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The insurance that іnvestitsіyny management - VG Fedorenko

7.5. Rate of I MEHANІZM RINKOVOGO TSІNOUTVORENNYA

Cena - tse penny virazhennya vartostі subject ob'єkta, product, tobto Quantity penny odinits scho harakterizuє vartіst. When tsomu vvazhaєtsya scho vartіst viznachaєtsya suspіlno neobhіdnimi costs pratsі on virobnitstvo i realіzatsіyu tsogo product. Tse viznachennya mozhna taxes have viglyadі formula:

de WT, Wg - vartіst vіdpovіdno product that pennies.

Іnshimi words, Cena - tse form viyavlennya vartostі (mіnova vartіst) at obmіnі product, ale not on whether yaky Inshyj goods and tіlki on the penny (gold, srіblo abo groshovі signs scho zamіnyuyut їh). Tse nayzagalnіshe rozumіnnya tsіni s pozitsіy polіtichnoї ekonomії. For such deposits tіlki pіdhodu Cena od dvoh chinnikіv i їh spіvvіdnoshennya: Cost pratsі on virobnitstvo that realіzatsіyu product, scho yogo viznachayut vartіst, i vartostі pennies. Koli Well Cena rozglyadaєtsya on konkretnіshomu rіvnі then nazivayutsya th takі chinniki, yak spozhivnі vlastivostі (yakіst) product, spіvvіdnoshennya Offers i popitu Tsey on goods that іn.

Tsіni, UNL їh sukupnіst, stanovlyat not tіlki іndivіdualnu, NKVD, and the second suspіlnu, sotsіalnu the category. Pong regulyuyut yak okremі kupіvlі that prodazhі tovarіv spozhivacham so i ekonomіchnі processes in tsіlomu, vklyuchayuchi suspіlne virobnitstvo, rozpodіl tovarіv, obmіn abo spozhivannya benefits nadannya poslug. Here again usі uzyatі tsіni dіyut yak zagalny, єdiny, tsіlіsny tsіnovy mehanіzm.

In tsіnovomu mehanіzmі Varto virіznyati Dvi vzaєmodіyuchі Chastain. W one side, tse tsіni, їh Vidi, structure, dinamіka zmіni and s іnshogo - tsіnoutvorennya yak sposіb, vstanovlennya rules formuvannya novih i tsіn zmіni dіyuchih. Tsіnoutvorennya Je Activity Chastain tsіnovogo mehanіzmu scho viznachaє rozmіr tsіni. So rank, tsіni i tsіnoutvorennya stanovlyat єdiny tsіnovy mehanіzm.

Pid zagalnim ponyattyam "Rate" on maєtsya uvazі tsіly complex ekonomіchnih understand scho incoming from єdinu synthetical ekonomіchnu kategorіyu. Pid odnієyu titles "Cena" іsnuє bezlіch її vidіv scho rіznyatsya priznachennyam, scope zastosuvannya formuvannya that way.

Dwellers will win constructively uyavlennya about tsіnoutvorennya, rozglyanemo Method i pіdhodi to formuvannya vidіv tsіn in the minds of non-rinkovoї i rinkovoї Economy. For nerinkovoї Economy characteristic species tsіn rozdrіbnі Yea, she optovі Purchasing.

Rozdrіbnimi priynyato nazivati ​​tsіni for yakimi Flea prodayutsya in so zvanіy rozdrіbnіy torgovіy MEREZHI, tobto in the minds їh sale іndivіdualnim pokuptsyam at vіdnosno skin slim obsyazі sale. For rozdrіbnimi tsіnami zvichayno realіzuyutsya goods spozhivannya population th Mensch mіroyu - pіdpriєmstvam, organіzatsіyam, cooperatives.

Wholesale nazivayut tsіni for yakimi Produkciya realіzuєtsya great partіyami in minds as the title of the wholesale torgovelno-zbutovih operatsіy mіzh pіdpriєmstvami and takozh at realіzatsії produktsії through spetsіalіzovanі Magasini i zbutovі office optovoї torgіvlі on trademark bіrzhah i to whether yakih іnshih trading organіzatsіyah scho prodayutsya wholesale goods. Wholesalers of Cena, yak usually nizhcha for rozdrіbnu on rozmіr vitrat obіgu i pributku torgovelno-zbutovih organіzatsіy.

Odnochasno s Wholesale at planovіy ekonomіtsі іsnuyut Purchasing tsіni for yakimi derzhavnі torgovelno-Purchasing organіzatsії zakupovuyut sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu in її virobnikіv.

In printsipі planned sposіb tsіnoutvorennya Got pevnі perevagi: dosit simple; Cena vіdbivaє realnі vitrati virobnitstva; tsіni vstanovlyuyutsya zverhu spetsіalnimi Reigning organіzatsіyami. Wholesalers of Cena for yakoyu pіdpriєmstvo-vigotovlyuvach prodaє his produktsіyu, dorіvnyuє vitratam virobnitstva (sobіvartostі) to yakih priplyusovuєtsya normative Prybutok. Rozdrіbna Rate for іndivіdualnogo spozhivacha vstanovlyuєtsya yak Wholesalers of plus vitrati i Prybutok trading organіzatsіy, vklyuchayuchi th transportnі vitrati.
However praktitsі tsentralіzovanoї Economy, such a scheme Got pevnі nedolіki. Basic s them viplivaє s nerinkovoї nature of planning and decision-making tsіnoutvorennya. Rіch in tіm, scho on tsіnu pokladalasya nevlastiva їy role sotsіalnogo i budgetary control Economy. Nevporyadkovanіst Wholesale tsіn, Wkra nizkі derzhavnі optovі tsіni on sirovinu robili unprofitable tsіlі the Branch, takі yak sіlske Gospodarstwa, vugіlna and Dali th promislovіst naphtha. We arguments rezultatі vidavati velikі dotatsії s sovereign budget scho generally produces up rozbalansovanostі Economy Galuzo national Gospodarstwa.

Nayavnіst rіznih tsіn on similar produktsіyu in rіznih kraїnah zumovlyuє neobhіdnіst vikoristannya svіtovih tsіn. Tse tsіni, viznanі on Pevnyi perіod organіzatsіyami scho zaymayutsya mіzhnarodnoyu torgіvleyu, abo serednі tsіn values ​​for goods, scho vstanovilisya in rіznih kraїnah i regіonah. In sotsіalіstichnіy ekonomіtsі svіtovі tsіni zastosovuvalis Wkra obmezheno. W postupovim transition to rinkovoї Economy of Ukraine i Included in svіtovu gospodarsku system їh role pіdvischuєtsya.

Nayavnіst rіznomanіtnih forms torgіvlі zumovlyuє rozpodіl rozdrіbnih tsіn on the group to vіdpovіdno їh zastosuvannya in okremih sectors Economy i torgіvlі. So, rozrіznyayut tsіni derzhavnі, kooperativnі, komіsіynі, auktsіonnі, tsіni kolgospnogo market analysis. In perehіdny perіod od derzhavnoї Economy to rinkovoї for nayavnostі defіtsitu tovarіv іsnuvannya rіznih tsіn on odnotipnі Flea neminuche. Pevnyi mіroyu vono Je to whether yakіy kraїnі Zi zmіshanoyu ekonomіkoyu.

Blizkі to tsіn for ekonomіchnim zmіstom i priznachennyam tariffs for Hotel Transport i zv'yazku, pobutovі that komunalnі Hotel and takozh tsіni on proektnі, budіvelnі, montazhnі robots.

Tsіni zafіksovanoї treaty lands mіzh virobnikom tovarіv, produktsії, robіt i torgovelnoyu organіzatsієyu, spozhivachami - vzagalі mіzh whether Yakima zamovnikom i vikonavtsem robіt - nazivayut dogovіrnimi.

Tsіni on SSMSC not poshiryuєtsya exposure The zhodnih Reigning aktіv that іnshih dokumentіv, minds obmezhen, SSMSC vstanovlyuyutsya for vzaєmnoyu lands mіzh owner i pokuptsem, zumovlenі vzaєmodієyu popitu i Offers, nazivayut vіlnimi. For nerinkovoї Economy to such tsіn nalezhali tіlki tsіni kolgospnogo i tіnovogo rinkіv that kooperativnі tsіni tієyu mіroyu, yakoyu they do not Bulo loser tsіnovih obmezhen. H transition to rinkovoї Economy dіapazon dії vіlnih rinkovih tsіn іstotno rozshiryuєtsya. Tsei processes nazivayut lіberalіzatsієyu tsіn.

Tsіni i Tariffs fіksuyutsya in spetsіalnih documents - the price lists. Zaznachenі in Tsikh documents tsіni nazivayut List. In the minds sovereign tsіnoutvorennya price list (tsіnnik) CCB Main vihіdnim tsіnovim document. In the minds rinkovoї Economy price list staє dovіdkovo-іnformatsіynim document.

Rozglyanemo dokladnіshe mehanіzm tsіnoutvorennya in the minds rinkovoї Economy. The seller, scho predstavlyaє Interests virobnika tovarіv i vlasnі, pragne pіdvischiti tsіnu vihodyachi s rozmіru vitrat i Bazhannya win a great Prybutok. Pokupets, spozhivach, keruyuchis "korislivim" pіdhodom i Bazhanov zniziti vitrati on odinitsyu korisnogo efekt, pragne zniziti tsіni. In tsomu pragnennі Yomou dopomagaє konkurentsіya mіzh virobnikami. Virobniku that seller spriyayut konkurentsіya mіzh spozhivachami i popit scho postіyno zmіnyuєtsya.

In folding bagatofaktornomu protsesі act kupіvlі-sale for vzaєmopriynyatnimi tsіnami vіdbuvaєtsya tіlki todі, if Cena vstanovlyuєtsya on osnovі virіvnyuvannya popitu i Offers for minds Zgoda mіzh EYAD parties Interests yakih zіshtovhnulisya vіlnomu on market analysis. Taku tsіnu nazivayut rinkovoyu and Yakscho її fіksuyut in dogovorі - dogovіrnoyu. However, such Cena Mauger Buti vstanovlena tіlki minds in market analysis; Yakscho yogo Absent, the second Absent not Mauger Buti ob'єktivnoї tsіni. Rinkove tsіnoutvorennya mozhlive tіlki todі, if on the market analysis Je dostatnya Quantity tovarіv, prodavtsі konkuruyut in pragnennі prodatsya goods i vodnochase Je bagato pokuptsіv product. Taqiy rinok nazivayut іdealnim.

A typical povedіnka pokuptsya in such minds harakterizuєtsya curve popitu, yaky deposits od potreb pokuptsya i nayavnostі koshtіv in zaznacheny perіod. Pokupets Mauger buy tim bіlshe product, denote nizhcha yogo Cena, tobto here sposterіgaєtsya Auburn proportsіyna zalezhnіst mіzh rozmіrom popitu on goods i yogo tsіnoyu. Rozmіr popitu - tse Quantity product, scho yogo Masov spozhivach Mauger buy uprodovzh deyakogo perіodu (mіsyatsya, rock) for pevnoї tsіni tsogo product.

Popit - tse zalezhnіst mіzh kіlkіstyu product, scho yogo Masov spozhivach dobrovіlno kupuє protyagom Pevnyi perіodu, i tsіnoyu tsogo product. Yak rule, іnshih rіvnih minds scho Vishcha Cena product, the less then yogo dotuyut, i navpaki. In tsomu th polyagaє ratsіonalna povedіnka masovogo spozhivacha: for fіksovanogo spozhivchogo budget obsyag spozhivannya Pevnyi product nizhchy note, denote Vishcha Cena product.

Ically mathematical zalezhnіst popitu on goods opisuєtsya popitu curve P = f (d), de P - Rate odinitsі product; etc. - Quantity odinits product, scho kupuєtsya uprodovzh Pevnyi perіodu. Butt takoї funktsії imposed in Fig. 7.3.

Figure 7.3. Funktsіonalna zalezhnіst popitu od tsіni product

Fig. 7.3 popitu curve DD vіdbivaє zalezhnіst tsіni product od yogo kіlkostі scho kupuєtsya for Pevnyi tsіnoyu for deyaky perіod hour. Bіlshomu values ​​rozmіru popitu qb vіdpovіdaє Mensch Rate Pb, and smaller values ​​qa - bіlsha Cena Pa tobto for іnshih rіvnih minds when zbіlshennі tsіni obsyag popitu zmenshuєtsya i navpaki.

Іsnuє printsipova vіdmіnnіst mіzh ponyattyami zmіni popitu od tsіni i zmіni of popitu yak yogo zalezhnostі od tsіni. Koli govorimo, scho at zmenshennі tsіni product od Pa to Pb obsyag popitu zbіlshuєtsya od values ​​qa to qb, E harakterizuєmo ruh point popitu vzdovzh krivoї popitu DD.

Coley in zv'yazku Zi zbіlshennyam pributku pіdpriєmnitskih Gospodarstwa popit on Pevnyi goods pіdvischuєtsya, maєtsya on uvazі, scho for skin znachennі tsіni P popit zrostaє. When pіdvischennі popitu on goods tsіnі Ra vіdpovіdatime obsyag popitu q'a> qa, and tsіnі Pb - obsyag popitu q'b> qb.

Povedіnka rinkovogo seller harakterizuєtsya Offers the curve. Shcho Vishcha Rate product on the market analysis, the bіlshy Prybutok oderzhuє seller, otzhe, vіn pragnutime zbіlshuvati obsyag sale zbіlshuyuchi tsіnu product.

Hoca i pragnennya pokuptsya Sellers їh reaktsіya on zbіlshennya (abo zmenshennya) tsіni rіznі, act kupіvlі-sale not vіdbudetsya, docks not vstanovitsya vzaєmopriynyatna Cena, yak zvichayno nazivayut rіvnovazhnoyu, to scho Won vrіvnovazhuє popit i propozitsіyu. Grafіchno such Cena vіdpovіdaє tochtsі peretinu curve popitu i Offers (Fig. 7.4). Peretin krivoї Offers product SS іz curve yogo popitu DD viznachaє rіvnovazhnu rinkovu tsіnu product.

Zaznachimo scho rіvnovazhna rinkova Cena vstanovlyuєtsya not odrazu and pіslya number sprob zbіlshiti abo zmenshiti її s side seller i pokuptsya, tobto rezultatі in shambles.

Nagolosimo takozh, scho i krivі popitu Offers zvichayno vіdpovіdayut Pevnyi hour (mіsyats, Year). Pong zmіschuyutsya in chasі. Naychastіshe zmіschuєtsya Vgoru curve popitu scho generally produces up pіdvischennya rinkovih tsіn, and razі dovgostrokovoї tendentsії - to іnflyatsії.

Hoca rinkova Cena for not viznachaєtsya rozrahunkovimi formula, however rinkovy mehanіzm tsіnoutvorennya not zaperechuє poperednogo rozrahunku tsіn on osnovі tsіnoutvorennya models. Tsya require viplivaє s of scho Seller pokupets i, i virobnik spozhivach in protsesі bargaining vihodyat s Pevnyi mіrkuvan, peredumov scho virazhayutsya in viglyadі otsіnok, svoєrіdnih poperednіh tsіn. For virobnikіv produktsії, tovarіv, poslug poperednya rozrahunkova Cena potrіbna slit on stadії proektuvannya, rozrobki tsієї produktsії, dwellers not at zbankrutuvati realіzatsії. So rank, postaє require of forward-looking, rozrahunkovih tsіnah. And for їh viznachennya treba vikoristovuvati modelі tsіnoutvorennya, podanі in viglyadі techniques i formulas. One s nayposhirenіshih in praktitsі tsіnoutvorennya models - viznachennya tsіni for costs (vitratami) virobnitstva. Zgіdno s tsієyu Modell Rate

C = C + P + H,

de With - sobіvartіst produktsії; P - regulatory, abo rozrahunkovy, Prybutok; H - surcharge (znizhki) to tsіni.

Fig. 7.4. Krivі popitu i Offers

Before sobіvartostі incoming rіznі Vidi vitrat on virobnitstvo product (produktsії, robіt, poslug), scho їh zaznaє virobnik.

Sort order іz sobіvartіstyu at formuvannі tsіni for vitratami vazhlive Location nalezhit pributku. Prybutok - tse penny viraz vartostі dodatkovogo product abo svoєrіdna penny allowance virobnika (Seller) produktsії, yak oderzhuyut zavdyaki fact scho mіnova vartіst product perevischuє vitrati on yogo virobnitstvo, transportuvannya to Georeferencing sale i realіzatsіyu.

Koli Cena prognozuєtsya, foldable peredbachiti real Prybutok, oskіlki goods realіzovany. Tom zastosovuyut method regulatory rozrahunkovogo pributku. W tsієyu metoyu vikoristovuyut Taku kategorіyu, yak rentabelnіst, abo vіdnosny Prybutok.

In ekonomіchnіy praktitsі Ukraine Prybutok zarahovuvali to sobіvartostі produktsії to vartostі mainly virobnichih fondіv to abo salaries to fund sumi zarobіtnoї pay th amortizatsії. W pozitsіy rozrahunku tsіn zruchnіshe koristuvatisya values ​​rentabelnostі in viglyadі vіdnoshennya pributku to sobіvartostі.

Standard rentabelnostі - tse vstanovleny authorities fіnansovogo regulyuvannya abo suspіlno viznany serednіy and naychastіshe boundary rіven rentabelnostі. Yakscho normative values ​​rentabelnostі vіdome, the normative Prybutok in skladі tsіni viznachaєtsya forgive breeding rentabelnostі on sobіvartіst (i dіlennyam 100, Yakscho rentabelnіst Virage in vіdsotkah).

In Ukraine ekonomіtsі rіven rentabelnostі 10% vvazhaєtsya priynyatnim, 20% - well, 30% - Visoko. Yakscho rentabelnіst pіdpriєmstva, obchislena for tsіnami on OAO All viroblenі him Vidi produktsії, nabagato perevischuє 30% tse vkazuє on obsession pіdpriєmstvom nadpributku. In tsomu Mauger razі Prybutok opodatkovuvatis abo viluchatisya to budget.

Rozglyadayuchi vartіst s pozitsіy teorії korisnostі, dotsіlno zastosovuvati the parame- tsіnoutvorennya in the minds yakogo Cena vіdbivaє nasampered yakіst product. The parame- tsіnu viznachayut as follows:

C = Pref + TS1R1 TS2R2 + + ...

de Pref - Cena base zrazka Pevnyi produktsії mind; TS1 - Rate odinitsі produktsії; P1 - zmіna parametrіv of Quality produktsії porіvnyano s base.

Koli viznachayut tsіnu product for the parame- method vibirayut base zrazok, tobto analogue produktsії tsogo mind Cena yakogo vіdoma. Potіm vstanovlyuyut sukupnіst vlastivostey, characteristics yakіsnih to acquaint themselves with the yakimi otsіnyuvana Produkciya vіdrіznyaєtsya od bazovoї (korisny obsyag i masa, potuzhnіst, nadіynіst, resur-somіstkіst, komfortnіst, estetichnіst toscho). Numeric value kozhnoї s Tsikh nazivaєtsya performance parameter of Quality.

Porіvnyuyuchi parametric otsіnyuvanoї produktsії s analogue (Basic zrazkom) z'yasovuєmo, naskіlki stink rіznyatsya s urahuvannyam of zmіni scho shaping can Buti yak positive, so i negative.

Kontrolnі power

1. Viznachennya of companies rinkovogo type.

2. Pokazniki fіnansovoї stabіlnostі of companies rinkovogo type.

3. Nayvazhlivіshі chinniki scho vplivayut on fіnansove upravlіnnya for rinkovoї Economy.

4. Vidi pіdpriєmnitskogo riziku minds in market analysis.

5. Ponyattya strategії upravlіnnya pіdpriєmstvom.

6. Osnovnі funktsії fіnansovogo manager.

7. Komertsіyne i fіnansove pіdpriєmnitstvo.

8. Mehanіzm rinkovogo tsіnoutvorennya.

9. Rentabelnіst pіdpriєmstva.