home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 2. Kontseptsії makroekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi in sistemі rinkovogo Gospodarstwa yak pіdґruntya ekonomіchnoї polіtiki

Sche in the XIX century. perіodichne viniknennya ekonomіchnih crisis, scho sous-provodzhuvalisya znizhennyam tsіn, bankrutstvami of companies, zros-tannyam bezrobіttya, zmusilo numerical predstavnikіv ekonomіchnoї science th gospodarskoї practice vdatisya to rozrobki polіtiki der zhavnogo regulyuvannya s Economy metoyu stabіlіzatsії її rozvitku. Nayefektivnіshimi іnstrumentami її viyavilisya derzhavnі fіnansi, penny i obіg credit. Zavdyaki їm was mozhlivim zdіysnyuvati vіdpovіdnu fіskalnu, credit penny, that structural іnvestitsіynu polіtiku i vplivati ​​on ruh Promyslova cycle and takozh regulyuva-minute mіzhnarodnі ekonomіchnі that valyutnі vіdnosini.

In okremі perіodi ekonomіchnoї іstorії Pіdpriєmnitskogo suspіl-tion fіnansovim i penny-Credit vazhelyam makroekonomіchno th regulyuvannya vіdvodilasya neodnakova role. Prіoritetnim Bulo regulyuvannya the Economy through the system podatkіv i Reigning wi-spending, the regulyuvannya Ruhu Promyslova cycle through credit-penny sphere. Zastosuvannya quiet chi іnshih metodіv viznachalosya peredusіm Tim yakoї ekonomіchnoї doctrines dotrimuvalisya lіderi

polіtichnih partіy scho coming to Vladi, abo SSMSC techії that school ekonomіchnoї pillows were taken to the mountain chi іnshi th perіod іstorії.

Naprikіntsі XIX - XX century on the cob. in svіtovіy ekonomіchnіy dumtsі Nabeul poshirennya neoklasichna polіtekonomіya. Її narіzhnim STONE CCB postulate about absolutely stabіlnіst Economy, Szo rozvivaєtsya in ambushes privatnoї vlasnostі i samoregulovanoї konkurentsії. Neoklasiki vvazhali scho ekonomіka in svoєmu Rozwi-ku zaznaє vplivu deprivation s side as the title of the real faktorіv, zo-cream Offers popitu th, konkurentsії, rozmіru that rozpodіlu re-sursіv, kvalіfіkatsіynogo rіvnya robochoї Sealy toscho. Characteristically osoblivіstyu neoklasichnoї teorії Bula zoseredzhenіst on mіkroeko-nomіchnomu analіzі in osnovі yakogo boule dіyalnіst privately-pіdpri-єmnitskoї fіrmi, її Location at the market i s vіdnosini іnshimi komertsіy-pіdpriєmstvami them. Schodo analіzu makroekonomіchnih protsesіv (gross natsіonalny product natsіonalny income sukupnі іnves-titsії, zagalna zaynyatіst toscho), then vіn lishavsya pose її uwagi.

Neoklasiki, Especially Rann perіodu, vvazhali scho groshі not vіdіgrayut suttєvoї rolі in ekonomіchnomu rozvitku, to vplivati ​​through them on ruh Promyslova nemozhlivo cycle. On їh Dumka, groshі - deprivation "veil", yak prikrivaє realnі ekonomіchnі processes i, zokrema, please kupіvlі-sale, on SSMSC Je sutі barter opera tsіyami.

Vіdomy ekonomіst-neoklasik - frantsuzky JB, This exercise. Yomou nalezhit rozrobka teorії market analysis, in yakіy Ekonomichna system vistupaє yak modifіkovana model natural Gospodarstwa s Vlas-Thivim Yomou forgive (barter) tovaroobmіnom. Schodo pennies, then їm vіdvodilasya Passive role in poserednika tovaroobmіnnih opera tsіyah.

JB, This vvazhav scho oskіlki goods on Rink predstavlyayut one single, the very automatic and propozitsіya stvoryuє for yourself popit, vnaslіdok chogo not Mauger bіlsh-Mensch trivaly hour іsnuvati nadlishkovy popit ni, ni nadmіrna propozitsіya tovarіv. Propozitsіya tovarіv urіvnovazhuєtsya popitom and selling goods odnochasno Yea i yogo kupіvleyu, to Ekonomichna zdatna automatic and the system for up-helping Vlasnyi regulyuyuchih mehanіzmіv usuvati torn down svoєї vnutrіshnoї rіvnovagi. Nayefektivnіshim s them, in Dumka JB Say, Je elastichnіst "vіdnosnih" tsіn, tobto tsіn one tovarіv vіdnosno tsіn іnshih tovarіv. Gnuchkі tsіni, SSMSC Shvydko reaguyut on popit i propozitsіyu tovarіv, Je svoєrіdnim mehanіzmom stihіynogo Fracture-vannya kapіtalu pratsі i Zi spherical virobnitstva one vidіv tovarіv on virobnitstvo іnshih. Same tsya mobіlnіst resursіv i zabezpechuє arise and shine forth-lished in rіvnovagi ekonomіtsі.

Schodo zagalnogo rіvnya tsіn, the supply is not tse privertalo to imagine osoblivoї uwagi neoklasikіv, oskіlki navіt protyagom bіlsh-Mensch trivalogo hour so zvanі absolyutnі tsіni not conceited pomіtnih Oscillations.

Porіvnyana stabіlnіst zagalnogo іndeksu tsіn drugіy polovinі in the XIX century. - On the cob XX century. poyasnyuvalasya іsnuvannyam Sistemi gold coin standard s vlastivim Yomou mehanіzmom of auto-samoregulyuvannya groshovoї-particle system. Tom Tsikh for Econom-mіchnih minds іnflyatsіya not Nabeul rozvitku, Yakscho not zvazhati on okremі perіodi zrostannya tsіn viklyuchno s reasons tsiklіchnih rank-nikіv.

Prote Zgoda in mіru nagromadzhennya gospodarskogo dosvіdu i zrostannya superechnostey in protsesі vіdtvorennya suspіlnogo kapіta-lu, Sereda ekonomіstіv all bіlshe Pocha utverdzhuvatisya Thought about those scho penny sphere vіdіgraє vazhlivu role in ekonomіchnomu roses-round. Gospodarska practice all perekonlivіshe svіdchila scho non-dootsіnka trumpery chinnika in rinkovіy ekonomіtsі generally produces up іgnoruvannya tsіloї low vazhelіv, yakimi mozhna vplivati ​​on ruh Promyslova cycle. Z'yavilisya teoretichnі look, zgіdno s yakimi disproportsії scho vinikayut in protsesі suspіlnogo virobnitstva, he is the second character tsiklіchny yogo rozvitku poyasnyuvalis sama time-shennyami in sferі trumpery obіgu second loan. Yak naslіdok in Ekon-mіchnіy nautsі vinikla tsіla school yak gave the net monetary belt-nennya vnutrіshnogo mehanіzmu rozvitku ekonomіchnogo cycle, and that skin-zumovlenih him anomalіy in suspіlnomu gospodarstvі.

Naynovіshim theorist monetarnoї Nature rozvitku tovarnoї Economy CCB anglіysky ekonomіst RJ. Goutrі. In yogo i Praca naypovnіshe nayposlіdovnіshe vikladena monetary kontseptsіya roses-round rinkovoї Economy. For RJ. Goutrі Promyslova-inventory cycle CCB purely penny yavischem rozumіnnі in fact, scho pennies zmіna-flux Yea i єdinoyu dostatnoyu the cause for Change ekonomіchnoї ak-tivnostі, cherguvannya rozkvіtu i depresіy, pozhvavlenoї that nezhvavoї torgіvlі. Yakscho popit for goods virazheny in pennies (tobto pennies-tions potіk) zbіlshuєtsya, torgіvlya zhvavіshaє, virobnitstvo rozshiryu-єtsya, tsіni zrostayut. Yakscho popit zmenshuєtsya, torgіvlya slabkіshaє, virobnitstvo skorochuєtsya, tsіni znizhuyutsya.

On Dumka RJ. Goutrі, tsі processes regulyuyutsya vіdpovіdnoyu penny and credit polіtikoyu central bank Kraina. Vіn VVA-zhav scho penny potіk skladaєtsya in the main s Credit for-sobіv (chekіv, Bills that іnshih Credit paperіv) rather than s gotіvki. Oskіlki kreditnі zasobi stvoryuyutsya Bank, the їm i vіdvoditsya cephalic role in viznachennі obsyagu i shvidkostі trumpery flow.

For monetary kontseptsієyu gospodarskoї kon'yunkturi RJ. Go-utrі phase pozhvavlennya ekonomіchnogo cycle pochinaєtsya todі, if banks vidayut poziki on spriyatlivih for quiet, hto pozichaє, minds tobto for yakomoga nizhchy percentage i have velikіy kіlkostі, oskіlki cheap i neobmezheny credit stimulyuє dіlovu aktivnіst. Process aktivіzatsії gospodarskoї kon'yunkturi, yaky pochinaєtsya in the results-tatі vlittya in ekonomіku Credit resursіv, Dali posilyuєtsya Zabdiel-ki vzaєmozalezhnostі mіzh dinamіkoyu zrostannya tsіn trademarks of i-zbіl shennyam popitu on pozichkovy kapіtal. Gospodarske pіdnesennya three vaє Doty, Pokey banks yakihos s reasons for not obmezhuyut loans valued-tsіonuyuchim gospodarskim sub'єktam. Credit restriktsіya bankіv obumovlyuє indulgence trumpery flow in Gospodarstwa, obsyag sous-kupno popitu zmenshuєtsya in rezultatі chogo phase pіdnesennya zmі-nyuєtsya recession. Tsey zvorotny processes suprovodzhuєtsya yavischami, protilezhnimi note, SSMSC vіdbuvalisya at kreditnіy ekspansії bankіv and the Same: obmezhennya loan zumovlyuє spovіlnennya shvidkostі pennies-Vågå obіgu, znizhennya trademark tsіn toscho.

Yak i INSHI prihilniki monetarnoї teorії kon'yunkturi, RJ. Goat-PI dotrimuvavsya Dumka, scho penny-kreditnі chinniki Je-virіshal them rozvitku ekonomіchnogo cycle i yogo regulyuvannі. Vіn i yogo poslіdovniki stverdzhuvali, scho docks rozshiryuєtsya credit Winick-nennya Creasy maloymovіrne. Krisa Je chat naslіdkom kreditnoї restriktsії. Yakbi credit is not obmezhuvavsya, the active phase of the trade and Promyslova cycle could b trivati ​​bezmezhno.

Vvazhayuchi scho tsiklіchnі Oscillations stale od bankіvskih operator-ratsіy i scho regulyuvannyam loans can usunuti tsі Oscillations, RJ Goutrі wrote. "Svoєchasna іnterventsіya Central bankіv svitu, yak pereshkodzhaє ekspansії loan Perche nіzh Won Seide Nadto far zvіlnit od neobhіdnostі yogo the following skorochen-nya. Rіven tsіn in usomu svіtі camp vіdnosno stabіlnim, bezrobіttya i fіnansovі crisis, pov'yazanі іz znizhennyam tsіn will znischenі "*.

"Great depresіya" cob 30th rokіv XX century., Yak gliboko in shaking svіtove rinkove Gospodarstwa, brought, scho in novih ekonomіch-their minds vikoristannya deprivation credit-penny vazhelіv regu-lyuvannya Economy daє Wkra obmezheny i maloefektivny D result. For zabezpechennya nalezhnih tempіv ekonomіchnogo zrostan-nya i povnoї zaynyatostі vsіh virobnichih i resursіv of labor in mind-wah visokomonopolіzovanoї Economy neobhіdnim was vprovad-zhennya i funktsіonuvannya novoї Sistemi gospodaryuvannya. Nadzvi-tea vazhlivu role in її teoretichnіy rozrobtsі vіdіgrali pratsі J. Keynes, while praktichnіy realіzatsії -. And "New Deal" of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

In gospodarske Zhittya vprovadzhuvalisya novі methodological makroeko-nomіchnogo regulyuvannya. Vinikla neobhіdnіst "vmontuvati" in the eco-system nomіchnu bіlsh efektivnі "stabіlіzatori". Yshlosya front-usіm about vikoristannya in protsesі regulyuvannya ekonomіchnih protsesіv fіsk alnoї polіtiki (podatki, amortizatsіynі vіdrahuvannya, budget reached zhetnі nadhodzhennya i vitrati, subsidії virobnikam toscho), yak small dopovniti credit-penny polіtiku. In zv'yazku s CIM vinikla on-demand was theoretically osmisliti novі yavischa, zokrema exchange glances con tseptsіyu ekonomіchnoї rolі powers. Zamіst Constable - "polіtseysko th" Yakima Won bula in poperednіh minds Power became vlasnikom numerical zasobіv virobnitstva, fіnansovih i materіalnih resur-sіv, with such a Mogutnov power, yak Mauger suttєvo vplivati ​​on hіd pro-mislovogo cycle zdіysnyuvati directly regulyuvannya Economy.