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Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Rozdіl FІNANSOVO 27-penny SYSTEM

1. i Sutnіst structure fіnansovoї system in suspіlnomu vіdtvorennі

Fіnansi - tse groshovі Fondi, scho utvoryuyutsya in protsesі od-creation. Ekonomіchnі vіdnosini scho vinikayut mіzh powers, banks sub'єktami gospodarskoї dіyalnostі, okremimi Gromada-us mіzh Galuzo Economy, regіonami toscho zv'yazku in s-shape vannyam that vikoristannyam penny fondіv, stanovlyat fіnansovі vіdnosini. Otzhe to fіnansіv not nalezhat Costa, scho obslugovuyut NKVD spozhivannya that obmіn (rozdrіbny turnover, payment pobutovih, Communal poslug, NKVD transport zv'yazku toscho).

Formuvannya, rozpodіl i vikoristannya in protsesі suspіlnogo VJ robnitstva penny fondіv, neobhіdnih for zabezpechennya function-tsіonuvannya Economy that її rozvitku, utvoryuyut fіnansovu suspіlstva system. Fіnansova system Got takі skladovі: zagalnoderzhavnі fіnansi, fіnansi organіv mіstsevogo samovryaduvannya, sub'єktіv state-podaryuvannya, Gromadska organіzatsіy i-sovereign pozabyudzhet-fondіv them (Fig. 37).

Sukupnіst fondіv penny koshtіv scho znahodyatsya in rozpo-ryadzhennі powers, of companies that organіzatsіy, utvoryuyut fіnan-sovі resources. Ostannі harakterizuyut camp Economy i odnochasno Je Jerel її rozvitku.

Rozrіznyayut takі dzherela i Metodi formuvannya fіnansovih re-sursіv: styagnennya podatkіv; vіdrahuvannya Chastain pributkіv od sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya; vіdrahuvannya on strahuvannya; INSHI Vidi vіdrahuvan in tsentralіzovanі funds; Sales powers tsіnnih pas perіv i Svoge lane; kreditіv obsession; emіsіya pennies.

Fіnansova system of Ukraine

Structure fіnansovoї Sistemi Kraina vklyuchaє a takі skla-dovі:

1. Derzhavnі fіnansi - bunt yelement in strukturі fіnanso-voї system. Tse System penny fondіv scho znahodyatsya in rozpo-ryadzhennі powers i priznachenі for fіnansovogo zabezpechennya Vlas-tivih їy funktsіy (upravlіnnya folk Gospodarstwa, utrimannya zakonodavchoї that vikonavchoї Vladi, defense, receptionists zakonnostі that the rule of law, rozvitok fundamentalnoї science kosmіchnі doslі-Jen, receptionists nature, structural perebudova Economy toscho). For rakhunok tsentralіzovanih Jerel; fіnansuyutsya vitrati on VJ rіvnyuvannya sotsіalnoї zabezpechenostі regіonіv. Derzhavnі fіnansi ohoplyuyut takozh vіdpovіdnі mehanіzmi mobіlіza tsії resursіv that їh zoseredzhennya in derzhavі. So, basically mehanіzmom mobіlіzatsії fі-cial resursіv in Reigning budget Je podatkovih system.

2. Fіnansi areas (regіonіv) that organіv mіstsevogo samovryadu-vannya. For rakhunok koshtіv mіstsevih byudzhetіv fіnansuyutsya Vitry-minute problems on rozv'yazannyu mіstsevogo rіvnya. Jerel mіstsevih dohodіv Je; Costa od privatizatsії, orendna board divіdendi od pid-priєmnitskoї dіyalnostі, mіstsevі podatki. So, pributkovy in datok s gromadyan povnіstyu peredaєtsya to byudzhetіv for mіstsem їh residence. In rozmіrі 100 vіdsotkіv to mіstsevih byudzhetіv base rіvnya peredayutsya OAO All mіstsevі i podatki Zborov. Vіdrahuvannya od zagalnoderzhavnih podatkіv i zborіv to byudzhetіv areas zdіysnyu-yut on osnovі stabіlnih (zatverdzhenih) normativіv.

Tim areas (regіonam) in yakih profitability Chastina not perekrivaє mіnіmalnih need at vitratah, nadayutsya dotatsії, subventsії abo subsidії. When tsomu standard dotatsії peredbacheno in vіdsotkah and subsidії that subventsії - in odinitsyah penny. Subventsії nadayutsya perevazhnіy bіlshostі regіonіv Ukraine.

In rezultatі detsentralіzatsії fіnansovoї system scho zdіysnyu-єtsya in Ukraїnі, mainly obsyag sotsіalnih vitrat transferred to mіstsevy that regіonalny rіvnі.

Fіnansovі resources regіonіv viznachayutsya viroblenim in RPPOs-Junco natsіonalnim per capita income oskіlki fіnan-sovі nadhodzhennya zabezpechuyutsya nasampered s dohodіv ekonomіch-sub'єktіv them. Require resources from fіnansovih regіonіv pay with on-yut osnovі factuality rіvnya vitrat. At the same hour іsnuyut sub'єk-tivnі vіdmіnnostі in rozmіrah, teritorії, geografіchnomu polozhennі, klіmatі, ekonomіchnіy strukturі regіonіv. Faktichnі vitrati, s one side, shaping can not ohoplyuvati zavdan, SSMSC not rozv'yazuyutsya through vіdsutnіst koshtіv and s іnshogo - stink mozhut zrostati at neeko-

nomіchnih abo just marnotratnih vitratah. Krіm order for rіvnem vitrat not mozhna viznachiti, naskіlki zhitelі regіonu zabezpechenі suspіlnimi benefits.

3. Fіnansi sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya, SSMSC stanovlyat od-nosin system scho vinikayut in protsesі gospodarskoї dіyalnostі in zv'yazku s formuvannyam i vikoristannyam fondіv penny (in fact chislі for rakhunok pributku), scho zabezpechuyut processes that virobnitstva od-creation in the furrows pіdpriєmstva (fіrmi). So, pіdpriєmstvo formuє rozvitku virobnitstva Fund, the Working Capital Fund koshtіv have to chislі Vlasnyi, the Foundation paid pratsі, spozhivannya funds, insurance-i Reser vny Fondi, zdіysnyuє amortizatsіynі vіdrahuvannya s basic background dіv. Krіm of pіdpriєmstvo splachuє podatok s pributku, zdіysnyuє vneski in rіznі tsіlovі pozabyudzhetnі Fund (Pensіyny Fund, zaynyatostі population Chornobylia Fund, strahovі platezhі) splachuє podatki in mіstsevі toscho budget.

Fondi sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya vikoristovuyutsya їh Advance vannyam (oborotnі Costa) abo Carrying vitrat.

Otzhe have fіnansah sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya vіdobrazhayutsya all їh gospodarska dіyalnіst, efektivnіst vikoristannya basically the working kapіtalu, іnvestitsіyna polіtika, obsyag realіzatsії pro-duktsії protyagom Pevnyi perіodu.

For structures vlasnostі fіnansi sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya in dіlyayut on privatnі, zmіshanі that derzhavnі. Spetsifіka fіnansіv visa-nachaєtsya takozh organіzatsіyno legal form pіdpriєmstva. So, for fіnansіv orendnih characteristic of companies Taqiy vazhlivy yelement, yak system orendnih platezhіv. Fіnansi aktsіonernih the toil-varistv spetsifіku scho zumovlyuєtsya vlastivim aktsіoner-nіy formі vlasnostі way mobіlіzatsії penny koshtіv (sa-aktsіy We show that oblіgatsіy) rozpodіlu obsession income from viglyadі pributku (divіdendi aktsіoneram, vіdsotki vlasnikam oblіgatsіy, tantєmi managers toscho).

4. fіnansi population - tse groshovі Fondi, SSMSC formuyutsya in zhitelіv Kraina іz dohodіv, otrimanih on osnovі trudovoї, Gospa-darskoї that іnshih vidіv dіyalnostі.

Navedenі Elements fіnansovoї Sistemi vzaєmopov'yazanі. So, one s side, fіnansi sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya that fіnansi popu-lennya Je Jerel resursіv for Reigning fіnansіv, nasampered them natsіlenі іsnuyuchі for tsogo mobіlіzatsіynі mehanіzmi - podatko Island system, the system of insurance i pensіynih vіdrahuvan, mitnі, rentnі that INSHI platezhі . W іnshogo side, the resources in skontsentrovanі Reigning fіnansah, znovu spryamovuyutsya in Gospodarstwa Kraina in Wigley-dі kapіtalovkladen, subsidіy i dotatsіy pіdpriєmstvam and takozh on-selenium in formі rіznih vitrat sotsіalnogo nature.

Fіnansi sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya that population pov'yazanі not deprivation s Reigning fіnansami and second mіzh him. So, on nasampered pіdpriєmstvі (fіrmі) population (in the order of payment pratsі) oderzhuє mainly Chastain svoїh fіnansovih resursіv.

5. Pozabyudzhetnі Fondi, scho Especially zaymayut Location in sistemі fіnansіv, klasifіkuyut for such principles:

a) the status of viznachennyam їh vlasnostі (derzhavnі, nederzhavnі);

b) for teritorіalno-galuzevoyu nalezhnіstyu (zagalnoderzhavnі, regіonalnі, napriklad pozabyudzhetnі Fondi mіstsevih Glad Galois zevі, blagodіynі);

c) for tsіlovoyu spryamovanіstyu (sotsіalna dopomoga, tehnіchny rozvitok, spriyannya pіdpriєmnitstvu and takozh for Noah zagalnoderzhav-i regіonalnoyu Programs toscho)

Derzhavnі pozabyudzhetnі Fund (pensіyny fund sotsіalnogo strahuvannya fund receptionists natural navkolishnogo seredovi-conductive, privatizatsії, pіdtrimki pіdpriєmnitstva, іnnovatsіyny, rozvitku Shlyakhovoy Gospodarstwa that іn.) Stvoryuyutsya for rakhunok zakrіple-Jerel them (in fact chislі sovereign budget). Costa Tsikh fondіv spryamovuyutsya on Reigning sotsіalne strahuvannya th zabezpechen-nya population and takozh on derzhavnі prog rozvitku vіdpovіdnih Galuzo Economy (in addition chislі nevirobnichoї sphere).

So, fund privatizatsії nadhodyat Costa od privatizatsії Lane zagalnoderzhavnoї vlasnostі. Pensіyny fund utvoryuєtsya of Rahu-NOC vіdrahuvannya od koshtіv sotsіalnogo strahuvannya. Krіm addition to the Pension Fund of 1 vіdrahovuєtsya vіdsotok od zarobіtnoї pay robіtnikіv i sluzhbovtsіv. Priznachennya fund zaynyatostі population polyagaє in fіnansovomu zabezpechennі zahodіv powers schodo pіdtrim-ki priynyatnogo rіvnya bezrobіttya, viplatі vіdpovіdnoї Relief toscho.

Sub'єktam gospodaryuvannya derzhavnі pid prog Costa s Tsikh fondіv nadayutsya in dvoh types: i fіnansuvannya bezvіdsotkovoї in physics.

Nederzhavnі pozabyudzhetnі Fondi formuyutsya for rakhunok je-rel, SSMSC zaznachenі in їhnіh statutes (napriklad, blagodіyny Fund). Power Mauger pіdtrimuvati tsі Fondi vstanovlennyam podatkovih pіlg on їhnі vtorinnі income Yakscho stink oderzhanі for rakhunok od-abo sotkіv divіdendіv od vkladen in derzhavnі oblіgatsії abo tsіnnі Paper the bankіv i of companies. Podatkovih pіlgam toil pіdlyagati takozh Costa, spryamovanі on fіnansuvannya zagalnoderzhavnih pro-gram on pozikovih bezvіdsotkovih minds.

Reigning fіnansam (derzhavnі byudzhetnі that pozabyudzhetnі background di) nalezhit provіdna role in vsіy fіnansovіy sistemі. Tse svoєrіd-

tions barometer, scho mill vіdbivaє zagalny Economy, bearing-down chinnik scho viznachaє її rozvitok.

Through derzhavnі fіnansi pererozpodіlyaєtsya-valued Chastina GDP kraїn s rozvinenoyu ekonomіkoyu: in Yaponії - 1/3 Frantsії - bіlshe nіzh 1/2 Shvetsії - 2/3 toscho in Russie - 1/2. In Ukraїnі for Rocky Nezalezhnosti little Location zrostannya chastki GDP, scho rozpodіlyaєtsya through the budget, up to half i bіlshe. In Russie, napriklad, chastka tsya takozh becoming 1/2.

For porіvnyannya in kolishnomu CPCP through Reigning budget pererozpodіlyalosya Ponad 70 vіdsotkіv GDP.

Chastka dohodіv budget in GDP of Ukraine

funktsії powers that suspіlnih fіnansіv in the minds rinkovoї eco-nomіki Vpershe boule sformulovanі RA Musgrave in robotі "Theo-rіya i Reigning fіnansіv Practice" (1978 p.). For Musgrave, fі Nancy vikonuyut three funktsії:

nadannya suspіlnih tovarіv * that poslug abo regulyuvannya proce-su vіdpovіdno to yakogo viznachaєtsya warehouse suspіlnih tovarіv i od-buvaєtsya rozpodіl obmezhenih virobnichih faktorіv (robochoї Seeley that kapіtalіv) mіzh suspіlnim i Private sector (alokativna funktsіya);

koriguvannya rozpodіlu dohodіv i Lane (distributive function-tsіya);

pіdtriman nya temple rіvnya zaynyatostі for dostatnoї stabіlnostі tsіn (stabіlіzatsіyna funktsіya).

We'll see dotsіlno vidіliti slit one funktsіyu fіnansіv - kontrolyuyuchu. Thus, the main control ob'єktom s side powers for fіnansami sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya Je doderzhannya ostannіmi vstanovlenih rules on write-off vitrat sobіvartіst realіzovanoї produktsії and takozh Obl_k Vlasnyi koshtіv (Lane) i fіnansovih re-zultatіv yak ob'єktіv opodatkuvannya.

Main kriterієm otsіnki fіnansovogo will Kraina Je rіven zbalansovanostі in rozpodіlі fіnansovih resursіv mіzh. sub'єktami gospodaryuvannya, SSMSC formuyut fіnansovі resources sub'єkta timey i mi, hto tsі vikoristovuє resources. Otzhe, zbalansuvannya dohodіv i vitrat Je warehouses fіnansovoyu stabіlіzatsії.

For Rocky Nezalezhnosti fіnansova system of Ukraine is not practical rozbudovuvalasya. Until 1996, p. Ukraїnі in Bula practical vіdsutnya kontseptsіya fіnansovoї Sistemi Kraina, scho yak poyasnyuєtsya nasampered rozbalansovanіstyu budget krizovoe minds become Economy, so i vіdsutnіstyu konstitutsіynih ambushes formuvannya fіnansovoї system in the minds market analysis. In tsіlomu mozhna vidіliti takі osoblivostі funktsіonuvannya fіnansovoї system in zaznacheny perіod.

1. Small Location іnflyatsіyne zrostannya fіnansovih resursіv. Kosh-minute fіnansuvannya vitrat on Budget, s one side, otrimuyutsya for rakhunok dodatkovoї emіsії platіzhnih zasobіv not zabezpechenih zrostannyam virobnitstva tovarіv i nadannyam poslug. W іnshogo side, little Location takozh іnflyatsіyne zrostannya dohodіv sub'єktіv gentlemen ryuvannya.

2. INCREASING chastka natsіonalnogo income formuvalasya in sphere-PI obіgu. So, obsyag preformed fіnansovih resursіv in 1990- 1994 pp. zbіlshuvavsya nasampered for rakhunok introduction of novih vidіv tsentralіzovanih nadhodzhen to budget i pozabyudzhetnih fondіv and takozh nadannya byudzhetovі kreditіv NBU.

3. Rozbalansuvannya fіnansovoї system in rozrіzі lanok yak vor muvannya so i vikoristannya fіnansovih resursіv Kraina unemozh-livlyuє fіnansovu stabіlіzatsіyu in ekonomіtsі. W one side, a little Location zbіlshennya vitrat on sotsіalnі heating at vіdsutnostі koshtіv on їh fіnansuvannya, s another - virobnitstva recession.

4. Znizhennya chastki fіnansovih resursіv, preformed in sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya vіdnosno natsіonalnogo income. Tse svіdchit about peremіschennya accent formuvannі fіnansovih resursіv Zi virobnitstva spherical to spherical obіgu. Nadhodzhennya fіnansovih resursіv od sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya zmenshilos at odnochasnomu zros-tannі absolyutnoї masi fіnansovih resursіv in derzhavі. Obviously, scho Takeo zrostannya not a direct result of Je-sus produktivnostі pіlnoї pratsі.

5. Regіoni (oblastі) of Ukraine for the greatness іstotno diferentsіyovanі-Noah viroblenogo natsіonalnogo per capita income. Tom Got Location pererozpodіl fіnansovih resursіv mіzh center that regіonami. So, chastka mіstsevih byudzhetіv in konsolіdovanomu byudzhetі Ukraine becoming vіdsotkіv 30 (Rasht pripadaє oblasnі on the budget).

6. Fіnansova system does not zabezpechuє-sovereign entities rіvnopravnostі, oskіlki zberіgayutsya neodnakovі pіdhodi to opodat-Kuvanov pіdpriєmnitskih structures rіznih vlasnostі forms. HEAD nedolіkom fіnansovoї Sistemi Yea those scho Won Galmier became the roses-round virobnitstva on pіdpriєmstvah derzhavnoї FORMS vlasnostі.

Vikladenі osoblivostі funktsіonuvannya fіnansovoї system in Ukraїnі in the minds krizovoe Economy will lead pіdtverdzhuyut-ke-values ​​fіnansovo groshovoї stabіlіzatsії, mіtsnoї fіnansovoї Sistemi yak osnovnoї skladovoї Chastain processes ekonomіchnih re-forms.



 
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