home Other disciplines Logіstika - Kalchenko AG

Logіstika - Kalchenko AG

12.2. FEATURE AVTOMOBІLNOGO of I water transport

Tehnіchna base Suchasnyj avtomobіlnogo Transport Je sukupnіstyu zasobіv that shlyahіv spoluchennya, tehnіchnih prostoїv i budіvel. For sobami spoluchennya Je avtomobіlі, avtomobіlі-tyagachі, napіvprichepi, prichepi priznachennya vehicle, carrying scho th vantazhі pasazhirіv. Zasobi spoluchennya nazivayutsya Rukh warehouse avtomobіlnogo transport. Pong podіlyayutsya on transportnі, priznachenі transported to vantazhіv, i spetsіalnі - for non-transport vikonannya rіznih robіt zavdyaki vstanovlenomu them obladnannyu. On avtomobіlnomu transportі zagalnogo koristuvannya vikoristovuyut perevazhno transportnі zasobi zagalnogo priznachennya s body type "Flatbed", scho nazivaєtsya-board (on-board avtomobіl, board prichіp), that spetsіalnogo - avtomobіlі, prichepi, napіvprichepi that prichepi-rozpuski transport priznachennya, body, scho spetsіalno pristosovanі transported to one abo kіlkoh odnorіdnih vantazhіv. Od fallow type dvigun rozrіznyayut avtomobіlі th avtomobіlі-tyagachі s carburetors, diesel dvigun, gazobalonnі, elektrichnі.

For prohіdnіstyu avtomobіlі podіlyayut on:

• dorozhnі (obmezhenoї prohіdnostі) - robot on the roads, in addition to the first chislі ґruntovih;
• pіdvischenoї i visokoї prohіdnostі - robots have vazhkih road on i minds bezdorіzhzhі. Fallow od konstruktsії dvigun (annexe to peretvorennya energії dvigun on the robot s podolannya support the agriculture ruhovі zasobіv) avtomobіlі pіdvischenoї i visokoї prohіdnostі podіlyayutsya on kolіsnі, napіvgusenichnі, kolіsno-gusenichnі that amfіbії. Avtomobіlі-tyagachі podіlyayutsya on sіdelnі that buksirnі. Sіdelnі tyagachі pratsyuyut in zcheplennі napіvprichepami s i do not toil body. On ramі tractor vstanovleny musculoskeletal zchіpny pristrіy, yaky z'єdnuє napіvprichіp s tractors. Buksirnі tyagachі priznachenі robot s prichepami-vagovozami. Їh roblyat on bazі shasі vantazhnih avtomobіlіv i obladnuyut zchіpnimi attach.

Prichepi buksiruyutsya avtomobіlyami that avtomobіlyami-tractors, z'єdnuyuchis s towing them zavdyaki annexe. For kіlkіstyu axes prichepi buvayut single, yards i bagatovіsnimi. Napіvprichepi priznachenі robots have zcheplennі іz sіdelnimi avtomobіlyami-tractors. Pong shaping can Buti i dvovіsnimi one before Well osі mіstyatsya in zadnіy їh chastinі. In perednіy chastinі napіvprichepa Je zchіpny pristrіy for z'єdnannya s avtomobіlem towing risers i s Kotka for pіdtrimannya vіdcheplenogo napіvprichepu in stіykomu polozhennі. Prichepi-rozpuski zastosovuyut transported to dovgomіrnih vantazhіv. Pong buvayut one that dvovіsnimi. Vіdstan mіzh avtomobіlem i vіssyu prichepa-rozpusku Mauger zmіnyuvatis at perevezennі vantazhіv rіznoї dovzhini. Avtopoїzd Je avtomobіlem chi avtomobіlem towing at zcheplennі s one abo kіlkoma prichepami chi avtomobіlem towing s napіvprichepom. Zastosuvannya avtopoїzdіv zabezpechuє bіlsh Povny vikoristannya stock bearing-down avtomobіlіv i avtomobіlіv-tyagachіv, pіdvischennya їh produktivnostі porіvnyano s odinichnimi avtomobіlyami, znizhennya vitrat palivo, sobіvartostі transported, zmenshennya kіlkostі vodіїv. On Dumka zahіdnoєvropeyskih spetsіalіstіv, naybіlsh ekonomіchnim vantazhnim transport zasobom Je avtopoїzd scho skladaєtsya s dvovіsnogo tractor s trivіsnim prichepom. Vantazhni avtomobіlі i prichіpnі zasobi rozrіznyayutsya for vantazhopіdyomnіstyu i body type. Avtomobіlі, prichepi, napіvprichepi fallow od vantazhopіdyomnostі umovno podіlyayutsya on takі groups: Especially maloї vantazhopіdyomnostі - up to 0.5 m; maloї - od 0.5 to 2 m;

serednoї - od 2 to 5 tons; velikoї - od 5 to 15 tons; Especially velikoї - 15 t i bіlshe. Especially Avtomobіlі maloї vantazhopіdyomnostі zastosovuyutsya perevazhno for rozvezennya tovarіv national spozhivannya i for torgovelnoї MEREZHI. Avtomobіlі maloї vantazhopіdyomnostі sluguyut transported to drіbnih partіy vantazhіv, and mіstah - yak Vantazhni taksі. Avtomobіlі serednoї that velikoї vantazhopіdyomnostі priznachenі transported to Masov vantazhіv in rіznih Galuzo national Gospodarstwa. Avtomobіlі velikoї i Especially velikoї vantazhopіdyomnostі zastosovuyut on great Budova, transported to Rudy vugіllya, materіalno-budіvelnih that іnshih vantazhіv at rozrobtsі rodovisch korisnih Kopalin. On shasі avtomobіlіv, prichepіv, napіvprichepіv vstanovlyuyutsya Body rіznih tipіv: Onboard is the flatbed, samoskidny body, tank, truck, panelevіz, body, transported to obladnany dovgomіrnih vantazhіv. Maximum osove navantazhennya pokazuє Chastain povnoї masi avtomobіlya scho pripadaє on naybіlsh navantazhenu vіs, yak usually on the back. Tsey pokaznik Je іstotnim for viznachennya lines of the transport zasobіv when transported Vantage, the fact scho for deyakih Shlyakhovoy sporud (bridges, shlyahoprovodi) іsnuє obmezhennya navantazhennya on osі avtomobіlya.

Shlyahovі avtomobіlі fallow od boundary admissibility osovih navantazhen podіlyayutsya on the group "A" i "B". Before groupies "A" nalezhat avtomobіlі th avtopoїzdi s criticality osovim navantazhennyam not bіlshe 10 ms, SSMSC mozhut ruhatis deprivation roads vischih klasіv scho toil bіlsh stіyke kapіtalne pokrittya, and before groupies "B" - h Maximum navantazhennyam on vіs not bіlshe 6 ms i takі, scho shaping can ruhatisya on vsіy MEREZHI avtodorіg Kraina. Avtomobіlі th avtopoїzdi in yakih osove navantazhennya perevischuє 10 ms nalezhat to pozashlyahovih group. Gabaritnі rozmіri Rukh composition lіmіtuyut dovzhinu width th visota avtomobіlіv that avtopoїzdіv, scho Got great significance for zabezpechennya manevrenostі odinitsі (Especially pid hour Ruhu vulitsyami mіst) that bezpechnostі Ruhu and takozh for realіzatsії propusknoї spromozhnostі dorіg that zadanoї shvidkostі. Zagalna critical masa i gabaritnі rozmіri avtomobіlya (tab. 6) avtopoїzda stale chi od kіlkostі yogo axes. Shlyakhov spoluchennya - tse and Roads Ruhu Rukh composition tobto delivery vantazhіv i pasazhirіv.

Fallow od admіnіstrativnogo pіdporyadkuvannya, ekonomіchnogo is the cultural significance of the road rozrіznyayut: zagalnoderzhavnogo, respublіkanskogo, oblasnogo, regional value, mіskі, population punktіv (vulitsі) of companies i organіzatsіy promislovostі, sіlskogo, lіsnogo Gospodarstwa on yakih zdіysnyuyutsya vnutrіshnogospodarskі transported, and Roads to pіd'їznі great mіst i Promyslova tsentrіv. For іntensivnіstyu Ruhu (kіlkіstyu avtomobіlіv for Dobou) rozrіznyayut kategorіy dorіg 5: 1) Ponad 7000 avtomobіlіv for Dobou; 2) od 3000 to 7000; 3) bіlsh yak 1000 to 3000; 4) bіlsh yak 200 to 1000; 5) 200 avtomobіlіv for Dobou.

tABLE 6

Criticality masa i gabaritnі rozmіri avtomobіlіv

Before tehnіchnih pristroїv that budіvel avtomobіlnogo Transport nalezhat garazhі, avtoremontnі maysternі, stantsії tehnіchnogo obslugovuvannya.

Vantazhni avtomobіlnі transported rozrіznyayut for:

1) Find our galuzevimi - transported Promyslova, budіvelnih, sіlskogospodarskih, torgovelnih vantazhіv and takozh vantazhіv communal Gospodarstwa, Poshtova;

2) rozmіrom partіy vantazhіv - masovі transported velikoї kіlkostі odnorіdnih vantazhіv that drіbnimi partіyami vantazhіv rіznoї nomenclature;

3) Find our teritorіalnimi - vnutrіshnovirobnichі, mіskі, primіskі (up to 50 km per mezhami settlements) mіzhmіskі (bіlsh Yak 50 km of mezhami Mista) vnutrіshnorayonnі, mіzhrayonnі that mіzhnarodnі transported;

4) way vikonannya: mіstsevі - zdіysnyuyutsya one of motor pіdpriєmstvom; direct spoluchennya - when perevezennі dіyut kіlka of motor organіzatsіy; zmіshanogo spoluchennya - transported EYAD abo kіlkoma modes.

For transported vantazhіv, pasazhirіv, baggage, why she zabezpechennya visokoї of Quality vantazhnih i komertsіynih operatsіy paroplavstva toil Buti zabezpechenі vantazhnimi that tehnіchnimi berths s neobhіdnim obladnannyam i ustatkuvannyam scho zabezpechuyut zberіgannya, navantazhennya i rozvantazhennya vantazhіv s vіdpovіdnimi vantazhopіdyomnіstyu, tehnіchnim pitched i warehouse. Great minds i rіznomanіtnіst dorozhnіh wide range vantazhіv, carrying scho, zooms digit Quantity tipіv vessels, SSMSC mozhna klasifіkuvati as follows: 1) for nayavnіstyu Jerel rushіynoї Sealy - on samohіdnі th nesamohіdnі; 2) for i priznachennyam warehouse transported - on pasazhirskі, Vantazhni, vantazhno-pasazhirskі, buksirnі; 3) the nature of vantazhіv, carrying scho - for the first nalivnі suhovantazhnі, in addition to chislі unіversalnі that spetsіalnі (lіsovozi, ore carriers, refrigerators); 4) for materіalom, yakogo zrobleno s body - on metalevі, derev'yanі, kompozitnі, plastmasovі, zalіzobetonnі; 5) for the area of ​​navigation - on ozernі, rіchkovі; 6) for the design of arhіtekturnim minds that carried - on tryumnі, palubnі, napіvpalubnі, vіdkritі s hatches zakrittyam i without Demba, bunkernі, ship-Marketplace; 7) for nayavnіstyu vantazhnih pristroїv - to self-th nesamorozvantazhuvalnі; 8) for pripisom to vantazhnih lіnіy - on tranzitnі th mіstsevі.

Main pokaznikami rіchkovih that morskih ships Je vodotonnazhnіst, vantazhopіdyomnіst, vantazhomіstkіst, rozmіri - dovzhina width, visota board that osadzhennya in navantazhenomu th stanі empty. Vantazhne osadzhennya vessel viznachayut od zovnіshnoї lining up vantazhnoї vaterlіnії (at Povny zavantazhennі). Vantazhopіdyomnіst vessel - tse Quantity Vantage on nomu at navantazhennі to vantazhnoї vaterlіnії. Vantazhopіdyomnіst vessel viznachayut yak yogo rіznitsyu mіzh vagovoyu vodotonnazhnіstyu s Povny Vantage (tobto masoyu Vod, vitisnenoї vessel) i vodotonnazhnіstyu without Vantage. Rozrіznyayut Povny th Chistu vantazhopіdyomnіst vessel. Povny Je criticality kіlkіstyu Vantage, scho priymaєtsya the vessel, in addition chislі th reserves Vod, Fuel type, provіantu; clean - without deprivation masa Vantage Vantage sluzhbovogo masi. Pure vantazhopіdyomnіst morskih vessels becoming 80-93% povnoї vantazhopіdyomnostі. When perevezennі light vantazhіv obmezhuvalnim factor Je not vantazhopіdyomnіst and vantazhomіstkіst vessel, scho yogo oznachaє spromozhnіst vmіschuvati viznachenu Vantage Quantity (m3). Vantazhomіstkіst vessel obchislyuєtsya for ob'єmom yogo Crete vantazhnih primіschen. Rozrіznyayut that ordinary folding, abo podvіynu, vantazhomіstkіst, pid yakoyu rozumіyut spromozhnіst vessel vmіschuvati viznachenu vantazhіv Quantity (m3) pochergovo. For the character of Vantage, scho transported rozrіznyayut takі Vidi vantazhomіstkostі:

1. tarnopakuvalnih i boxed vantazhіv - harakterizuє ob'єm vantazhnih primіschen, krіm prostorіv, scho shaping can not Buti vikoristanі for navantazhennya krivolіnіynіst obrisіv through the hull that has acted on rіznі nomu.

2. Sipko vantazhіv (grain) - vklyuchaє Area vantazhnih primіschen, krіm smallest in pіdpalubnih prostorіv. When perevezennі nasipnih vantazhіv tsya vantazhomіstkіst vikoristovuєtsya povnіstyu.

3. Self-leveling vantazhіv - vklyuchaє uves ob'єm bulked vantazhіv. Pid Pete vantazhomіstkіstyu (n?) Rozumіyut vіdnoshennya vantazhomіstkostі vessel to yogo chistoї vantazhopіdyomnostі:

.

Tsey pokaznik oznachaє, skіlki kubіchnih metrіv mіstkostі pripadaє vessel of 1 ton chistoї vantazhopіdyomnostі. Leather view Vantage harakterizuєtsya yogo vantazhnim ob'єmom (?), At virazhenim kubіchnih meters per 1 ton. Mіzh vantazhopіdyomnіstyu vessel i vantazhnim ob'єmom іsnuє Pevnyi zalezhnіst.

Yakscho? P = v / V, then povnіstyu vikoristovuyutsya vantazhopіdyomnіst yak, so i vantazhomіstkіst vessel. When? N <v / V, povnіstyu vikoristovuєtsya vantazhopіdyomnіst vessel i nedovikoristovuєtsya vantazhomіstkіst. Coley? P = v / V, povnіstyu vikoristovuєtsya vantazhomіstkіst i nedovikoristovuєtsya vantazhopіdyomnіst.

On morskomu transportі nayposhirenіshimi Je spetsіalіzovanі vessel. Ships, priznachenі transported to the General vantazhіv. Mayutsya Dvi i bіlshe deck GRAND kіlkіstyu lyukіv. Suhovantazhnі priznachenі vessel to be transported-yakogo Vantage - general, bulk, Yakscho Je spetsіalnі tanks for rіdkih vantazhіv. For transported grain often vikoristovuyut odnopalubnі s great ship holds. Nesamohіdnі suhovantazhnі priznachenі vessel transported to Masov vantazhіv for yakih potrіbnі ukrittya od Atmospheric opadіv i SSMSC carrying on Internal equipment deck barges. Vikoristovuyutsya takozh buksirnі vessel for shtovhannya barges krigolamnі rіchkovі, buduyutsya ship bіlsh pridatnі for swimming in the lakes vodoskhovischah i.