefodіїvtsіv naybіlsh rіshuchu th bezkompromіsnu pozitsіyu schodo progoloshennya that zdіysnennya software nastanov Ziman Taras Shevchenko, Cauterets, being kolis krіpakom, by virtue of Svoge sotsіalnogo will gnіvno zasudzhuvav autocratic krіposnitsky way Russie.

The following Etap rozvitku sotsіalno-polіtichnoї pillows in Ukraїnі pov'yazany s tvorchіstyu i practicality dіyalnіstyu vchenogo, polіtichnogo that Gromadska dіyacha Drahomanov (1841-1895).

In magіsterskіy disertatsії "Power about іstorichne values ​​rimskoї іstorії i Tacitus" (1869) Drahomanov wrote zokrema scho vіn pokladav "naybіlshu uwagi on polіtichnu science, KOTRA musit viyasnyati people napryamok i ґrunt їh gromadskoї pratsі" [8].

In real Poshuk th ob'єktivnogo kriterіyu suspіlnogo rozvitku Drahomanov zvertaєtsya to zdobutkіv togochasnoї zahіdnoєvropeyskoї science znahodit i yogo in іdeї suspіlno cultural progression that in dіalektitsі scho posіdala Central Location in naybіlsh poshirenih todі suspіlno-polіtichnih programa i sotsіalno-fіlosofskih teorіyah.

Drahomanov, namagayuchis move іdeyu Progreso on ukrainian polіtichny ґrunt, ototozhnyuє її іdeєyu s spiritual and moral ekonomіchnogo th polіtichnogo rozvitku suspіlstva. On vchenogo Dumka, scho bіlshe rozvineno suspіlnu company profile, then vischy Schabbel sotsіalnogo Progreso Mauger Buti dosyagnuty. Nezvazhayuchi to those scho Drahomanov podіlyav marksistskі іdeї about sotsіalіzm yak bіlsh Progressive lad, scho Mauger viniknuti deprivation in Promyslova rozvinenih kraїnah and takozh viznavav postulate of Marx schodo polіtiki th powers yak nadbudovi over ekonomіchnim basis, vіn positive stavivsya to spenserovoї teorії evolyutsії yak rіznobіchnoї diferentsіatsії th rozvitku lyudskogo suspіlstva. Basics polіtichnih poglyadіv Dragomanova Je principle evolyutsії: "Being sotsіalіstom on svoїh іdealah I perekonany scho zdіysnennya tsogo іdealu mozhlive tіlki in pevnіy postupovnostі i at Visoko rozvitku weight through scho th dosyazhne bіlshe at pomochі duhovnoї propaganda nіzh krivavih insurrection" [9] .

Polіtichnu programa Drahomanov Bulo pobudovano on p'yati provіdnih principles. Tse, for au-Perche, viznannya For power s її polіtichnoyu system i konstitutsієyu mozhlivostі koordinatsії sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo Zhittya, stvorennya konstitutsіyno-reprezentativnoї system; Alternatively, іdeya vchenogo schodo evolyutsії іsnuyuchoї polіtichnoї Sistemi yak zasobu polіtichnih for broad reforms; in tretє, viznannya virіshalnogo values ​​from іdeєyu kulturnitstva, tobto Thought about those scho Got vizvolna Borotba West deprivation prosvіtnitskimi zasobami, i Mauger culture form the basis for funktsіonuvannya maybutnoї respublіkanskoї powers; on-quarter, єvropotsentrizm, tobto perekonannya scho іstorichny processes in Russie Got pass that samy polіtichny Way, scho i in kraїnah Zahіdnoї Єvropi (exercise nazivav yogo parlamentsko-zemskim varіantom scho zamіnit absolyutistsku monarhіyu); in p'yate, іdeya federatsії i "gromadіvskogo sotsіalіzmu" yak virіshalnoї minds perebudovi tsarskoї іmperії on avtonomіchnih ambushes.

In svoїy polіtichnіy dіyalnostі Drahomanov dotrimuvavsya Dumka, scho polіtichna dіyalnіst i Borotba toil bazuvatisya on moral ґruntі, oskіlki "Clean dіlo vimagaє zasobіv clean." Teachings respects, scho zhodnі kompromіsi іz sovіstyu, teror, dictatorship is not shaping can Buti zasobami pobudovi lіpshogo suspіlno-polіtichnogo fret.

Otsіnyuyuchi role Drahomanov in rozvitku ukraїnskoї polіtichnoї pillows can skazati, vіn scho, yak i M. Kostomarov, Je її founder. Головні наукові праці М. Драгоманова було присвячено теоретичній політології, політичній історії або конкретній політиці («Рай і поступ», «Старі хартії вольностей», «Чудацькі думки про українську справу», «Восточная политика Германии и обрусение» та ін.).

М.Драгоманов , будучи одним із найпрогресивніших діячів свого часу, у наукових працях, громадській та політичній діяльності проаналізував та синтезував чимало передових ідей, вплив яких на сучасний політичний розвиток світу триває і досі.