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CULTUROLOGY - Gritsenko TB

2. CULTURE ON RANNІH Etap ROZVITKU

Pervіsne suspіlstvo - naydovshy perіod hour scho znamenuvav appears that Helsinki Human perehіd її od uncultured to become cultural. For Tsei hour vіdbulosya zarodzhennya Helsinki Human Suchasnyj type (homo sapiens), that have been approved ekzogamії, perehіd od privlasnyuyuchogo type Gospodarstwa to vіdtvoryuyuchogo, vіddіlennya skotarstva od zemlerobstva and appeared zarodkіv pisemnostі svіdchila about perehіd od doіstorichnih chasіv rozvitku lyudstva to іstorichnih.

2.1. Culture pervіsnogo suspіlstva yak іstorichny type

Dwellers are zbagnuti i zakonomіrnostі rozvitku culture pervіsnogo suspіlstva peredusіm potrіbno zasvoїti dosit folding yogo perіodizatsіyu. On sogodnі sklalosya three її VD: arheologіchna, cultural tsivіlіzatsіyna that іstorichna scho vіdpovіdaє Formation that rozvitku suspіlno-ekonomіchnih formatsіy.

Arheologіchna perіodizatsіya scho ґruntuєtsya on doslіdzhennyah materіalnih znahіdok, podіlila Tsey perіod three vіki: kam'yany, mіdno bronze that The Iron. Kam'yany vіk CCB takozh rozbity three perіodi: paleolіt (drevnіy abo "nizhnіy" kamіn) mezolіt ( "serednіy" kamіn) that neolіt (Novi abo "verhnіy" kamіn), scho harakterizuvalisya Pevnyi tehnіkoyu obrobki, forms that priznachennyam Cams' yanih znaryad pratsі. Cutaneous s Tsikh perіodіv podіlyavsya on arheologіchnі culture, Hosting Project yakih vіdpovіdala naybіlsh characteristic mіstsyam znahіdok. However, when usіh svoїh dostoїnstvah such perіodizatsіya not vrahovuvala dosyagnen іstoriko cultural rozvitku, zvodyachi їh deprivation to materіalu th tehnіki obrobki znaryad pratsі, zbroї, Zhitlo, Georeferencing pohovannya tons. Іn.

Friend, cultural tsivіlіzatsіynu perіodizatsіyu, zaproponuvav amerikansky іstorik that etnograf Lyuіs Genrі Morgan (1818-1881), yaky, vіdstoyuyuchi іdeyu Progreso that єdnostі іstorichnogo lyudstva high road, the provisions about obґruntuvav rozvitok vlasnostі od Collective forms to privacy about evolyutsіyu sіm'ї that shlyubu od grupovogo forms to іndivіdualnih, Perche values ​​prodemonstruvav old yak main oseredku pervіsnogo suspіlstva. In knizі "Starodavnє suspіlstvo" vіn podіliv usyu іstorіyu pervіsnogo suspіlstva two perіodi - "dikіst" i "barbarism", dayuchi dermal complex characteristics that materіalnoї duhovnoї culture.

Suchasnі vchenі vikoristovuyut takozh i perіodizatsіyu Thirdly, based yakoї very hard vchennya about suspіlno-ekonomіchnu formatsіyu, stvorenu on bazі vіdpovіdnogo zasobu virobnitstva. Tse-pervіsno rabovlasnitsky community that way, feodalіzm, kapіtalіzm th komunіzm.

Uchenі archaeologists vidіlyayut dekіlka digit perіodіv rozvitku pervіsnogo fret SSMSC traditsіyno nazivayut vіkami: kam'yany, mіdno bronze, The Iron.

Kam'yany vіk - naydovshy perіod hour in іstorії lyudstva. Vіn sider od appears to Helsinki Human cob poshirennya Perche metalіv -mіdі bronze that іn. Paleolіt podіlyaєtsya three osnovnі vіdrіzki hour -paleolіt, mezolіt, neolіt, Leather іz them in their Cherga Got svoї Epoch abo perіodi.

Through nerіvnomіrnіst іstorichnogo rozvitku cob kam'yanogo vіku, yak yogo i okremih epochs that perіodіv on rіznih teritorіyah zemnoї kulі not have zbіgaєtsya chasі. Yakscho in Afritsі Lyudin z'yavilasya Ponad 2 million rokіv addition, the Єvropі -. Blizko 1 million rokіv that.. Kam'yany vіk in Єvropі zakіnchivsya 3 yew. to the NE, and aborigenіv Pіvdennoї Azії, Avstralії, on the islands of the Pacific Ocean to the Great sider geografіchnih vіdkrittіv (mid XV - middle XVII century.).

Paleolіt have their Cherga podіlyaєtsya on rannіy, serednіy i pіznіy. Rannіy paleolіt skladaє Dvi arheologіchnі Culture: Shelsku that Ashelsku. Serednіy paleolіt vіdpovіdaє Mustєrskіy kulturі. Nosіyami cultures Rann paleolіtu boule Homo habilis (Lyudin umіla), Java Man is the Peking Man. For Mustєrskoї Epoch z'yavlyaєtsya Novi type of Helsinki Human - Neanderthal. In perіod pіznogo paleolіtu, Money Does vіdpovіdayut Orіnyakska, Solyutreyska that Madlenska culture, sformuvalasya Lyudin Suchasnyj type - kromanyonets that grimaldі.

Vazhlivim perіodom in іstorії lyudstva CCB neolіt, yaky sider protyagom 8-7 yew. to NE in ancient kraїnah Immediately i od 6 to 3 yew. to NE in Єvropі. HEAD osoblivіstyu neolіtu CCB perehіd od privlasnyuyuchogo type Gospodarstwa (polyuvannya, ribalstvo, zbiralnitstvo) to vіdtvoryuyuchogo (skotarstvo, zemlerobstvo). In perіod from 40 to 35 tis. rokіv to NE zarodzhuєtsya Lyudin Suchasnyj type of Homo sapiens. Z'yavlyaєtsya pottery from tehnіtsі obrobki kam'yanih znaryad pochinayut zastosovuvatisya novі priyomi - shlіfuvannya, rozpilyuvannya th sverdlіnnya. Z'yavlyayutsya Pershi velikі burial. Neolіtichnі parking th roztashovuvalisya perevazhno settlements on the shores of lakes rіchok i. Parking mislivtsіv i Fishermen boule zvichayno, korotkochasnimi and settlements zemlerobsko-skotarskih tribes - bіlsh trivalimi. Іnkoli Zhytlo buduvali on palyah on vodі. In cultures front Immediately z'yavilisya Pershi ukrіplenі settlements Єrihon, Çatalhöyük in Malіy Azії i Myslyvskyi-ribalskі Culture - Kampіnіyska, Ertebelle in Zahіdnіy Єvropі, culture-hole course at grebіntsevoї Keramiky lіsovіy smuzі Shіdnoї Єvropi, zokrema on teritorії pіvnіchno-skhіdnoї Chastain Lіvoberezhnoї Ukraine is the іn. Krіm, in Ukraїnі vіdomo kіlkasot neolіtichnih parking and takozh Marіupolsky that Derіїvsky burial.

Pervіsnoobschinny way Epoch neolіtu harakterizuvavsya rozkvіtom matrіarhatu. Vіdbuvavsya processes away formuvannya tribes that skladannya group of tribes. Mistetstvo tsogo hour represented rіznomanіtnoyu i Bhagat ornamentikovoyu keramіkoyu, realіstichnoyu sculptures, rock The image.

Mіdny vіk, abo eneolіt (5 tis. To NE) becoming perіodom viniknennya that rozvitku metalurgії mіdі. Perche non-numerical metalevimi virobami s mіdі chi lead boule primіtivnі embellishment vigotovlenі for Relief Kuvanov cold. Pong z'yavilisya on the front of the one of the Middle Shodі chasіv neolіtu. The ear eneolіtu in Єvropі pov'yazany s rozvitkom gіrnichorudnoї right, vіdlivannyam metal music that virobnitstvom іz chistoї mіdі znaryad pratsі, SSMSC vikoristovuvalisya of order іz virobami s Stone, kіstki second horn. Gіrnicho-metalurgіyny processes zdіysnyuvali profesіynі Maistrov: gіrniki, metallurgy, kovalі-livarniki. W numerical kopalen Balkanskogo pіvostrova nadhodili tisyachі tone Rudy and viplavleny s neї metal in viglyadі zlivkіv abo Ready virobіv Shlyakhov mіzhplemіnnogo obmіnu potraplyav to rayonіv, scho mali not vlasnoї sirovini.

Fundamentals in Economy Epoch eneolіtu Ornan was zemlerobstvo i skotarstvo, rozvivalisya Crafts st domobudіvnitstvo. Novih Figure Nabeul Mistetstvo th relіgіynі uyavlennya. Skladnіshoyu became suspіlna organіzatsіya - vidіlilasya plemіnna verhіvka. Okremі tribes pov'yazanі s virobnitstvom i rozpovsyudzhennyam mіdі, nagromadili znachnі bagatstva. Sider processes utvorennya great sporіdnenih mіzhplemіnnih ob'єdnan. Unaslіdok prosuvannya Chastain population in the Prut-Dnіstrovske mezhirіchchya here vinikla famous tripіlska culture, yak Zgoda wider on all teritorіyu Moldova that Pravoberezhnoї Ukraine. Nosії tripіlskoї culture pіdtrimuvali tіsnі zv'yazki Zi sporіdnenimi Balkan tribes i Podunav'ya, postachayuchi obsession od their tribes metal serednostogіvskoї culture, neolіtichnoї Dnipro-donetskoї culture that іn.

At 4 yew. to NE pіslya domestication of the horse, rozpochavsya processes osvoєnnya skotarskimi tribes shirokoї Smuha єvrazіyskih stepіv. In Pіvnіchnomu Prichornomor'ї on Pіvdnі i od Shodі tripіltsіv, tarried rіznі groupies population mіdnogo vіku, about scho svіdchat Chaplinsky burial on Dnіpropetrovschinі, arheologіchnі pam'yatki type bottom ball Mihaylіvskogo accommodation at Hersonskіy oblastі. At Krim th lay steppe areas rozvivalasya kemіobinska culture. In seredinі 3 yew. yew. to NE All єvrazіysku Stepovaya Smuga Ziman tribes yamkovoї afanasєvskoї culture is the culture. At the same hour teritorії Pіvnіchnogo Prichornomor'ya vіdchuvavsya vpliv kavkazkih cultures Rann perіodu vіku bronze.

Bronze Age CCB perіodom poshirennya virobіv s bronze alloy tobto mіdі s mish'yakom, tin, rіdshe - іz that lead zinc. Perehіd od mіdі to Bronzi obumovlyuvavsya tim, scho bula bronze tverdіsha that legkoplavkіsha for mіd. Vinaydennya Bronzi th poshirennya virobіv s neї in rіznih Chastain zemnoї kulі vіdbuvalosya not odnochasno: 4 yew. to NE Bronze vzhe bula vіdoma on teritorії Іranu, Mesopotamії, Maloї Azії in Єgiptі have 3 yew. to NE - At Seredzemnomor'ї, Іndії, protyagom 2 yew. to NE - In usіy Єvropі that Azії. Viniknennya metalurgіynih tsentrіv, appeared maystrіv s vigotovlennya bronze znaryad pratsі that zbroї zooms virobnichu spetsіalіzatsіyu i priskorili processes of another great podіlu pratsі - vіdokremlennya Crafts od skotarstva i zemlerobstva. Poshirennya virobіv s Bronzi prizvelo to rozvitku obmіnu scho poklikat vdoskonalennya zasobіv peresuvannya - boats rowed i s vіtrilami that kolіsnih vіzkіv. Viniknennya novih znaryad pratsі spriyalo in his Cherga away rozvitku ornogo zemlerobstva th kochovogo skotarstva. Nagromadzhennya tsіnnostey at the hands okremih osіb, Mainova nerіvnіst generally produces up postupovogo rozpadu pervіsnoobschinnogo fret.

For chasіv bronze vіku in Mesopotamії that Єgiptі vinikayut Pershi Mista i Power, formuyutsya rannoklasovі suspіlstva. On the islands of the sea that lay Egeyskogo teritorіyah Balkanskogo pіvostrova i Maloї Azії z'yavilasya Visoko rozvinuta Crete-mіkenska (Egeyska) culture.

On teritorії suchasnoї Ukraine Bronze Age sider blizko 1 tisyachі rokіv. Main zanyattyam zhitelіv teritorії Stepovoy pіvdnya Ukraine, pochinayuchi s of the XIX century. to NE, Bulo Orne zemlerobstvo. Іsnuvalo takozh mіstseve Visoko rozvinute bronzolivarne virobnitstvo, yak bazuvalosya on rudі s Kopalin nearby Suchasnyj Artemіvska. naprikіntsі 2 - on the cob 1 yew. to NE on Chornomorskomu uzberezhzhі lived kіmmerіytsі, SSMSC ymovіrno boule nosіyami cultures pіznogo perіodu vіku bronze.

The Iron vіk harakterizuєtsya rozvitkom dobuvannya zalіza that vigotovlennyam іz Demba mainly znaryad virobnitstva i zbroї. The absolute hronologіya cob zalіznogo vіku in rіznih kraїnah neodnakova. In zv'yazku s tim, scho not arheologіchna klasifіkatsіya totozhna іstorichnіy, vіn spіvpadaє s not whether yakoyu odnієyu suspіlno-ekonomіchnoyu formatsієyu, oskіlki vіdobrazhaє deprivation Pevnyi rіven rozvitku productive forces: in Mesopotamії, Єgiptі, Perednіy Azії, Іndії th Kitaї vіn rozpochavsya in minds rabovlasnitskogo tune in bіlshostі kraїn Єvropi, Azії th Africa pripadaє on the hour, if there іsnuvav slit pervіsnoobschinny way abo yogo rozkladu vіdbuvavsya processes, and Ameritsі, Avstralії th yogo Okeanії zapochatkuvali pribulі єvropeytsі.

In bagatoh tribes zalіznogo vіku already vіdbulosya viokremlennya craft. Іz zrostannyam produktivnostі pratsі viniklo trademark virobnitstvo bezposeredno for obmіnu th rozshirilasya vnutrіshno plemіnna th mіzhplemіnna torgіvlya. Zamknenіst patrіarhalno tribal kolektivіv bula Porush, ukrіplyuvalasya is private vlasnіst i Vlad plemіnnoї aristokratії, pogliblyuvalosya Mainova rozsharuvannya mіzh members Gromada. Sotsіalna neodnorіdnіst generally produces up vnutrіshnіh i zovnіshnіh konflіktіv that voєnnih sutichok. Unaslіdok tsogo vіdbuvaєtsya viniknennya ukrіplenih settlements - settlements, scho stayut centers remіsnichogo virobnitstva that obmіnu and nayvazhlivіshі s them - polіtichnimi centers. Over the minds novih іstorichnih utvorilisya velikі union of tribes, scho vіdіgrali valued role in formuvannі nationalities. On teritorії bagatoh kraїn have Tsei hour vіdbuvavsya residual rozklad pervіsnogo fret formuvalosya klasove suspіlstvo th power.

Culture on rannіh Etap rozvitku yak іstorichny type rozvivalasya in the minds pervіsnoobschinnogo fret yaky ohoplyuє perіod hour blizko 2 million. Rokіv addition to 6-4 yew. to NE Pervіsnoobschinny way CCB Perche in іstorії lyudstva suspіlno-ekonomіchnoyu formatsієyu scho ґruntuvalasya on kolektivnіy vlasnostі okremih communities zasobi virobnitstva at zrіvnyalnomu rozpodіlі produktsії. Istoria pervіsnogo suspіlstva podіlyaєtsya two perіodi: dikіst i barbarism.

Dikіst, yakіy in suchasnіy arheologіchnіy perіodizatsії vіdpovіdayut paleolіt i mezolіt, harakterizuєtsya postupovim vidіlennyam Helsinki Human s tvarinnogo svitu, privlasnennyam Ready produktіv Nature, stvorennyam Perche nayprostіshih znaryad pratsі, dobuvannyam Vaughn. Vaughn appears Helsinki Human pochinaєtsya s i zakіnchuєtsya viniknennyam pottery. In Tsey perіod vinikaє Persha form suspіlno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin - "pervіsne lyudske flock", scho meshkaє on pevnіy teritorії i predstavlyaє themselves are small grupu people without profesіynih that sotsіalnih vіdmіnnostey.

Barbarism pochinaєtsya s viniknennyam pottery i zakіnchuєtsya vigotovlennyam onions i strіl, zarodzhennyam pisemnostі. Main oseredkom suspіlstva quiet chasіv CCB rіd scho ob'єdnuvav grupu people - Blood rodichіv, to other forms suspіlno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin CCB childbirth way. Kіlka rodіv have become plem'ya.

Perіod generic tune proyshov two Etap rozvitku - i matriarchy patriarchy. Matriarchy, abo materinska tribal communities - tse suspіlnogo shape arrange, yak harakterizuєtsya perevazhnim encampment at zhіnki suspіlstvі. Oseredkom materinskogo suspіlstva Bula materinska sіm'ya - great grupa blizkih rodichіv on zhіnochіy lіnії.Patrіarhat, abo Batkivska tribal communities, znamenuvav him ostannіy perіod іstorії pervіsnoobschinnogo fret i poklal cob klasovomu suspіlstvu. Patriarchy іsnuvav for chasіv mіdnogo that bronze vіku, Rann perіodu zalіznogo vіku. Vіn priyshov on zmіnu matrіarhatu i pereduvav klasovomu suspіlstvu.

Perehіd to patrіarhatu vіdbuvsya in rezultatі digit rozvitku productive forces. Rozvitok skotarstva, plow zemlerobstva, ribalstva th crafts, Especially obrobki metalіv, target of minds for ekonomіchnogo Zhittya kіlkіsno Mensch, nіzh tribal communities kolektivіv, pіdnіs values ​​pratsі cholovіka. Rodovid on materinskіy lіnії zmіnivsya batkіvskim.

Basics virobnichih vіdnosin pervіsnoobschinnogo fret Bula suspіlna vlasnіst on zasobi virobnitstva in nerozvinutomu viglyadі, Collective work, scho bazuvavsya not podіlі pratsі, and ob'єdnannі Collective zusil usієї Gromada in zdobuvannі zasobіv for Zhittya. Golovna meta pervіsnoobschinnogo virobnitstva polyagala not zadovolennі potreb okremih chlenіv community, and in the minds of zabezpechennі іsnuvannya vsіh.

Great significance for rozvitku productive forces MAV perehіd od privlasnyuyuchogo Gospodarstwa type to yakogo nalezhali zbiralnitstvo, polyuvannya that ribalstvo to vіdtvoryuyuchogo, yak znamenuvalo appeared zemlerobstva th tvarinnitstva scho Persha prizvelo to suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі - vidіlennya herding tribes. Tse uniquely pіdvischilo produktivnіst pratsі i target pevnі mozhlivostі for virobnitstva dodatkovogo product rozvitku obmіnu minutes. Another great suspіlnim podіlom pratsі Bulo vidіlennya crafts, scho spriyalo away vdoskonalennyu zasobіv pratsі that pіdvischennyu її produktivnostі. W rozvitkom іndivіdualnoї pratsі on її osnovі postupovo vinikaє is private vlasnіst i Private Gospodarstwa scho Mainova has generated nerіvnіst i ekspluatatsіyu. So on osnovі novih suspіlno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin vіdbuvaєtsya klasovy podіl suspіlstva scho vstupaє in Novi Etap rozvitku Svoge.