home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Chastina IV. TEORETICHNІ Basics MІKROEKONOMІKI

Rozdіl 16 MІKROEKONOMІCHNY RІVEN GOSPODARYUVANNYA the I FORMS Yogo ORGANІZATSІЇ

§ 1. Ponyattya mіkroekonomіchnogo rіvnya i sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya

Ekonomichna teorіya vivchaє funktsіonuvannya ekonomіchnoї systems E, nasampered on mіkroekonomіchnomu, makroekonomіchnomu that glo-ballroom-ekonomіchnomu rіvnyah gospodaryuvannya.

Mіkroekonomіchny rіven gospodaryuvannya ohoplyuє on au-Perche, ekonomіchno vіdosoblenі odinitsі, takі yak ob'єdnannya, fіrmi, pіdpri-єmstva, domogospodarstva; Alternatively, okremі markets Agricultural Art, konkretnі tsіni i konkretnі Flea is the Hotel.

In ekonomіtsі ponyattya gospodaryuvannya dosit wider. Tse no deprivation virobnitstvo produktіv (tovarіv), and second whether yak dіyalnіst in Ekon-mіchnomu, sotsіalnomu, legal, ekologіchnomu, ^ teritorіalnomu toscho prostorі scho obumovlena vzaєmovіdnosinami mіzh spozhivacha-mi is the seller.

Vihodyachi s tsogo Mіkroekonomіchny rіven gospodaryuvannya - tse system vіdnosin dіyalnostі mіkroekonomіchnih gospodarskih sub'єktіv schodo optimіzatsії spіvvіdnoshennya popitu that Offers.

Rinkova ekonomіka Got deprivation two sub'єkti mіkroekonomіchnogo rіvnya gospodarskoї dіyalnostі:

domashnі Gospodarstwa (sіm'ya);

in pіdpriєmstva.

Perche sub'єktom Je domashnі Gospodarstwa (sіm'ya). H point Zora Economy Domashnya dіyalnіst nalezhit to gospodaryuvannya de Gospodar not viroblyaє produktsіyu (goods) and require zadovolnyaє svoї i svoєї sіm'ї through rinok chi pose them. For household drain gospodaryuvannya zadovolennya svoїh potreb obmezheno mozhlivostya mi gospodarnika (materіalnimi that fіzichnimi). Tse lead to neobhіdnostі vihodu sub'єktіv gospodarskoї dіyalnostі for mezhі to-machine interface gospodaryuvannya scho zdіysnyuєtsya EYAD Shlyakhov:

1) zaluchennyam to home gospodaryuvannya Naiman robіt-nikіv (postіyno, timchasovo chi perіodichno) for vіdpovіdnu Pay;

2) poєdnannyam funktsіy household gospodarnika that Naiman robіtnika for vіdpovіdnu paid.

Takі Two Roads Ahead peretvoryuyut domashnє gospodaryuvannya in dіyal-nіst scho ekonomіchno vіdpovіdaє virobnichіy, tobto in dіyalnіst under-machine interface gospodaryuvannya. Domashnіy gospodarnik at nayavnostі platnі for their dіyalnіst peretvoryuєtsya in virobnika produktsії chi poslug not obmezhuєtsya domashnіm gospodaryuvannyam i vihodit on rinok (robochoї Sealy, tovarіv toscho). Otzhe, s tsogo viplivaє scho domashnі Gospodarstwa znahodyatsya on mіkroekonomіchnomu rіvnі state-podaryuvannya against stink in rinkovіy ekonomіtsі rozmezhovanі s іnshi mi sub'єktami gospodaryuvannya (bіlsh detail ekonomі power-ki, efektivnoї dіyalnostі domogospodarstva rozglyanuto in breather. 21).

Gospodaryuvannya vzagalі neobhіdne, oskіlki zadovolennya lyuds-cal potreb obmezhene. Yakbi masa produktіv (tovarіv) Bula neobme-wife, people deprivation b spozhivali їh not provodyachi through gentlemen ryuvannya, rinok, zarobіtnu fee tsіni.

Domashnє gospodaryuvannya for such minds oposeredkovuєtsya rin-kovimi vіdnosinami, Chastain enter warehouses to rinkovoї Economy on її mіkrorіvnі. Zasobi pratsі, SSMSC vikoristovuyutsya in domestic gospodarstvі, ekonomіchnoyu science does not vvazhayutsya kapіtalom. Prace Ruler Je vodnochase gospodarskoyu metoyu for i-sobom factor zadovolennya Vlasnyi required. Samostіyna Prace Ruler in the furrows of the household gospodaryuvannya not formuє virobnichih vіdnosin. Prote Prace household Ruler of vinagorodu chi samostіyna Prace pіdpriєmtsya (pіdpriєmskі zdіbnostі) ekonomіch-Noah teorієyu vvazhaєtsya virobnichim factor in rіvnі s kapіta scrap-i earth.

On osnovі Tsikh theoreticity understand ekonomіchnoї teorії domashnє Gospodarstwa-tse:

sub'єkt gospodaryuvannya;

dіyalnіst Ruler (chlenіv sіm'ї) for zadovolennya Vlasnyi is required (through rinok chi-kind gospodaryuvannya);

zasobi virobnitstva scho zastosovuyutsya in domestic gentlemen ryuvannі - not kapіtal;

Prace - virobnitstva not a factor;

virobnichі vіdnosini not vinikayut.

Domashnі Gospodarstwa Je sub'єktom rinkovih vіdnosin, oskіlki on au-Perche, їh dіyalnіst on mіkroekonomіchnomu rіvnі in the minds Varna virobnitstva suprovodzhuєtsya vіdnosinami kupіvlі-sa-ju; In another way, the stench bezposerednyu take fate in protsesі HEATING-madzhennya kapіtalu. Vіdbuvaєtsya tse kіlkoma Shlyakhov:

Participation in domashnіh Gospodarstwa kapіtalі of companies Shlyakhov kupіvlі aktsіy. For such minds domashnі Gospodarstwa stayut aktsіone-set (svoєrіdnimi payovikami, spіvvlasnikami pіdpriєmstva);

kupіvleyu oblіgatsіy of companies, scho factual Je Form nada nya їm poziki for Pevnyi vіdsotkom;

vіdkrittyam banks have deposit vkladіv domashnіh Gospodarstwa for rakhunok i Tsikh zaoschadzhen nadannyam kreditіv pіdpriєmstvam.

Otzhe, ekonomіchny rozvitok digit mіroyu vіdbuvaєtsya for rakhunok nagromadzhennya trumpery kapіtalu domashnіh Gospodarstwa (sіmey).

For ekonomіchnoyu teorієyu domashnє Gospodarstwa (sіm'ya) in the furrows mіkroekonomіchnogo rіvnya gospodaryuvannya Je samostіynim sector kriterієm yakogo vistupaє spozhivannya.

Spozhivannya domashnіh Gospodarstwa (sіm'ї) vіdbuvaєtsya zavdyaki income. In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі income domashnіh Gospodarstwa warehouse-єtsya s kіlkoh nadhodzhen:

samostіynoї pratsі in domestic gospodarstvі; zalezhnoї pratsі yak Naiman robіtnika - zarobleny income;

Mainova dohodіv - pributki s vіdsotkіv, employment, Orenda, rents divіdendіv, neviplachenih ziskіv, gonorarіv toscho.

Sukupny income domashnіh gospodaryuyuchih sub'єktіv formuyut slit th so zvanі transfernі platezhі, tobto sotsіalnі dotatsії i sub-sidії on Relief potrebuyuchim, іnvalіdam, dіtyam, Stara i ailments on sotsіalne zabezpechennya toscho.

Oskіlki in domashnіh Gospodarstwa sukupny income skladaєtsya s rіznih elementіv, SSMSC vazhko kontrolyuvati, scho stink zobov'yazanі-rіchno podavati podatkovі deklaratsії to vіdpovіdnih fіnansovih organіv (skazhіmo to Derzhavnoї podatkovoї admіnіstratsії in Ukraїnі) i on tsіy osnovі splachuvati podatki. Zvichayno for domashnіh Gospa States-tse-valued scrip, yakoyu stink rozporyadzhayutsya in Pevnyi perіodі. Qiu scrip ekonomіsti nazivayut income yaky is staying at efektivnosti rozporyadzhennі domashnіh Gospodarstwa. Vіn vpliv Got the whole ekonomіku, oskіlki viznachaє popit on spozhivchі Flea i, otzhe on zaynyatіst i kon'yunkturu.

Mayuchi spozhivatsky character domashnі Gospodarstwa form-yut require SSMSC mozhna zgrupuvati in vіdpovіdnі Vidi:

neobhіdnі (їzha, odyag, pomeshkannya toscho);

not neobhіdnі (koshtovnostі, fashion odyag, podorozhі);

іndivіdualnі scho viznachayutsya domashnіmi Gospodarstwa;

suspіlnі (schools, sotsіalne zabezpechennya).

Require domashnіh Gospodarstwa vіdpovіdno to dohodіv viyavlyayutsya to market analysis via popit i i propozitsіyu at obmezhennі kіlkostі tova-rіv zadovolnyayutsya Shlyakhov kupіvlі-sale (about tse dokladnіshe mozhna dіznatis in breather. 18).

In Suchasnyj іndustrіalnomu suspіlstvі spozhivannya domashnіh Gospodarstwa i Produkciya of companies rozmezhovanі, ale znahodyatsya in єdinomu mіkroekonomіchnomu polі funktsіonuvannya ekonomіchnoї system.

Pіdpriєmstvo Je other sub'єktom mіkroekonomіchnogo rіvnya state-podaryuvannya. Vono takozh Je samostіynim sector mіkroekonomіki i yogo kriterієm vistupaє goods (Produkciya Chi Hotel).

In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі pіdpriєmstvo - tse tovarovirobnik i wasps mainly virobnicha Lanka Economy. Vono Je sub'єktom Ruler-vannya; tovarovirobnikom; organіzatsіynoyu Form gospodaryuvan-nya; sub'єktom іndivіdualnogo vіdtvorennya; sub'єktom i i vodnochase ob'єktom Marketing Management (upravlіnnya) toscho.

Sub'єkt gospodarskoї dіyalnostі staє pіdpriєmstvom Pevnyi deprivation of minds:

1) zareєstrovany i Got OAO All attributes yuridichnoї individuals - Statute rozrahunkovy rakhunok, balance, signet, titles, trademarks toscho;

2) vikonuє gospodarskі funktsії, vigotovlyaє produktsіyu (goods) chi nadaє platnі Hotel;

3) zberіgaє minds postіynogo repetition processes virobni-tstva - іndivіdualnogo vіdtvorennya;

4) pass (povtoryuє) zhittєvy cycle.

Pіdpriєmstvo Got Mine, zavdyaki chomu Mauger vikonuvati Gospa-darskі funktsії, zobov'yazannya to partners, powers, priya-machi rіshennya, zberіgati іndivіdualne vіdtvorennya not porushuvati (povtoryuvati) zhittєvy cycle.

For chasіv command admіnіstrativnoї system, vіdsutnostі rinkovoї Economy, pіdpriєmstva boule organіzatsіynoyu chastkoyu єdinogo sovereign Gospodarstwa. Such a pіdpriєmstva Mein nalezhalo derzhavі; vono zdіysnyuvalo deprivation operational upravlіnnya Main to іnteresah vlasnika - Power; vikonuvalo gospodarskі funktsії zgіdno s policy plan powers, yak zhorstko con trolyuvala vikonannya usіh planned pokaznikіv i vіdpovіdno to tsogo zaohochuvala chi "nakazuvala" pіdpriєmstvo. For vikonannya zo-bov'yazan pіdpriєmstvo vіdpovіdalo not Main, scho Yomou not Nala-sting and deprivation penny Sumy, priznachenimi for premіy that on-dannya іnshih benefits Naiman pratsіvnikam; zhittєvy cycle that іndivі dual-vіdtvorennya zabezpechuvalis Reigning Mein .. Takі for Vod is the factory not boule sub'єktami ekonomіchnih, rinkovih od-nosin.

Otzhe, gospodaryuyucha odinitsya (sub'єkt) staє pіdpriєmstvom s ekonomіchnoї point Zora deprivation of minds samostіynoї maynovoї, fіnan-sovoї, іnshoї gospodarskoї dіyalnostі in furrows chinnogo legisla--tion is the rule of law.

Іndivіdualne vіdtvorennya - tse vіdtvorennya organіzatsіynih Yurydychna odinits - of companies - on mіkroekonomіchnomu rіvnі scho zberіgaєtsya postіynim vіdnovlennyam virobnitstva Chi nada yum Pay poslug.

Form іndivіdualnogo vіdtvorennya of companies in rinkovih minds gospodaryuvannya Je circuit that turnover іndivіdualnogo kapіtalu pіdpriєmstva.

Driving іndivіdualnogo vіdtvorennya pіdpriєmstva daє uyavlennya about Etap that stadії, SSMSC pass Maina pіdpriєmstva pid hour Svoge Ruhu in protsesі gospodarskoї dіyalnostі (Fig. 10).

Kriterієm zberezhennya іndivіdualnogo vіdtvorennya pіdpriєm-tion Je yogo mozhlivіst postіyno prodovzhuvati gospodaryuvannya for rakhunok Vlasnyi lane that penny koshtіv (dokladnіshe about fur-nіzm zberezhennya іndivіdualnogo vіdtvorennya i yogo shape - a circle of turnover that kapіtalu turnover - Can dіznatisya s breather 19 is the 20th.).

Blizke to іndivіdualnogo vіdtvorennya, ale not totozhne ponyattya s point Zora ekonomіchnoї Mr. Auki - tse zhittєvy pіdpriєmstva cycle.

Zhittєvy pіdpriєmstva cycle - tse Way, scho held Gospa-daryuyuchy sub'єkt s time yogo yak reєstratsії yuridichnoї individuals (pridbannya vsієї yuridichnoї individual attributes) until yogo lіkvіdatsії s reasons bankrutstva chi s whether yakih іnshih.

On the high road zhittєvogo cycle gospodaryuyuchy sub'єkt (pіdpriєm-tion) held pevnі stadії (Fig. 11).

Yakscho rehabilitation (sanatsіya) Economy pіdpriєmstva daє Posy tivnі naslіdki, pіdpriєmstvo "vizhivaє" i prodovzhuє svіy zhittє-tions cycle.

Іndivіdualne vіdtvorennya zhittєvy cycle of companies is the odds-muyutsya fallow od organіzatsіynoї form, that form of mind-Vlas nostі gospodaryuyuchih sub'єktіv.

. In Suchasnyj minds rinkovoї orієntatsії Economy in Ukraїnі dі-yut derzhavnі that nederzhavnі pіdpriєmstva.

Derzhavnі - tse pіdpriєmstva, Main yakih povnіstyu Je vlasnіstyu powers. Tse so zvanі kazennі pіdpriєmstva. Krіm of power Got chastki'svogo lane at korporatizovonih aktsіonernih pіdpri-єmstvah (tovaristvah).

Vіdpovіdno to rinkovoї transformatsії Economy in Ukraїnі in tartaric Buti target zmіshana ekonomіka. Strategіchna rinkova orієn-tatsіya Economy of Ukraine virіshennya power vlasnostі Lane pid-priєmstv peredbachaє Formation dvoh forms: Reigning breech-them, and takozh-sovereign (usіh іnshih) of companies.

Mehanіzmom peretvorennya Lane Reigning of companies in May-but-sovereign, yak vіdomo, Je privatization. Vazhlivim at tsomu Je rozderzhavlennya, vіdokremlennya kapіtalu of companies od kapіtalu powers.

Schodo power zagalnoteoretichnih vlasnostі, the stench in vikladenі breather. 6 to yakogo mozhna zvernutis in razі neobhіdnostі.