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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Ohanian GA

Ponyattya "BIZNES"

In zahіdnіy ekonomіchnіy lіteraturі ponyattya "pіdpriєmnitstvo" Got svoї osoblivostі i traditsіynu titles - "BIZNES". BIZNES at vuzkomu rozumіnnі - tse right pіdpriєmnitstvo; have wide - zdіysnennya whether yakoї dіyalnostі in ekonomіchnіy sferі, characteristic dіlovih vіdnosin in kraїnі zagalom. BIZNES - tse sukupnіst dіlovih vіdnosin scho sklalisya for zadovolennya potreb suspіlstva. Sub'єktami bіznesu Je:

• bezposeredno pіdpriєmtsі, tobto individuals scho zaymayutsya pіdpriєmnitskoyu dіyalnіstyu, їh dіlova zatsіkavlenіst realіzuєtsya through virobnitstvo i produktsії sales nadannya poslug toscho;

• collectives pіdpriєmtsіv i pіdpriєmnitskі asotsіatsії;

• іndivіdualnі that kolektivnі spozhivachі (as titles spozhivchy BIZNES);

• pratsіvniki, labor dіyalnіst yakih zdіysnyuєtsya for Naiman on kontraktnіy abo іnshіy osnovі;

• derzhavnі structure dіlova zatsіkavlenіst yakih zumovlena require at vikonannі prіoritetnih zagalnoderzhavnih NAUKOVO-tehnіchnih program, yak usually kapіtalomіstkih.

In suchasnіy Ukraїnі BIZNES have wide rozumіnnі tsogo slit ponyattya not nabuv systemic nature, to yogo zdebіlshogo ototozhnyuyut s pіdpriєmnitskoyu dіyalnіstyu. Zi Becoming Healthy rinkovih vіdnosin in kraїnі h hour situatsіya on zmіnitsya maintained upstream, pіdstavoyu for tsogo Je realіzatsіya mainly printsipіv Rozbudova pіdpriєmnitstva in kraїnі that nadannya їm legal status.

In Art. 5 Law of Ukraine "About pіdpriєmnitstvo" viznacheno osnovnі fun- pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі: vіlny vibіr vidіv dіyalnostі; zaluchennya on dobrovіlnih ambushes to zdіysnennya pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі lane that koshtіv Yurydychna osіb i gromadyan; samostіyne formuvannya prog dіyalnostі that vibіr postachalnikіv i spozhivachіv produktsії, vstanovlennya tsіn zgіdno s zakonodavstvom; vіlne Naiman pratsіvnikіv; zaluchennya i vikoristannya materіalno-tehnіchnih, fіnansovih, labor, natural that іnshih vidіv resursіv, vikoristannya yakih not zaboronene zakonodavstvom; rozporyadzhennya on svіy rozsud income pіslya Adding platezhіv, vstanovlenih zakonodavstvom; samostіyne zdіysnennya pіdpriєmtsem - Yurydychna owes a special debt zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі, vikoristannya nalezhnoї Yomou valyutnoї viruchki on svіy rozsud.

Deklaruvannya zaznachenih printsipіv not Je zaporukoyu organіzatsії pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі in Ukraїnі. Neobhіdno stvoriti spriyatlivі minds її rozvitku, nadіyny i efektivnosti mehanіzm realіzatsії ta Zahist.

Svіtovy dosvіd perekonlivo svіdchit scho rozvitok pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі that її Positive vpliv on ekonomіku Kraina she Dobrobut її gromadyan mozhlivy deprivation of such nayavnih minds:

• stabіlnіst derzhavnoї ekonomіchnoї i sotsіalnoї polіtiki;

• positive Gromadska Dumka schodo pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі;

• pіlgovy podatkovih mode;

• nayavnіst rozvinenoї іnfrastrukturi;

• efektivnosti system Zahist vlasnostі, in addition chislі іntelektualnoї;

• debyurokratizatsіya regulyuvannya gospodarskoї dіyalnostі (skorochennya forms zvіtnostі, polegshennya rules reєstratsії).

Tsі provisions of Je zavdannyami strategіchnogo values ​​in rozbudovі Ukraїnskoї powers.

W metoyu zapobіgannya krimіnalіzatsії pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі Law of Ukraine "About pіdpriєmnitstvo" vstanovlyuє pevnі obmezhennya for quiet, hto bazhaє zaymatisya with such a dіyalnіstyu. So, vіyskovosluzhbovtsі, pratsіvniki organіv prosecutors, court derzhavnoї BEZPEKA, vnutrіshnіh rights, sovereign arbіtrazhu that notarіatu not underwrite tse allowed.

Ponyattya "spekulyatsіya" in the minds Rinku

Sogodnі naybіlshogo rozvitku in Nabeul Ukraїnі takі eg pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі, yak i torgіvlya poserednitstvo. Vinikla nagalna require vіdokremiti tsі Vidi dіyalnostі od spekulyatsії, yak traditsіyna Gromadska Dumka ototozhnyuє s poserednitstvom. I in razі poserednitstva, i in razі spekulyatsії Got Location Merchanting s metoyu otrimannya pributku. However vіdmіnnіst zaznachenih napryamіv dіyalnostі іstotna. Pong vіdrіznyayutsya nasampered upmost povedіnkoyu uchasnikіv processes i toil rіznu suspіlnu otsіnku. W looking around at tse potrіbno rozglyadati poserednitsku dіyalnіst s point Zora її korisnostі for іnshih chlenіv suspіlstva.

Spekulyatsіya (od lat spesulatio -. Vistezhuvannya, pіdglyadannya) - tse kupіvlya i resales rіznomanіtnih tovarіv for zavischenimi tsіnami s metoyu zbagachennya. In rezultatі takoї dіyalnostі spozhivach vtrachaє right Vibor. In praktichnіy dіyalnostі kraїn s rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu spekulyativnі dії rozrivayut acti kupіvlі sale i have chasі, tobto poserednik speculator ochіkuє viniknennya defіtsitu on market analysis. In rozvinenih kraїnah nayurazlivіshі schodo spekulyatsії markets Agricultural Art sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії.

Poserednitstvo - tse kupіvlya i resales tovarіv on rіznih Rink. Tobto in tsomu razі act kupіvlі that sale rozrivaєtsya not have chasі and for mіstsem. Nayavna positive funktsіya poserednitstva - zmenshennya diferentsіatsії tsіn, їh virіvnyuvannya vіdpovіdno to the principle: "єdina Rate for vsіh lands on one market analysis in one of the i samy hour." Poserednitstvo Je Especially spetsifіchnoyu galuzzyu pіdpriєmnitstva, yak zabezpechuє funktsіonuvannya rinkovoї Economy vіdpovіdno to dії ob'єktivnih ekonomіchnih zakonіv. Situatsіya for yakoї in rinkovomu gospodarstvі poserednitska dіyalnіst Mauger transformuvatisya in speculative mozhliva tіlki in razі vstanovlennya Reigning fіksovanih tsіn on defіtsitnі Vidi tovarіv, Especially for goods pershoї required. When tsomu poserednitstvo move to the sphere of "Chorny market analysis." A thin boundary mіzh poserednitstvom i spekulyatsієyu for spіlnoї їh zagalnoї methylene - otrimannya maximum pributku and takozh vzaєmoproniknennya Tsikh vidіv dіyalnostі uskladnyuє problem їh analіzu th doslіdzhennya against not zmenshuє vazhlivostі poserednitskoї dіyalnostі poserednikіv i have rinkovomu gospodarstvі.Organіzatsіynі FORMS pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі

Rozmaїttya forms i vidіv pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі daє zmogu klasifіkuvati її for vibranimi acquaint themselves. Widi pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі: fallow od napryamіv її zdіysnennya - virobnicha, komertsіyna, fіnansova, advisory, poserednitska that INSHI; for forms vlasnostі - Derzhavna, munіtsipalna, private, Collective; for kіlkіstyu vlasnikіv - іndivіdualna that dolova.

In svіtovіy teorії that praktitsі viokremlyuyut three osnovnі FORMS organіzatsії pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі: odnoosіbne volodіnnya; tovaristvo (partnership); Corporation.

Odnoosіbne volodіnnya - form pіdpriєmstva for all yakoї Mein fіrmi nalezhit one vlasniku, yaky samostіyno upravlyaє fіrmoyu, otrimuє Prybutok, Nese Povny NKVD vіdpovіdalnіst for vsіma zobov'yazannyami fіrmi. Such a form of doing bіznesu in usomu svіtі Je nayposhirenіshoyu. Napriklad, the US has 80% usіh pіdpriєmnitskih organіzatsіy Je odnoosіbnimi volodіnnyami (tse 10-14% turnover fіnansovogo vsogo bіznesu).

Before perevag odnoosіbnogo volodіnnya nalezhat slim starter kapіtal, obsession vsogo pributku pіdpriєmtsem i bezposerednє vikoristannya yogo in іnteresah right, mozhlivіst Shvidky pereprofіlyuvannya pіdpriєmstva in razі zmіni kon'yunkturi, simplicity organіzatsії that lіkvіdatsії, nizkі vitrati on obslugovuvannya, tsіlkovita Freedom Act reasonably, pryamі Contacts s ​​pratsіvnikami i klієntami that іn. Sered nedolіkіv peredusіm potrіbno zaznachiti obmezhenі mozhlivostі for rozshirennya kapіtalu i yak naslіdok - nizku fіnansovu stіykіst. Ekonomіchnі that fіnansovі Creasy nasampered poznachayutsya on tsіy formі Keeping bіznesu, Sereda vlasnikіv smallest in fіrm naybіlsha Quantity bankrutіv. Yak usually takі pіdpriєmstva іsnuyut 2-3 Rocky. Vtіm, bazhayuchih zaymatisya Vlasnyi bіznesom lot. Pіdpriєmtsі, SSMSC Visoko tsіnuyut Vlasnyi nezalezhnіst, zdatnі on neabiyaky rizik i nadayut perevagu virobnitstvam s short cycle, de mozhna Shvydko Prybutok will win. Bіlshіst uryadіv kraїn svitu zaohochuyut i pіdtrimuyut qiu form pіdpriєmnitstva for Relief directly fіnansuvannya s budget vidachі garantіy, podatkovih pіlg toscho.

H transition to rinkovih vіdnosin Pocha z'yavlyatisya i rozvivatisya nevelikі fіrmi i in Ukraїnі. Aje pіdpriєmnitstvo spriyaє priskorennyu strukturnoї perebudovi Economy, zabezpechuє freedom Vibor, stvorennya novih robochem mіsts, Shvidky okupnіst vitrat i dopomagaє quickly reaguvati on zmіnu spozhivchogo popitu. Tom pіdtrimka tsogo sector Economy - strategіchny eg ekonomіchnoї polіtiki to whether yakіy kraїnі. Z'yavlyayutsya novі FORMS OF tsogo bіznesu. Ostannіmi rokami in kraїnah s rozvinenoyu rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu wide poshirennya Nabeul system pіlgovogo pіdpriєmnitstva (bіznesu) - franchising.

Franchising - a method of bіznesu, zasnovany on vikoristannі іmenі vіdomoї fіrmi at realіzatsії її tovarіv (poslug). Ukladayuchi dogovіr franchising, the franchisor (high kompaniia) zobov'yazuєtsya postachati pіdpriєmtsyu abo malіy fіrmі svoї goods, reklamnі Hotel, vіdpratsovanі tehnologії Keeping bіznesu toscho. For the sake of the other side tse nadaє kompanії rіznogo old Hotel at sferі management, marketing i zobov'yazuєtsya zdіysnyuvati dіlovі Contacts viklyuchno s her that in її іnteresah. Dohіd for this kind otrimuyut Hotel in viglyadі vіdsotka s turnover. Franchising poshireny in areas such pіdpriєmnitstva, yak benzozapravnі stantsії, torgіvlya passenger i vantazhnimi avtomobіlyami, Gromadska harchuvannya, іnshih forms obslugovuvannya population.

Tovaristvo (Partnership) - tse form organіzatsії bіznesu for yakoї Dvi abo bіlshe okremih osіb lead cope yak spіvvlasniki on osnovі ukladenogo contract. Іsnuyut takі Vidi partnership: s Povny (General), obmezhenoyu, dodatkovoyu vіdpovіdalnіstyu that komanditnі.

In razі povnoї vіdpovіdalnostі Leather Partnership member bezposeredno zalucheny to upravlіnnya fіrmoyu i vіdpovіdaє for vsіma zobov'yazannyami fіrmi (in furrows svoїh vneskіv Vlasnyi i am Main). In razі obmezhenoї vіdpovіdalnostі zobov'yazannya zasnovnikіv obmezhuyutsya їh payovimi vneskami. Tovaristvo s dodatkovoyu vіdpovіdalnіstyu - tse rіznovid tovaristva s Povny vіdpovіdalnіstyu Where Money Does Participants carry solіdarnu vіdpovіdalnіst for svoїmi zobov'yazannyami svoїm Mein rozmіrah in multiples vartostі їh vneskіv scho obumovleno in zasnovnitskih tovaristva documents. At one razі bankrutstva s uchasnikіv yogo vіdpovіdalnіst for zobov'yazannyami tovaristva rozpodіlyaєtsya mіzh іnshimi uchasnikami proportsіyno to їh vneskіv.

Commandite tovaristvo - view gospodarskogo tovaristva Where Money Does s partners of order, SSMSC od іmenі tovaristva zdіysnyuyut pіdpriєmnitsku dіyalnіst i vіdpovіdayut for zobov'yazannyami tovaristva solіdarno vsіm svoїm Main, Yea one abo kіlka uchasnikіv (komanditistіv) SSMSC bezposeredno not pov'yazanі s yogo robots i in razі neobhіdnostі Splat borgіv (bankrutstva) mozhut vtratiti deprivation that chastku pennies, scho іnvestovana them at the right fіrmi.

Perevagi partnership porіvnyano s odnoosіbnim volodіnnyam: zrostannya fіnansovih mozhlivostey unaslіdok ob'єdnannya kіlkoh kapіtalіv; udoskonalennya upravlіnnya fіrmoyu in rezultatі rozpodіlu upravlіnskih funktsіy. Partnership, yak i odnoosіbnі volodіnnya, koristuyutsya podatkovih pіlgami.

Corporation (aktsіonerne tovaristvo abo kompaniia z obmezhenoyu vіdpovіdalnіstyu) - provіdna form Suchasnyj pіdpriєmnitstva scho daє zmogu nayefektivnіshe zaluchati znachnі fіnansovі Costa. Nayposhirenіshoyu Form korporatsії on Zahodі Je publіchna Corporation (vіdkrite aktsіonerne tovaristvo) - organіzatsіyno legal form pіdpriєmstva, kapіtal yakogo stvoryuєtsya ob'єdnannyam bagatoh іndivіdualnih kapіtalіv Key infrastructure through i publіchne rozmіschennya aktsіy. In Suchasnyj fіnansovomu oborotі publіchnim korporatsіyam nalezhit to 90% kapіtalu.

Corporation Yea Yurydychna special, tobto Won vіdokremlena od fіzichnih osіb scho volodіyut her. Keeping Sogodnі bіznesu have great rozmіrah mozhlive tіlki in furrows publіchnoї (vіdkritoї) korporatsії. Її viznachalnoyu Find our Je obmezhena vіdpovіdalnіst spіvvlasnikіv for vіdsutnostі yakoї іndivіdualnі іnvestori not used vkladati svoї Weather in Costa rozvitok korporatsії through Visokiy fіnansovy rizik.

Before perevag publіchnoї korporatsії nalezhat: zruchna i stabіlna form organіzatsії bіznesu; efektivnosti upravlіnnya (uzgodzhennya іnteresіv aktsіonerіv eshelonu that upper management); mozhlivіst zmіniti kerіvnitstvo; mozhlivіst for Vlasnyi Bazhanov pozbavitis (prodatsya) svoєї Chastain aktsіy; fіnansova mogutnіst; mozhlivіst vikoristovuvati rіznі FORMS i Metodi upravlіnnya; vіdsutnіst s problems rozpodіlom dohodіv; obmezhena vіdpovіdalnіst spіvvlasnikіv. Prybutok korporatsії rozpodіlyaєtsya mіzh powers (podatki) aktsіonerami (divіdendi) pіdpriєmstvom (Refinancing Loans).

Perevag, SSMSC toil publіchnі korporatsії in kraїnah s rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu on wish pozbavlenі aktsіonernі tovaristva in Ukraїnі, the main masu yakih Bulo target pid hour rozderzhavlennya processes scho zdіysnyuvavsya for Relief aktsіonuvannya Reigning of companies. When tsomu vіdbuvavsya podіl kapіtalu, not yogo ob'єdnannya (klasichny type utvorennya korporatsії). Tom aktsіonernih tovaristv for Ukraine characterized vіdsutnіst "zhivih" pennies, nelіkvіdnіst aktsіy (scho zavazhaє vіlnomu transfusion kapіtalu i rozvitku mіzhgaluzevoї konkurentsії). Vipuschenі in Ukraїnі privatizatsіynі umovnu Paper the toil, not real vartіst. According sutі aktsіonernі tovaristva in Ukraїnі Je deprivation Persha CRIC high road stvorennya maybutnіh korporatsіy, zdatnih realіzovuvati velikі fіnansovі projects.



 
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