home History Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska-Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 2

Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska-Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 2

Poltava UKRAINE before disaster

Perehіd Mazepa to shvedіv outposts Peter 1 Novgorod-Sіverskomu. Bilja king boule uves vischy warehouse armії - Menshikov that Sheremstєv, kerіvnі The members of Uryadov: Golovkіn Chancellor, yogo pomіchnik Shafіrov that kolishnіy ambassador in Polschі, Prince G. Dolgoruky. Tse uniquely polegshuvalo aktsіyu king st gave Yomou mozhlivіst dіyati s bliskavichnoyu shvidkіstyu.

Before tsogo hour in іstorії panuvala Dumka, scho LUVs perehіd Mazepa nespodіvankoyu for Peter 1. Demands pogoditisya s gіpotezoyu scho її Vislova prof. O. Ogloblin - scho "tsya nespodіvanka, hoch Mauger in yakіys formі, perdbachalasya vzhe ranіshe" i nіkoli Povny dovіr'ya zboku Peter to hetman not Bulo.

Petro 1 rozgornuv energіynu dіyalnіst. Vzhe 27 Zhovtnya vіn having seen Purshia manіfest to ukrajins'koho people Where Money Does spovіschav scho Mazepa "bezzvestno gone." Vіn punishing negayno z'yavitisya starshinі, Colonel i "other" on the Narada, i, Yakscho viyavitsya "nevіrnіst" Mazeppa, turn a new Hetman. 28 Zhovtnya Petro manіfest one species to another, Where Money Does povіdomlyav about zradu Mazepa, about Yogo metu send out to the "land Malorosіysku" znovu pid polske volodіnnya and church vіddati unіyatam. Self vistavlyav CAR, yak zahisnika ukrajins'koho people, i, s demagogіchnoyu metoyu, skasuvav deyakі podatki, SSMSC Mazepa naklav nіbito its korist. Vischim spiritual persons: mitropolitovі Yoasafovі Krokovskomu, Chernіgіvskomu arhiepiskopovі Іvanovі Maksimovic, Pereyaslavskomu єpiskopovі Zaharіevі Kornilovich that obіtsyano colonels at that "temple milіst". So rozpochalasya propagandivna dіyalnіst Peter 1, yak B. Krupnitsky vluchno called "vіynoyu manіfestіv".

Odnochasno Petro giving mandate Menshikov znischiti capitals getmanіv - Baturin, de zalishalasya Ponad 23 tisyachna ukraїnska collateral. Mayuchi artilerіyu, stocks of gunpowder i harchіv, Baturin mіg trimatisya Dovgy hour, not Pokey pіdіyshli used to Relief Swede - Taqiy CCB rozrahunok Mazepa. Defense Baturina has been viewed doruchena serdyutskomu polkovnikovі Dmitrovі Chechelevі. Dіysno, ni namovi Menshikov that D. ґolіtsina scho pіdіyshli of 10-tisyachnim vіyskom, ni Peter mandate not zahitali yogo oborontsіv. Pid hour oblogi on propozitsіyu Menshikov zdat Misto that set your new Hetman, Sergeant First Cossacks firmly rіshuche vіdmovilisya. "While de Swedish borders of the local has acted not by the time the second Hetman vibiraem it is impossible", - wrote Menshikov tsarevі. W tsієї vіdpovіdі seen scho navіt in Baturinі not uyavlyali sutі vіdnosin Mazepa Zi Swedes.

Zradiv oborontsіv Colonel Zgoda Prilutsky regimental notation, Ivan Nіs, yaky showing Muscovites taєmny pіdzemny hіd. 2 leaf fall Menshikov s vіyskom uvіyshov to Baturina. Truncated population, switching on s nemovlyatami Bulo in vorvarskomu katovane i vigublene Misto bedrooms. So Done zgіdno for instructions to Peter Menshikov: "Baturin. . . the other on the butt burn the whole. " Butt Tsey Primus zdrignutisya all up Ukraine. About zvіrstva in Baturinі wrote th chuzhintsі (prusky Ambassador Kayzerlіnґ that anglіysky Vіtvort), i rosіyani (Novgorodsky lіtopis, leaves Petrovі Menshikov), i ukraїntsі (Lizogubіvsky lіtopis).

Tragedіya Baturina has been viewed tіlki cob Dovgy number tragedіy scho їh suffered UKRAINE. Teror ohopiv all kraїnu. Pocha slіdstva th zhorstokі curry on vsіh, hto CCB prichetny chi zapіdozreny in prichetnostі to grips Mazepa. In Lebedinі on Slobozhanschinі at tsarskіy kvartirі dіyala slіdcha front fee, yak s zhorstokimi torturami dopituvala people. Culated on shirivsya mіstah i villages, population yakih postshali zasvіdchiti before Maskovskiy Uryadov his loyalnіst: Pryluky, Lubnі, Lokhvytsya, sotnі Lubenskogo, Mirgorodskogo, Prilutskogo polkіv. Petro hunt priymav chislennі denunciation. Prihilnikіv Mazepa Checa curry, zaslannya, konfіskatsіya Lane, yak i poshiryuvalasya on їh rodichіv. A quiet, hto robiv denunciation nagorodzhuvano ranks, maєtkami, konfіskovanimi victims. Gliboka demoralіzatsіya ohopila up Ukraine, de dermal tremtіv for svoє Zhittya for Zhittya Creveney.

Negayno pіslya transition to Mazepa shvedіv rozpochato pіdgotovu to obrannya new Hetman. Sche zhovtnі in 1708 roku, if hvorіv Mazepa, Petro namіtiv CCB nastupnika Yomou in osobі Starodubskogo Colonel Іvana Skoropadskogo. Tse LUVs one іz vidatnih polkovnikіv i odnodumets Mazepa, scho yogo choristavsya Povny dovіr'yam. Vipadkovo vіn CCB vіdrіzany Zi svoїm regiment od Mazepa otochennye Maskovskiy vіyskom i is not MAB іnshogo vihodu, yak zasvіdchiti his loyalnіst Petrovі. Peter did not dovіr'yav Skoropadskomu, ale not MAV іnshogo candidate for the hetman. Spochatku vіn hotіv CCB zaproponuvati Danylo Apostol, Colonel Mirgorodskogo, ale of the CCU s Mazepa shvedskomu taborі. Mother of Hetman yakus nevіdomu, drugoryadnu lady Petro Bazhan not, i znovu to musіv zupinitisya on Skoropadskomu.

Before obrannyam new Hetman rіznomanіtnih zahodіv get used to diskreditatsії Mazepa: Yogo "person" vistavili to Gloom in Gluhovі, ​​i cat zіrvav neї s orders, and the coat of arms is the Chablis polamat. Pіslya of "person" povіsheno. Togo Well uGluhovі day in prisutnostі king chlenіv Maskovskiy Uryadov, the new hetman Skoropadskogo that Petty Officer ukraїnske clergy s Metropolitan Yoasafom Krokozskim on cholі ogolosilo proklyattya Mazepa. The next day the Tsar having seen manіfest scho ogoloshuvav Mazepa "bogovіdstupnikom". W analogіchnimi MESSAGE zvernulisya to flock INSHI Ukrainian ієrarhi. In Moskvі progolosheno Mazepa zradnikom i 12 leaf fall in 1708 roku vikonano Taqiy samy rite tserkovnoї klyatbi - anatemi at chomu rite Tsey vikonuvav Mazepin friend, "mіstseblyustitel" patrіyarshogo throne, Stefan Yavorsky. Usa Tse little great vpliv on shirokі masi population bіlshe tim, scho in agіtatsії zgaduvalosya scho Mazepa hotіv send out to the church Protestants abo unіyatam.

"OAO All zasobi Teror, psihіchnogo i fіzichnogo: propaganda obіtsyanki, shook, tsivіlnі tseremonії th tserkovnі rites znevagu i znuschannya, curry th nayzhorstokіshі torturi i strata sword i Vogon, - all rushed to Moscow in 1708 rotsі proti Hetman Mazepa is the yogo odnodumtsіv, and infect i proti vsіh pragnen ukrajins'koho people to Volya second independence ", - these words harakterizuє O. Ogloblin camp kіntsі Ukraine in 1708 roku.

UKRAINE Bula podіlena on Dvi Chastain, one - Mensch - okupuvalo shvedske vіysko, and the other - bіlsha - perebuvala pid Vladoiu Hetman Skoropadskogo, factuality - Moscow. Spravdilis poboyuvannya Mazepa: Teren vіyni displacements CCB up Ukraine.

Nepіdgtovlena zazdalegіd lyudnіst zustrіchala shvedsku armіyu, yak vzagalі zustrіchayut okupantіv: zdebіlshogo enchantment. Roztashuvavshis on zimovі apartments, Swedes vimagali produktіv, forage. Tse viklikalo opіr Sered population, and the Swedes opіr vіdpovіdali represіyami. Before tsogo treba Add your postіynu, vpertu agіtatsіyu Maskovskiy agentіv that Teror Contrary quiet whom Maskovskiy Uryadov vvazhav "Mazepians". Winter has been viewed Nadzvychaina sytuatsia Suvorov i shvedska armіya terpіla od marriage pomeshkan i odyagu scho viklikalo hvorobi. Swedes arguments s battle brati Pyriatyn. Smіlu, Veprik, Zіnkіv, SSMSC їh not admitted to himself.

Mazepa pogіrshuvalosya encampment. Bagato elders vteklo to Peter (D. Apostol, Colonel Mirgorodsky, general cornet I. Sulima, kompanіysky Colonel G. Galaґan, Korsunsky - A. Kandyba that INSHI). Tse demoralіzuvalo rows kozatstvo scho takozh rozbіgalos. Zalishilisya nepovnі serdyutskі that kompanіyskі shelves. Sprobi shvedіv poshiriti thorn vіyni on Skhid on Slobіdsku up Ukraine, boules nevdalі. Swedes plyundruvali Mista, village, znischili Krasnokutsk, Gorodnya, Kolomak, boilers, Murafa, Kolontaїv, Olešná. Naslіdki for them boule fatalnі; Pocha protishvedt "ka partizanska vіyna.

On partizanskі dії Swedes vіdpovіdali represіyami, SSMSC viklikali slit bіlshy sprotiv population. Thus the rank of Sealy shvedskoї armії vitrachalisya on Borotba s people on Relief yakogo rozrahovuvav Karl XII, іduchi campaign in up Ukraine.

Mazepa vves hour Provadia wide dіyalnіst diplomatically. Vіn vlastivo CCB pozbavleny mozhlivosti lead vіyskovі aktsії: provіd CCB at the hands of Charles XII, and that krіm ukrajins'koho vіyska Bulo nebagato. Mazepa namagavsya stvoriti antimoskovsku koalіtsіyu s Turechchini, Cream, Moldavії, Valahії, Transilvanії, donskih kozakіv, kubanskih cherkesіv, kalmikіv, kazanskih Tatars bashkirіv. Tse, the words O. Ogloblina, "CCB epohalny plyan podolannya moskovskoї Mogutnov, utvorennya neperemozhnoї greblі proti Maskovskiy іmperіyalіzmu".

Mazeppa - i tіlki vіn one - mіg stvoriti qiu koalіtsіyu, more vіn good znav Maskovskiy іmperіyalіzm i MAV dosvіd in zahіdnoevropeyskіy polіtitsі. Vіn rozumіv, scho boule ponevolenі peoples dіysnimi vorogov Moscow, not the Swedes i do not Poles, s yakimi Won could porozumіtisya. Yomou Bulo clear scho shvedska armіya, visnazhena i od vіdrіzana svoєї bazi not zmozhe itself podolati Maskovskiy armіyu, zabezpechenu lyudskimi th materіyalnimi reserves. Tom vіn spodіvavsya pіdnyati against Moscow Turechchinu that Krim, and takozh Zaporіzhzhya that donskih іnsurgentіv s Nekrasov on cholі. Getman rozsilav dovіrenih people (. Gorlechka D., K. Mokієvskogo V. Chuykevicha, Mirovich F., F. Nahimovskogo that іn) to rіznih powers ale praktichnі naslіdki s of boule nevelikі: Cream vichіkuvali Turechchina i i, obіtsyayuchi fate vіdtyaguvali aktsіyu; Stanislav Leschinsky rozpochav nevdalo pohіd i zatrimavsya on Podіllі. Naslіdkami Tsikh peregovorіv bula, s one side, mozhlivіst pіslya Poltava catastrophic Know Azil in Turechchinі and other s - zorganіzuvati Prutsky pohіd in 1710 rotsі.

Naybіlshim diplomatically uspіhom old hetman Bulo priєdnannya 8.000 zaporozhtsіv s Koshov Costa Gordієnkom on cholі. Tse Bulo great podієyu: protyagom vsogo getmanuvannya Mazepa Zaporіzhzhya stood in opozitsії to getmanskogo Uryadov. In 1709 bereznі rock Zaporizka Parliament Wieslaw to Mazepa that Charles XII deleґatsіyu. W King CCB pіdpisany dogovіr for Yakima Zaporіzhzhya stuck to shvedsko-ukrajins'koho Union and vіn zobov'yazavsya not ukladati world s Muscovy, Pokey is not vizvolit up Ukraine that Zaporіzhzhya s-pid moskovskoї Vladi. Tse LUVs trіyumf polіtiki Mazepa. Uspіh її poznachivsya negayno: lifestyle prelіmіnarnu s sake Krim, i Mazepa dіstav 8.000 pershoryadnogo vіyska; naslіdkom boule takozh protimoskovskі insurrection in Poltava regiment in that chastinі Slobozhanshchina. Mіzh Vorskla i Orell dіyalo 15,000 povstantsіv. "There is a big fire rozgoraetsya" - wrote the general Rennes Petrovі bereznі in 1709 roku.

Vіdpovіddyu on priєdnannya zaporozhtsіv s Koshov Gordієnkom to Mazepa Bulo znischennya Zaporіzhzhya. On the cob 1709 roku Bereznev for instructions to Moscow, to pribuli Zaporіzhzhya Cossacks s shelf Danylo Apostol i Poch provaditi agіtatsіyu proti Gordієnka. Ale mіsіya їh away i do not stink Ledwith vtekli. Todі on the cob 1709 roku kvіtnya z'yavilos on Sich rosіyske vіysko pid command of the regiment. P. Yakovlev that kompanіyskogo Colonel G. Galaґana. Menshikov, head іnіtsіyator zruynuvannya Sіchі, wrote Petrovі "taken alive Petty Officer First Cossacks with 300 people," yakih punishing vіn "Decent execute." Koshov Otaman Stepanenko getmanovі Skoropadskomu wrote: "Head luplyu, shiї to the slaughterhouse Ruban, vіshano i INSHI tiranskі smertі zavdano. . . Dead іz many graves did not Teal'c tovaristva but i Tchernetsov odkopuvano, head onim utinano, skins luplyu i vіshano ". Sіchovі budinki slept taken artilerіyu, amunіtsіyu. Zruynovano takozh Perevolochna, zaporіzku Fortress over Dnіprom bilja girla Vorskla that flotu. Pіslya of rosіyske vіysko later Dnіprom naniz i there Hapal st nischilo zaporozhtsіv scho pіshli on promisli not znayuchi navіt about podії on Ukraїnі. In Moskvі trіyumfalno vіdznachili znischennya "rozbіynitskogo gnіzda".

Zhorstoke zruynuvannya Zaporіzhzhya viklikaє rіznі sprobi poyasniti yogo motives. At every razі not mozhna Casati about needful znischennya Sіchі that zagalnogo vimorduvannya zaporozhtsіv switching on s in promislovtsyami Dnіprovih smoothly znuschannya s pohovanih pokіynikіv. Masov vigubleno zaporozhtsіv quiet, scho s quiet abo іnshih reason not pіshli s Gordієnkom to Mazepa. Pіshli s him tіlki 8.000 cholovіk, Rasht not podіlyala yogo representations to Mazepa i do not pіshla; i yakraz stink boule in nelyudsky sposіb zakatovanі. The reason has been viewed іnsha: Zaporіzhzhya Bulo bunt Jerel, oseredkom vіlnolyubnih pragnen ukrajins'koho kozatstva, i Petro vikoristav nagodu, dwellers znischiti tsogo naystrashnіshogo vorogov. Spovnilisya peredbachennya zaporozhtsіv - scho if moskalі vizhenut zaporozke vіysko s Sіchі, the "on vіchnі chasi OAO All Ukrainian people will Moskvі slaves, chogo. . . Power has long Maskovskiy bazhaє ".

Rozgrom Zaporіzhzhya cope gnіtyuche vrazhennya in Ukraїnі. Population rіznih sіl znovu od Pocha vіdhoditi Mazepa that shvedіv, chomu spriyalo witch admonition shvedіv. Winter has been viewed Lute, Swedes duzhe terpіli od cold i vtratili bagato horses. Relief did not come: polsky King Stanislav Leschinsky Zi shvedskim General Krassav zatrimalisya on Podіllі in borotbі s Maskovskiy vіyskom. Shvedskі vіyska Krassava primushenі boule vіdstupiti to Wesley.

Turks i Tatari vichіkuvali further rozvitku podіy i do not spіshili Relief on the Swedes. Charles XII virіshiv dati-General bіy pid Polavoyu.