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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Ohanian GA

Ekonomіchny cycle i yogo Fazi

Zagalna Ekonomichna rіvnovaga - tse Pevnyi mіroyu abstraction, іdeal Economy. In realnіy dіysnostі vіdbuvayutsya її torn down, that rozvitok Economy Got tsiklіchny character. Tsiklіchnі Oscillations in ekonomіtsі boule vіdomі ago, ale up cob of the XIX century. Mali stink zdebіlshogo seasonal, scho Bulo zumovleno perevazhannyam sіlskogo Gospodarstwa th Especially sіlskogospodarskogo virobnitstva, vіdsutnіstyu preformed suspіlnogo nature virobnitstva in kozhnіy okremіy kraїnі, navіt in kraїnі s rozvinenoyu rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu.

Ekonomіchny cycle - tse sukupnіst postіynih phases natsіonalnoї Economy - rozshirennya that skorochennya obsyagіv virobnitstva. Yogo slit nazivayut cycle dіlovoї aktivnostі abo kon'yunkturnim cycle.

Ekonomіchny cycle yavlyaє him cherguvannya pіdnesennya i downturn rіvnya rinkovoї aktivnostі protyagom kіlkoh rokіv. Ekonomіchnі cyclic mozhut vіdrіznyatisya one od one of trivalіstyu th іntensivnіstyu, ale OOO All stink toil odnі th Ti samі Fazi.

Sered ekonomіchnih crisis - torgovelnih, currency fіnansovih, Penny, galuzevih, structural, regіonalnih - tsiklіchnі recession posіdayut Location Especially not through deprivation їh regulyarnіst and th fact scho they have kontsentrovanomu viglyadі vіdobrazhayutsya superechnostі ekonomіchnoї system. Tіlki in the twentieth century. in kraїnah s rozvinenoyu rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu vіdbulosya 14 tsiklіchnih crisis.

Іsnuє bagato kontseptsіy for Relief yakih opisuyut Creasy that їh tsiklіchnіst. In drugіy polovinі XIX century. anglієts W. Jevons poyasnyuvav tsiklіchnіst appeared on plyam Sontsі, and American H. Moore slapped perevagu ritmovі Ruhu Veneri ( "Ekonomіchnі cyclic, the law of causality їh viniknennya i", 1914). Frantsuzky ekonomіst A. Aftalіon cause of crisis vvazhav nerіvnomіrnіst mehanіchnogo Progreso, yogo spіvvіtchiznik S. Sismondі - nedostatnє spozhivannya population and ukrainian teachings M. Tugan-Baranovsky - disproportsіynіst mіzh Galuzo. Marx obґruntuvav systemic pіdhіd to vivchennya tsiklіchnih crisis. In yogo Dumka, crisis deprivation on Purshia Poglyad Got galuzevy character (dosit rіdkіsnі vipadki, if the recession ohoplyuє literally OAO All spherical Economy i OAO All pіdgaluzі promislovostі) naspravdі Well tse zagalnoekonomіchne, zagalnogospodarske yavische, the reason yakogo shaping can Buti nayrіznomanіtnіshimi, ale spravzhnya reason polyagaє in spetsifіchnіy sutі virobnichih vіdnosin i superechnostey rinkovoї system.

Ritmіchnі Ruhi, scho vіdbuvayutsya in ekonomіtsі, stale od bagatoh reasons i mozhut uniquely vіdrіznyatisya one od one of trivalіstyu th іntensivnіstyu. Napriklad, "Great depresіya '30s rokіv twentieth century. on Zahodі pіdіrvala ekonomіchnu aktivnіst on tsіle desyatirіchchya. Todі to yak i pіslya neї decline dіlovoї aktivnostі CCB Mensch glibokim i trivalim. Tom in ekonomіchnіy nautsі speaking about bіlshe ekonomіchnі Oscillations, and not about the cyclic, more cycles on vіdmіnu od Oscillations, harakterizuyutsya regulyarnіstyu.

Mehanіzm ekonomіchnih Oscillations

Ekonomіchny cycle analіzuєtsya for vsіma parameters gospodarskogo mehanіzmu, vіdbuvaєtsya Poshuk mozhlivostey pom'yakshiti tsiklіchnі Oscillations i naslіdki crisis. Taqiy analіz daє zmogu obґruntuvati Roads Ahead vihodu s crisis. Ruh virobnitstva od cob odnієї ekonomіchnoї Creasy up cob іnshoї utvoryuє cycle. So, for perіod z 1825 r. kіntsya to 90 rokіv twentieth century. vіdbulosya 23 cycles Leather s yakih unіkalny. Ale vodnochase usі cyclic harakterizuyut pevnі zagalnі acquaint themselves, peredusіm odnakova poslіdovnіst in zmіnі cycle phases. On rіznih Etap ekonomіchnogo rozvitku svіtovogo Gospodarstwa i rіznih for specific drain cycle vіdtvorennya i yogo Fazi viyavlyayutsya in rіznomu. Blizka to іdealnoї picture viglyadaє cycle so (Fig. 29):

Fig. 29. Movement Promyslova virobnitstva

Krisa - the main phase of the cycle. Її Ekonomichna funktsіya in kіntsevomu pіdsumku zvoditsya to timchasovogo on yakiys perіod, dosyagnennya proportsіynostі mіzh okremimi Lanka rinkovoї Economy (i virobnitstvom spozhivannyam, virobnitstvom obіgom i). Creasy harakterizuyutsya digit zagostrennyam trudnoschіv zbutu produktsії, zrostayut reserves nerealіzovanoї produktsії. Skorochuyutsya portfelі of order on ustatkuvannya i budіvnitstvo. Sposterіgaєtsya Masov bankrutstvo torgovelnih i Promyslova fіrm. Rozladzhuєtsya fіnansovo-credit system. Zrostaє popit on pozichkovy kapіtal and propozitsіya yogo rіzko skorochuєtsya; pіdvischuєtsya rate pozichkovogo percent. Bankrutuyut drіbnі i serednі banks scale tovaroobmіnu rіzko skorochuyutsya scho generally produces to the great recession virobnitstva; postupovo crisis ohoplyuє OAO All spherical Economy, sprichinyaє skorochennya virobnitstva zagalom.

Depresіyu, zastіy fair porіvnyuyut s pіslyashokovoyu situatsієyu. Pid hour depresії virobnitstvo not rozshiryuєtsya, tovarnі reserves postupovo zmenshuyutsya, Chastain s znischuyut them and Chastain realіzuyut for znizhenimi tsіnami. Ruh kapіtalu mlyavy i nechіtky. Pid hour depresії postupovo formuyutsya minds pozhvavlennya gospodarskoї aktivnostі. Tsomu spriyayut postupove vіdnovlennya rozіrvanih Creasy gospodarskih zv'yazkіv, transfusion kapіtalu to perspektivnіshih areas zastosuvannya and smut - do updates main kapіtalu. Zvyazok depresії s Creasy polyagaє peredusіm in vіdnovlennі main kapіtalu, ale vzhe on new, vischomu tehnіchnomu rіvnі. Tom in the following tsiklі ekonomіka dosyagaє vischoї pіdnesennya point (Fig. 29).

Pozhvavlennya - the following phase of the cycle, yak vіdrіznyaєtsya note scho there leaning pіslya cob krizovoe padіnnya vіdbuvaєtsya rozshirennya popitu on zasobi virobnitstva that robochem force vіdnovlyuєtsya ekonomіchne zrostannya, zbіlshuєtsya zarobіtna board. Do updates main kapіtalu Je virіshalnim chinnikom transition od depresії to pozhvavlennya. Rozvitok virobnitstva suprovodzhuєtsya zaluchennyam pratsіvnikіv in virobnitstvo. Pochinaє zrostati popit on the subject spozhivannya scho stimulyuє rozshirennya virobnitstva on pіdpriєmstvah. Phase pozhvavlennya move in phase pіdnesennya.

Pіdnesennya - tse zbіlshennya obsyagіv virobnitstva, pіdvischennya produktivnostі pratsі, zrostannya DOBROBUT at tsomu ekonomіka vihodit on rіven, yaky perevershuє OAO All poperednі. Konkurentsіya on tsіy fazі boundary zagostryuєtsya, virobnitstvo rozshiryuєtsya vіdpovіdno to INCREASING popitu. Torgіvlya dosit іntensivna, priskoryuєtsya turnover kapіtalu, zbіlshuєtsya propozitsіya vіlnogo kapіtalu trumpery. Rozshiryuєtsya popit on the loan, the interest rate pіdvischuєtsya. Pributki zrostayut, pіdvischuyutsya Kursi aktsіy that іnshih tsіnnih paperіv, torgіvlya yakimi nabuvaє digit rozmіrіv. Especially great rozmіrіv dosyagayut credit and fіnansovі operatsії and takozh operatsії on bіrzhah.