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Bankіvskі operatsії - Frost AM

3.5. Rozrahunki s vikoristannyam plastic kartok

Rozrahunki s participation fіzichnih osіb on vіdmіnu od mіzhgospodarskih rozrahunkіv, SSMSC perevazhno vikonuyutsya in bezgotіvkovіy formі to ostannogo hour zdіysnyuyutsya in Ukraїnі perevazhno gotіvkoyu. Traditsіynі іnstrumenti bezgotіvkovih rozrahunkіv (checks, platіzhnі doruchennya) in tsіy sferі mayzhe not zastosovuyutsya scho mozhna poyasniti malimi obsyagami transaktsіy okremih platnikіv that nizkim rіvnem rozvitku bankіvskih poslug in kraїnі. Prote zumovlenі transformatsіynimi processes in ekonomіtsі nadmіrne rozbuhannya gotіvkovogo turnover-valued yogo tіnіzatsіya that іstotne pіdvischennya rozmіru transaktsіy nayzamozhnіshogo prosharku population viklikali GOSTR needful in zaprovadzhennі bezgotіvkovih іnstrumentіv in qiu sphere.

Perche on qiu needful vіdguknulisya komertsіynі banks SSMSC Pocha vipuskati on ukrainian rinok platіzhnі kartka mіzhnarodnih kompanіy Europay ma Visa. Mills 1 sіchnya 2001 p. these cards vipuscheno bilja 911 tis., scho mayzhe 2.3 times bіlshe, nіzh Bulo on the cob 2000, p. Dwellers Nadachi tsomu processes bіlshoї dinamіchnostі i kerovanostі NBU that Uryadov Ukraine priynyali rіshennya stvoriti natsіonalnu system Masov Electonics platezhіv (NSMEP).

Stvorennya NSMEP Je uniquely skladnіshim, labor is the kapіtalomіstkіshim zavdannyam, nіzh stvorennya SEP. Aje uchasnikami tsієї Sistemi potentsіyno shaping can Buti:

- Mіlyoni fіzichnih osіb;

- Velichezna Quantity torgovelnih that іnshih organіzatsіy scho Hotel nadayut population;

- Banks, SSMSC obslugovuyut vlasnikіv plastic kartok, torgovelnі that INSHI organіzatsії;

- Structure, SSMSC zabezpechuyut committing elektronnoї Informácie, zdіysnyuyut rozrahunki mіzh banks nadayut tehnіchnu that tehnologіchnu pіdtrimku Elektron system zv'yazku toscho. Їh potrіbno zabezpechiti vіdpovіdnimi tehnіchnimi іnstrumentami (kartka) program- tehnіchnimi complexes (termіnalami, ATMs), lіnіyami zv'yazku, zasobami Zahist, control tehnіchnogo i tehnologіchnogo suprovodzhennya toscho. For tsogo potrіbnі velikі kapіtalovkladennya, SSMSC not mozhut zabezpechiti okremі banks chi їh ob'єdnannya.

Vodnochase in Ukraїnі Je Cheema peredumov scho tsogo spriyatimut uspіshnomu rozv'yazannyu zavdannya optimalnі in line i h mіnіmalnimi vitratami. Peredusіm tse mozhlivіst realіzuvati novіtnіy svіtovy dosvіd in tsіy sferі; Alternatively, NSMEP stvoryuєtsya on derzhavnіy osnovі at bezposerednіy uchastі Natsіonalnogo Bank of Ukraine, scho will give mozhlivіst widely vikoristati trammel i dosvіd funktsіonuvannya JEP that fіnansovu pіdtrimku NBU; in tretє, oskіlki popit at Hotel NSMEP Pokey scho Neznachny i rozvivatimetsya postupovo, the NBU that komertsіynih bankіv Je dostatno hour, dwellers rozrobiti Complex Project System i rozpochati postupovu yogo realіzatsіyu, unikayuchi pomilok i vitrat on їh vipravlennya. Tom Je pіdstavi spodіvatisya scho UKRAINE target Vlasnyi NSMEP at this temple rіvnі Well, yak i SEP, i hoch not Shvydko, yak Stop.

Klyuchovu role in perevedennі Masov platezhіv on bezgotіvkovu basis vіdіgrayut plastikovі kartka. Samі on sobі not stink Yea i do not grіshmi zdіysnyuyut obіgu. Pong Je pіdtverdzhennyam deprivation of scho їhnі vlasniki underwrite svoїh rahunkah Pevnyi bag of pennies, yak shaping can result in ruh s Relief kartok i pogasiti svoї zobov'yazannya. Tom emіsіya kartok not zbіlshuє zagalnoї masi pennies in obіgu. Prote Won Mauger priskoriti їh obіg, zbіlshiti zaluchennya gotіvki in bankіvsky turnover pіdvischiti rіven penny-kreditnoї multiplіkatsії scho Mauger sprichiniti zbіlshennya Offers pennies that іnflyatsіynі processes.

In svіtovіy praktitsі vzhe іsnuє bagato vidіv plastic kartok, SSMSC rіznyatsya character emіtenta (banks, nebankіvskі structure) character vlasnika of (private person, Corporation), funktsіonalnim priznachennyam (Credit kartka, debit kartka) tehnologієyu vikoristannya (kartka s magnіtnoyu Smuha, kartka h mіkroskhemoyu abo smart kartka) for stage pіlg for koristuvachіv ( "standartnі», «Zoloti", "platinovі"). For organіzatsії NSMEP in Ukraїnі naybіlshy іnteres viklikaє klasifіkatsіya bankіvskih plastic kartok for їh funktsіonalnim priznachennyam that tehnologієyu vikoristannya.

One іz funktsіonalnih priznachen bankіvskih plastic kartok Je zdіysnennya for їh Relief platezhіv, zavdyaki chomu OAO All їh mozhna nazvati platіzhnimi. Prote deyakі s they toil slit th Lots Other priznachennya - zabezpechuvati kredituvannya vlasnika kartka. Tom qiu grupu kartok priynyato nazivati ​​Credit and OAO All INSHI - debit.

Credit nazivayutsya kartka, vidacha yakih suprovodzhuєtsya vіdkrittyam їh vlasnikom Credit lіnіy for rakhunok i furrows in yakih zdіysnyuyutsya platezhі chi vidacha gotіvki for Relief Tsikh kartok. Tom vlasnikam їh vіdkrivayutsya okremі pozichkovі rahunki, SSMSC funktsіonuyut Square od іnshih їhnіh rahunkіv (Chi Flow Savings). When vidachі Credit kartok banks emіtenti uvazhno vivchayut kreditospromozhnіst svoїh klієntіv i tіlki pіslya tsogo viznachayut, chi mozhlivo realіzuvati Credit kartka specific klієntu i yakogo rozmіru lіmіt kreditnoї lіnії Yomou vstanoviti. Tom takі kartka realіzuyutsya zvichayno naybіlsh nadіynim klієntam, SSMSC toil kreditospromozhnіst temple. Through takі obstavini that visokі kreditnі riziki Tsey view kartok in bankіvskіy praktitsі Ukraine vikoristovuєtsya Wkra obmezheno.

For credit kartka їh vlasniki mozhut zdіysnyuvati platezhі item is the Hotel (whether SSMSC chi tіlki Pevnyi mind), oderzhuvati gotіvku in bankіvskih install chi in ATMs, oderzhuvati pevnі pіlgi od bankіv-emіtentіv (strahuvannya Zhittya, discounts bronyuvannі avіakvitkіv, oplatі mіsts in Gothel, Telephone ROZMA toscho) vikoristovuvati yak zasіb samoіdentifіkatsії that іn.

Minds nadannya loan that order zdіysnennya platezhіv for credit kartka viznachayut banks emіtenti. Pong shaping can pomіtno rіznitisya fallow od okremih emіtentіv. So, for some s kartok nadany platіzhny guilty Buti loan repayments protyagom mіsyatsya and for іnshimi zdіysnenі platezhі protyagom 25 dnіv vzagalі not vvazhayutsya i credit them not styaguєtsya percent. Odnі emіtenti mozhut vimagati pіdtverdzhennya nadanogo loan INSHI - ni. For some kartka razovі platezhі mozhut obmezhuvatisya Pevnyi Sumy, but for others - ni and tіlki zagalnim lіmіtom kreditnoї lіnії for tretіmi Mauger tsogo dopuskatisya navіt perevischennya lіmіtu. Competitive Borotba mіzh banks for klієnturu primushuє їh postіyno vdoskonalyuvati kreditnі kartka, ROBIT їh dedalі privablivіshimi for klієntіv.

Debit nazivayutsya plastikovі kartka for Relief yakih platezhі zdіysnyuyutsya writedowns koshtіv bezposeredno s stream rahunku vlasnika kartka, not for rakhunok nadanogo loan.

Tom for svoїm priznachennyam tse Sotho platіzhnі kartka. Prote not stink th viklyuchayut koristuvannya їhnіm vlasnikom in deyakih vipadkah credit and the Same:

- Yakscho vіn Got Flow rakhunok s overdraft, the furrows lіmіtu overdraft klієnt koristuєtsya for platezhіv for kartka bankіvskoyu pozichkoyu. In tsomu razі debit kartka little denote vіdrіznyaєtsya od kreditnoї;

- Mіzh the time of registration of the product kartka kupіvlі Chi Hotel in torgovelnіy strukturі i writedowns koshtіv s stream rahunku vlasnika Mauger prohoditi Pevnyi perіod hour, protyagom yakogo pokupets koristuєtsya pridbanim commodity otzhe, oderzhuє credit. Prote tse skorіshe tehnіchny credit zumovleny tehnologіchnimi Especially danoї kartka instead її nature. In Persha pores, if processes obmіnu іnformatsієyu mіzh uchasnikami CCB trivalim, Tsei credit vіdіgrav digit stimulyuyuchu role in Shvidky poshirennі debit kartok.

Platіzhna debit kartka dosit zruchna i just have koristuvannі: її mozhna Shvydko oformiti for her mayzhe Absent obmezhen at oderzhannі gotіvki s stream rahunku, her mozhna vnositi gotіvku on rakhunok, scrip platezhіv for tsієyu kartka not obmezhuєtsya lіmіtom kreditnoї lіnії * 5.

* 5: {Prote stink obmezhuyutsya sumoyu zalishku koshtіv on the production rahunku vkladnika, vklyuchayuchi right to overdraft.}

Debetnі kartka TER buvayut kіlkoh vidіv. Fallow od spryamovanostі operatsіy, scho with such a zdіysnyuyutsya kartka, vidіlyayut:

- Kartka for operatsіy s gotіvkoyu for Relief yakih shaping can otrimati vlasniki gotіvku Zi svoїh rahunkіv bezposeredno in bank abo through avtomatichnі pristroї (ATMs), trammel yakih Mauger ohoplyuvati all kraїnu that INSHI powers. Takі kartka vіdkrivayut vlasniku access to Svoge stream rahunku in ambushes samoobslugovuvannya whether i de to whether yaky hour, to scho no ATMs pratsyuyut vihіdnih i tsіlodobovo;

- Kartka to pay for tovarіv (poslug) through termіnali in torgovelnih halls. Nayavnіst termіnalu that MEREZHI Electonics zv'yazku daє mozhlivіst prodavtsevі product Shvydko іdentifіkuvati paysite and ostannomu - negayno perekazati groshі s yogo rakhunok on rahunku torgovelnoї organіzatsії. Tsі kartka tehnologіchno spromozhnі іstotno vitіsniti gotіvku Zi spherical Masov platezhіv. All zalezhatime od spherical rozvitku MEREZHI termіnalіv (Got Booty 100 vіdsotkove ohoplennya structures SSMSC prodayutsya goods to the population is the Hotel) is the temple rіvnya Dovira to bankіv - organіzatorіv Tsikh platezhіv;

- Chekovі garantіynі kartka scho vikoristovuyutsya for іdentifіkatsії chekodavtsya i garantuvannya for payment by check. Garantuvannya zabezpechuєtsya nayavnimi on the production rahunku vlasnika kartka Costa is the right to credit, nadanim Yomou bank in razі nedostatnostі for check payment Vlasnyi koshtіv. Tsі kartka widely zastosovuyutsya in kraїnah s rozvinutim obіgom checks. Yak zaznachalosya vische (3.3), in Ukraїnі checks obіg not rozvinuty i Absent pіdstav ochіkuvati yogo wide rozvitku in maybutnomu. Tom Tsey view debetnoї kartka unlikely chi znayde wider zastosuvannya in nashіy kraїnі.

For tehnologієyu vikoristannya vidіlyayutsya two Vidi kartok:

- Kartka s magnіtnoyu lіnієyu;

- Kartka mіkroskhemoyu s (smart kartka).

Tsі kartka rіznyatsya recording method Informácie, neobhіdnoї zdіysnennya for payment, that obsyagom її nakopichennya. W magnіtnoyu Smuha that mіkroskhemoyu h shaping can Buti yak kreditnі so i debetnі kartka.

Kartka s magnіtnoyu Smuga harakterizuyutsya tim, scho іnformatsіya, neobhіdna for vikoristannya її at ATMs that in Electonics platіzhnih termіnalah, recorded on magnіtnіy smuzі, rozmіschenіy on zvorotі kartka. Vazhlivim Elements tsієї Informácie Je іdentifіkatsіyny personal number (PIN). Tsei number (code) Got Booty vіdomy vlasniku kartka, i yogo vіn enter at an ATM chi termіnal for Relief spetsіalnoї klavіaturi. Koli kartka administered at zchituvalny pristrіy ATM chi termіnalu, dialed code porіvnyuєtsya s PIN-code on magnіtnіy smuzі i, Yakscho stink zbіgayutsya, vіdkrivaєtsya access to komunіkatsіynoї MEREZHI for committing commands schodo vikonannya payment: vlasnik nabiraє scrip payment, yak peredaєtsya to bank scho Veda yogo rakhunok, s yakogo Won spisuєtsya that translated into rakhunok seller tovarіv chi poslug abo vidaєtsya gotіvkoyu (s ATM).

Kartka s magnіtnoyu Smuga toil that nedolіk scho do not bear in sobі information The zmіnu zalishku koshtіv on rahunku paysite pіslya kozhnoї transaktsії. Tom at kozhnіy operatsії potrіbno zvertatisya to the bank for tsієyu іnformatsієyu scho zatrimuє itself transaktsіyu i zdorozhuє all payment processes. Tsієї wadi pozbavlena smart kartka.

Smart kartka harakterizuєtsya tim, scho zamіst magnіtnoї Smuha in neї vmontovana mіkroskhema, yak, Vlasnyi, Je mіkroprotsesorom, zdatnim samostіyno obroblyati i zapam'yatovuvati zmіnu Informácie, zokrema viznachati vіlny zalishok koshtіv on the production rahunku chi zalishok lіmіtu kreditnoї lіnії on pozichkovomu rahunku paysite. Appeared smart kartka vіdkrila mozhlivіst stvorennya for "E-gamantsya" for Relief yakogo Mauger paysite autonomously zdіysnyuvati OAO All svoї platezhі in bezgotіvkovіy formі not zvertayuchis skin once to the bank - emіtenta kartka for pіdtverdzhennyam yogo platospromozhnostі.

Smart kartka Got th INSHI perevagi. In neї uniquely shirshі funktsіonalnі mozhlivostі, oskіlki mіkroskhema spromozhna utrimuvati nabagato bіlshy obsyag Informácie promptly її obroblyati i ponovlyuvati. Vaughn uniquely nadіynіsha, nіzh kartka s magnіtnoyu Smuga.

Zvazhayuchi on ochevidnі perevagi smart kartka, Ukraine blame orієntuvatisya, pristupayuchi to Rozbudova vlasnoї NSMEP, vіdrazu on wider zaprovadzhennya smart kartok. "Perestribnuvshi" vzhe proydenі in zahіdnіy praktitsі Etap rozvitku Masov Electonics platezhіv, Ukraine vіdrazu viyde on rіven naynovіshih tehnologіy in tsіy sferі, scho Tsikh spriyatime priskorennyu platezhіv, їh zdeshevlennyu, posilennyu zahischenostі, pіdvischennyu authority bankіv toscho.

Oskіlki rozvitok Masov E-digit platezhіv potrebuє іnvestitsіy, postaє power, chi okuplyatsya tsі costs. Tse deposits od tієї Vigoda, yak win їh Participants - fіzichnі individuals torgovelnі organіzatsії, okremі banks that bankіvska system tsіlomu, oskіlki leva Chastain Tsikh vitrat vіzme on itself cutaneous іz them.

Fіzichnі individuals oderzhuyut takі Vigoda od zastosuvannya plastic kartok in Masov payments:

- Pozbavlyayutsya rizikіv, pov'yazanih s vtratoyu, kradіzhkoyu, poshkodzhennyam gotіvki i vodnochase zberezhut mayzhe OAO All perevagi platezhіv gotіvkoyu (negaynіst, ease of payment);

- Polіpshatsya minds for planuvannya i Control sіmeynih byudzhetіv for operativnoї kapіtalіzatsії Chastain dohodіv, oskіlki for zalishkami koshtіv on rahunkah scho perevischuyut sumi, priznachenі for in-line E-platezhіv, narahovuyutsya percent;

- Pіdvischuєtsya prestige vlasnika kartka in suspіlstvі, scho Got a positive significance for pratsevlashtuvannya for profesіynogo zrostannya toscho.

Vodnochase zastosuvannya plastic kartok Got to klієntіv i negativnі naslіdki:

- Zrostayut vitrati, pov'yazanі Zi zdіysnennyam such platezhіv (payment kartka, splat vstupnogo vnesku, splat percent for the credit, deposit on obov'yazkovy rahunku for platezhіv on karttsі toscho);

- Obmezhenіst MEREZHI magazinіv, spherical poslug of companies, SSMSC gotovі priymati platezhі on osnovі Electonics platіzhnih kartok, strimuє zastosuvannya ostannіh i zumovlyuє wider koristuvannya gotіvkoyu.

Vkazanі nedolіki in the minds trivaloї ekonomіchnoї Creasy mozhut perevazhiti pozitivnі naslіdki zaprovadzhennya plastic kartok that іstotno zagalmuvati all processes їh rozvitku.

Prodavtsі (torgovelnі organіzatsії) toil takі Vigoda od zastosuvannya plastic kartok:

- Zrostayut obsyagi realіzatsії zavdyaki zaluchennyu bіlshoї kіlkostі i s bіlshoyu platospromozhnіstyu pokuptsіv;

- Skorochuyutsya vitrati on іnkasatsіyu that konvertatsіyu viruchki;

- Skorochuyutsya vitrati on pіdtrimannya BEZPEKA magazinіv i pіdvischuєtsya її rіven;

- Zrostaє yakіst, tehnologіchnіst obslugovuvannya pokuptsіv that rating torgovelnoї organіzatsії.

Negativnі naslіdki zastosuvannya kartok for prodavtsіv polyagayut in neobhіdnostі іstotnih Pochatkova vitrat on pridbannya vіdpovіdnogo obladnannya that navchannya kadrіv s koristuvannya dosit folding system pristroїv. Nadalі zrostut i potochnі vitrati s obslugovuvannya termіnalіv that pristroїv. For perevazhnoї bіlshostі of Ukrainian "torgovelnih tochok" SSMSC zalishayutsya malopotuzhnimi, takі vitrati not profіnansuvati pid force.

For okremih bankіv zastosuvannya plastic kartok in Masov payments Got takі Vigoda:

- Zbіlshuєtsya zaluchennya koshtіv, zrostayut kreditnі resources bankіv i mozhlivostі zbіlshuvati їh income;

- Income zrostayut bankіv, oskіlki for OAO All operatsії s kartka stink styaguyut fee;

- Zrostaє іmіdzh bankіv, pіdvischuєtsya konkurentospromozhnіst quiet іz them SSMSC zastosovuyut elektronnі zasobi platezhіv.

Prote perehіd on kartkovі platezhі vimagaє od bankіv takozh digit Pervin vitrat on tehnіchne i software zabezpechennya, pіdgotovku kadrіv, lіnії zv'yazku toscho.

For bankіvskoї system in tsіlomu wider zastosuvannya plastic kartok in sferі Masov platezhіv Got takі Vigoda:

- Zroste zaluchennya penny koshtіv in vnutrіshnobankіvsky turnover posilen kerovanіst trumpery turnover in tsіlomu, pіdvischitsya role bankіvskoї system in rozvitku Economy;

- Znizitsya chastka gotіvki in groshovіy masі, skorotyatsya vitrati on її drukuvannya i zabezpechennya obіgu (kasovі vitrati);

- Z'yavitsya dodatkovy incentive to the right on the translated bankіvskoї suchasnі elektronnі tehnologії scho spriyatime zrostannyu popitu on novіtnyu Komp'yuterniy tehnіku, zabezpechennya software, systems zv'yazku, visokokvalіfіkovanі Kadri i will give a note to himself poshtovh rozvitku vіtchiznyanogo virobnitstva that zaynyatostі.

Cons for otrimannya vkazanih vigіd potrіbno zdіysniti znachnі kapіtalovkladennya in stvorennya іnfrastrukturi system. Krizovoe mill budget is unlikely Chi will give mozhlivіst derzhavі vidіliti neobhіdnі for tsogo іnvestitsії. Tim bіlshe scho іnvestitsії potrіbnі not tіlki for vnutrіshno- that mіzhbankіvskih zahodіv (protsesingovі centers, software zabezpechennya, ATM toscho), and the second on rekonstruktsіyu sumіzhnih spheres (torgіvlі, spherical poslug, zv'yazku, virobnitstva komp'yuternoї tehnіki that іn.) . W іnshogo side, nizky rіven Zhittya population that zumovleny him nedostatnіy platospromozhny popit and takozh nizky rіven Dovira to bankіvskoї system does not dodayut optimіzmu schodo dostatnostі popitu on plastikovі kartka population of Ukraine, the costs of dwellers stvorennya Sistemi recouped blizkіy perspektivі * 6. Завдання створення НСМЕП ускладнюється ще й тим, що на український ринок активно проникають міжнародні карткові компанії (Visa, Europay та ін.), які створюють потужну конкуренцію національній системі.

*6: {Розробники НСМЕП підрахували, що система досягне своїх цілей, а отже окупиться, якщо 30—40% готівкового обороту буде замінено безготівковим, буде емітовано близько 10 млн пластикових карток, установлено близько 100 тис. платіжних терміналів та банкоматів (див.: Банковские технологии. — 1998. — № 4. — С. 5).}