home Economy books Global trading system: rozvitok іnstitutіv, rules іnstrumentіv COT - Tsigankova TM

Global trading system: rozvitok іnstitutіv, rules іnstrumentіv COT - Tsigankova TM

2.2.5. Mіzhnarodno legal basis funktsіonuvannya Reigning torgovelnih of companies

Reigning torgіvlyu slіd vіdrіznyati od Reigning purchases at yakih goods, viroblenі mіstsevimi virobnikami abo іmportnі kupuyutsya Uriadovy zatsіkavlenimi organіzatsіyami (mіnіsterstvami, departments, is the central body of іnshimi Uryadov; organіzatsіyami scho keruyutsya central authorities ob'єdnannyami that іnshimi mіstsevimi authorities Vladi toscho) for Vlasnyi spozhivannya, abo for virobnitstva tovarіv (poslug) for sale at vnutrіshnomu market analysis. When derzhavnіy torgіvlі іmport tovarіv zdіysnyuєtsya bunt rank s metoyu їh vnutrіshnomu sale on market analysis and Produkciya vіtchiznyanogo virobnitstva kupuєtsya for sale on market analysis vnutrіshnomu abo for eksportuvannya.

Sche one suttєva vіdmіnnіst Reigning purchases that derzhavnoї torgіvlі in the furrows of the COT polyagaє in fact scho lands about derzhavnі Je purchase lands s obmezhenoyu kіlkіstyu uchasnikіv, i, on vіdmіnu od Sistemi bagatostoronnіh lands, members of the COT that predendenti membership not to zobov'yazanі neї priєdnuvatisya . Derzhavna torgіvlya Well, Hoca i do not regulyuєtsya okremoyu lands, Je warehouses Chastain GATT and otzhe vimogi to neї Yea i obov'yazkovimi bagatostoronnіmi. In Stattі XVII of the GATT 1947 "Derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva zaznachaєtsya scho takі pіdpriєmstva toil zdіysnyuvati whether yak" purchase sales chi keruyuchist vinyatkovo komertsіynimi mіrkuvannyami, vklyuchayuchi tsіnu, yakіst, korisnіst, tovarnіst, minds transportuvannya that INSHI minds kupіvlі chi sale, i toil nadavati pіdpriєmstvam іnshoї PARTIES dostatnyu mozhlivіst konkurentsії of fate in takіy kupіvlі chi sale vіdpovіdno to zvichaynoї dіlovooї practice "[GATT, s.459]. Viklyuchno vazhlivim in tsomu polozhennі Yea those scho regulyuvannya derzhavnoї torgіvlі GATT Bulo natsіlene on znizhennya destabіlіzuyuchogo vplivu on torgіvlyu Reigning torgovelnih of companies. Navіt in vipadku, if metoyu Uryadov, dіyuchogo through derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva not Je Adding disproportsіy in mіzhnarodnu torgіvlyu, їh dіyalnіst Mauger vplinuti on neї negatively. Napriklad, Zahist Zdorov'ya suspіlstva, yaky obumovlyuє zasnuvannya i pіdtrimannya derzhavnoї monopolії alcohol i alkogolnі nápoje, Mauger seryozno Vivest s balance torgіvlyu tsimi goods. Tom vpliv on torgіvlyu s side Reigning torgovelnih of companies responsible perevіryatisya, analіzuvatisya i kontrolyuvatisya. However, the main nedolіkom tsієї Stattі GATT Bula vіdsutnіst whether yakogo chіtkogo viznachennya of scho Takeo Reigning torgovelne pіdpriєmstvo, abo scho Takeo Derzhavna torgіvlya.

In hodі Urugvayskogo round bagatostoronnіh torgovelnih peregovorіv Bula priynyata Domovlenіst about tlumachennya Stattі XVII Generalnoї lands s tarifіv i torgіvlі 1994 yak viznachila derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva yak "Uryadovі i neuryadovі pіdpriєmstva, vklyuchayuchi Marketingovі Domi, Yakim Bulo nada vinyatkovі abo osoblivі rights Chi privіleї in Besides chislі zakonodavyaі abo konstitutsіynі povnovazhennya at zdіysnennі yakih stink vplivayut Shlyakhov kupіvlі chi sale at rіven abo napryamok іmportu eksportu chi ". [1, p.21]

So rank, navіt Private pіdpriєmstvo, yak otrimuє deyakі spetsіalnі right abo privіleї od powers (SSMSC not rozpovsyudzhuyutsya Sered іnshih uchasnikіv private sector pevnіy the Branch, i nadayut perevagu over іnshimi pіdpriєmstvami) in rezultatі chogo zdobuvaє mozhlivіst vplivati ​​on rіven abo napryamok torgіvlі, Mauger vvazhatis Reigning torgovelnim pіdpriєmstvom.

Neobhіdno zauvazhiti scho Reigning torgovelne pіdpriєmstvo not guilty Booty in vlasnostі powers and takozh mother monopoly position for the dwellers pіdlyagati pid dіyu vischezgadanoї Stattі XVII i Buti subject to the rules of the COT schodo Reigning torgovelnih of companies. Main kriterієm Yea those scho vono koristuєtsya abo spetsіalnimi of exclusive rights privіleyami i, i scho vikoristovuyuchi tsі right i privіleї in svoїh torgovelnih operatsіyah stink vplivayut on obsyagi іmportu abo eksportu.

Derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva mozhut mother rіznі organіzatsіynі form, obumovlenі spetsifіkoyu dіyalnostі: derzhavnі i nederzhavnі pіdpriєmstva, marketingovі Domi, fіskalnі monopolії, poserednitskі agency zakordonnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva.
Marketingovі Domi (abo marketingovі vіdomstva, kontrolnі upravlіnnya) Je naybіlsh standard forms of sovereign torgovelnogo pіdpriєmstva in sіlskogospodarskomu sektorі Economy. Pong zazvichay poєdnuyut in sobі monopolіyu on zovnіshnyu torgіvlyu s vіdpovіdalnіstyu for upravlіnnya vnutrіshnіm virobnitstvom i rozpodіlom. Rіznovidom Je regulyativnі marketingovі upravlіnnya, SSMSC toil funktsії, All related Marketing s house, ale z odnієyu іstotnoyu rozbіzhnіstyu: not stink zaluchayutsya bezposeredno in zovnіshnotorgovelnі operatsії and peredayut realnі torgovelnі funktsії іnshim Yurydychna individuals.

Fіskalnі monopolії Je forms of sovereign private pіdpriєmstva, zasnovanogo, yak usually for organіzatsії torgіvlі goods vnutrіshnіy popit to SSMSC Je porіvnyano neelastichnim and zovnіshnіy, navpaki, elastichnim, zavdyaki chomu Uryadov Mauger virіshuvati fіskaleі problemi i zaprovadzhuvati polіtiku Zahist Zdorov'ya suspіlstva. Etilovy alcohol alkogolnі nápoje, cigarettes, sіl, sіrniki i easily zapalyuvalnі Items - tse goods, SSMSC naychastіshe kontrolyuyutsya fіskalnimi monopolіyami.

Agency Poserednitskі - tse termіn, yaky vikoristovuєtsya perevazhno kraїnami scho rozvivayutsya for zaznachennya Reigning torgovelnih of companies, SSMSC zaymayutsya nadlagodzhennyam kanalіv zbutu eksportnoї produktsії, abo vіdpovіdnogo іmportu through product spetsіalіzovane pіdpriєmstvo. Takі derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva underwrite metі zabezpechennya viznachenogo stage stabіlіzatsії tsіni for virobnikіv and takozh neobhіdnih deliveries vnutrіshnіy rinok.

Zakordonimi torgovelnimi pіdpriєmstvami abo zovnіshnotorgovelnimi organіzatsіyami (fіrmami) nazivayut derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva in kraїnah s perehіdnoyu ekonomіkoyu that in kraїnah scho rozvivayutsya.

Zakordonnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva - tse termіn, yaky vikoristovuєtsya for Reigning torgovelnih of companies in nerinkovih ekonomіkah. Takі derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva vіdomі takozh yak zovnіshnotorgovelnі organіzatsії.

In deyakih vipadkah derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva utvoryuyutsya Uryadov for rozv'yazannya problems natsіonalіzovanih Galuzo. In rozvinutih kraїnah Tsey zastosovuєtsya method for mіnіmіzatsії such negative sotsіalnih yavisch, bezrobіttya yak, scho vinikaє vnaslіdok virobnitstva decline in the Branch.

Main vimogami GATT before Reigning torgovelnih Je of companies:

1. dіyati at Sotho komertsіynіy osnovі i nediskrimіnatsіyno;
2. not porushuvati abo nulіfіkuvati pogodzhenі tarifnі actions;
3. not sluguvati for zastosuvannya destabіlіzuyuchih zahodіv such yak kіlkіsnі obmezhennya abo subsidії;
4. dіyati Prozorov - nadavati vіdpovіdnu іnformatsіyu about his dіyalnіst.

Kraina MEMBER COT i Applicants commit themselves zhorstkі zobov'yazannya schodo vikonannya rules regulyuyuchih mіzhnarodnu torgіvlyu, SSMSC skorocheno mozhna sformulyuvati the following rank: nediskrimіnatsіynіst abo mode naybіlshogo spriyannya, vіdsutnіst kіlkіsnih obmezhen, Zahist rozmіru Tariff Act i prozorіst.

In mіzhnarodnіy torgіvlі was theoretically vvazhaєtsya scho torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva dіyut on osnovі komertsіynogo іnteresu, yaky zasnovany on teorії vіdnosnih perevag, poshiryuyuchi his mіzhnarodnu torgіvelnu dіyalnіst zaradi otrimannya pributku. However, privatnі fіrmi, mayuchi vagomu Vlad on a specific market analysis, mozhut zastosovuvati її in sposіb, yaky minds destabіlіzuє torgіvlі for іnshih uchasnikіv market analysis i, so rank, obumovlyuє bіlshe ekonomіchnu Skoda, nіzh Vigoda.

Derzhavna torgіvlya Je zagalnoyu risoyu bagatoh ekonomіk yak in rozvinenih kraїnah, so i in kraїnah scho rozvivayutsya de okremі sector Economy toil eksportny napryamok Yea i vazhlivimi for vnutrіshnoї torgіvlі. Tse sposterіgaєtsya such Galuzo Economy yak sіlske Gospodarstwa abo vіyskovo-Promyslova complex. Derzhavna torgіvlya Je zruchnim zasobom dosyagnennya tsіley sіlskogospodarskoї abo vіyskovo-promislovoї polіtik such yak zabespechennya pіdtrimki tsіn on produktsіyu, napovnennya budget virіshennya prodovolchoї problems problems natsіonalnogo ekonomіchnogo suverenіtetu that nedotorkanostі.

Krіm of sectors virobnitstva i torgіvlі Promyslova goods s elastichnim popitom, Derzhavna torgіvlya Mauger viniknuti Shlyakhov monopolіzatsії sektorіv Economy, abo Yak zasіb Keeping uryadovoї polіtiki schodo tovarіv abo promislovostі, SSMSC toil strategіchnu vazhlivіst for Kraina.

Statte XVII: 1 of GATT 1994 formulyuє ponyattya nediskrimіnatsіnogo vіdnoshennya to іnshih chlenіv COT: pіdpriєmstvo "when zdіysnennі kupіvlі chi sale, pov'yazanih s іmportom abo eksportom, Obey dіyati way sumіsnim іz zagalnimi nediskrimіnatsії principles of the regime, peredbachenimi tsієyu lands vіdnosno Uriadovy zahodіv scho vplivayut on іmportnі that eksportnі operatsії Private komersantіv "[2, 459].

Neobhіdno vіdmіtiti scho zhorstky mode naybіlshogo spriyannya not zavzhdi vikonuєtsya, yak tse shown in Primіtkah that dodatkovih position to stattі XVII of the GATT, yak dozvolyaє Reigning torgovelnim pіdpriєmstvam vstanovlyuvati rіznі tsіni for sale їh tovarіv on rіznih Rink, zabespechuyuchi tse on osnovі komertsіynih mіrkuvan i vikonuyuchi minds popitu i Offers on eksportnih Rink. Takozh, zgіdno paragraph 1b Dodatkovih position to stattі XVII, otrimannya power "tsіlovih pozik" (if Krajina A otrimuє poziku od Kraina B for dwellers buy goods in kraїnі B) pіdpadaє pid kategorіyu "komertsіynogo mіrkuvannya." [2,496].

Primіtki that dodatkovі position to Articles XI, XII, XIII, XIV, i XVIII, SSMSC chastkovo abo povnіstyu stosuyutsya s kіlkіsnih obmezhen, peredbachayut scho "termіni" obmezhennya іmportu "chi" obmezhennya eksportu "vklyuchayut obmezhennya, SSMSC realіzuyutsya through torgovelnі operatsії, zdіysnyuvanі powers. " [2, c.493]

So rank, zakonodavstvo, yak nadaє Reigning torgovelnim pіdpriєmstvam eksklyuzivnі іmportnі abo eksportnі rights torgіvlі okremoyu produktsієyu not guilty zastosovuvatis them Shlyakhov vіdmovi od іmportu abo eksportu, abo Shlyakhov obmezhennya eksportu chi іmportu (krіm mit, podatkіv, chi іnshih zborіv, chi then formі quotas іmportnih abo eksportnih lіtsenzіy chi іnshih zahodіv), scho Yea torn down Stattі XI of the GATT "Zagalne skasuvannya kіlkіsnih obmezhen".

Derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva shaping can Buti vikoristanі for zastosuvannya number zahodіv natsіonalnoї torgovelnoї polіtiki, SSMSC not vіdpovіdayut locations of cells. Naybіlsh rozpovsyudzhenimi Je torn down obov'yazkіv schodo vіlnogo access to market analysis. Napriklad, Reigning torgovelne pіdpriєmstvo Mauger Buti vikoristano for zabezpechennya Zahist vnutrіshnogo Rinku okremogo product vstanovivshi tsіni on іmportovanі goods on temple rіvnі scho bude vhoditi in protirіchchya s zv'yazanimi tariff actions i Rozkladom COT, and takozh porushuvati statte II of GATT 1994 "Rozkladi act" . Stattі II: 4 i XVII: 3 of GATT stosuyutsya act schodo access to market analysis. So, statte II: 4 of the GATT regulyuє formuvannya Rozkladu act GATT i peredbachaє, scho whether yak monopolіya іmportu particular product, ohoplenogo rozkladom GATT, not guilty, okrіm vipadkіv, peredbachenih CIM Rozkladom chi in Inshyj sposіb pogodzhenih parties funktsіonuvati such rank, dwellers nadavati Zahist, serednіy rіven yakogo perevischuє rіven Zahist, peredbachenogo CIM Rozkladom. Tse stosuєtsya іmportuyuchih monopolіy, navіt Yakscho stink Yea i do not Reigning pіdpriєmstvami. Statte XVII: 4 (b) talk about іmportnі monopolії, SSMSC not Je subject Stattі II (tobto not vklyuchenі in Rozklad GATT) i viznachaє scho takі monopolії povinnі for vimogoyu, іnformuvati chlenіv COT about pіdvischennya іmportu abo tsіni protyagom passed perіodu. Metoyu Tsikh dodatkovih vimog Je Poperedjennia monopolіy slіduvati pogodzhenim tariff actions, tobto obmezhiti dії іmportuyuchih monopolіy schodo Zahist vstanovlennya vnutrіshnіh tovarivobnikіv.

Odnієyu s nayvazhlivіshih problems derzhavnoї torgіvlі in kontekstі mіzhnarodnoї torgovelnoї Sistemi Je nedostatnіst prozorostі їh dіyalnostі. Hoca obov'yazki schodo Notification about tsі pіdpriєmstva boule nakladenі on Uryadov kraїn-chlenіv GATT z 1947 roku, i vіdpovіdnіst realіyam Bula Neznachny.

Vimoga povіdomlyati about derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva i їh operatsії znahodit svoє vіdobrazhennya in Stattі XVII (paragrafі 4 (a)): "The Parties povinnі nadavati Notification parties about the goods, SSMSC іmportuyutsya on їh teritorії chi eksportuyutsya s їh teritorіy pіdpriєmstvami this type SSMSC opisanі in paragrafі 1 (a) tsієї Stattі "[2, c.459]. Vimogi to Notification Je іstotnim Elements in the rules derzhavnoї torgіvlі. According au-Perche, Notification give mozhlivіst kraїnam otsіniti stupіn vikoristannya Reigning torgovelnih of companies in zamіnnika of Quality іnshim overhangs, the General obumovlenimi lands, whether kіlkіsnі obmezhennya, rates abo subsidії. Alternatively, Notification nadayut members mozhlivіst otsіniti disproportsії in torgіvlі, SSMSC mozhut viniknuti s Reason zdіysnennya operatsіy Reigning torgovelnimi pіdpriєmstvami. The format for such povіdomlen Je standard questionnaire priynyata 24 Travnia 1960 roku (BISD 9S 184-185). Exchange glances questionnaire form has been viewed uhvalena kvіtnі in 1998 roku. "Nove i Povny" Notification guilty Buti represented Radі s torgіvlі goods for rozglyadu robochem GROUP yogo, yak zasnovuєtsya s predstavnikіv storіn, vklyuchayuchi Notification for dermal s dvoh passed rokіv. Zvorotnі Notification shaping can Buti zroblenі hand, yak Got pіdstavi vvazhati scho іnsha Party not vikonala svoє zobov'yazannya schodo Notification.

Je Tse Perche butt іstorії bagatostoronnoї torgovelnoї Sistemi GATT / COT, if postіyny target organ for vikonannya spetsifіchnoї funktsії - Conducting Collective Look around povіdomlen about derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva. Look around zazvichay skladaєtsya s serії zapitan to povіdomlyayuchoї hand, SSMSC zadayutsya іnshimi Parties i vіdpovіdey, SSMSC roblyatsya povіdomlyayuchoyu side. Tsey obmіn power i vіdpovіdyami in іnterespah prozorostі vіdobrazhaєtsya in materіalah COT. Tіlki, todі if residual power in predstavlenі pismovomu viglyadі, vіdpovіdayucha Party guilty pismovo vіdpovіsti to food. Robochem grupa Mauger Robit rekomendatsії Radі s torgіvlі s power products adekvatnostі povіdomlen i needed in podalshіy Informácie

Vazhlivim zavdannyam, yak postaє before robochem GROUP Je rozrobka іlyustrativnogo perelіku, yaky pokazuє view vzaєmovіdnosin mіzh Uryadov i Reigning torgovelnimi pіdpriєmstvami, i kind of Act reasonably, in yakih stink take fate. Taqiy perelіk daє sides butt nadannya povіdomlen about derzhavnі torgovelnі pіdpriєmstva, dopomagaє members in viznachennі of companies, SSMSC povinnі Buti povіdomlenі zgіdno Stattі XVII.

Reigning Funktsії torgovelnih of companies povinnі Buti detail vivchenі in zalezhnostі od of chi pіdpriєmstvo s Got the right іmportom s eksportom chi, chi dozvolyaєtsya Private traders іmportuvati eksportuvati i abo on yakih minds, i chi іsnuє Vilna konkurentsіya mіzh Private traders i Reigning torgovelnimi pіdpriєmstvami. On dodatok, OOO All rights osoblivі vinyatkovі abo chi privіleї, SSMSC nadanі Reigning torgovelnim pіdpriєmstvam, so i yak-yak whether іnsha pіdtrimka abo dopomoga, zabespechena Uryadov, guilty Buti spetsifіkovana. Opis responsible include, posilannya on іlyustrativny perelіk vzaєmovіdnosin mіzh Uryadov i Reigning torgovelnim pіdpriєmstvom.

Vіdnosno tsіn, guilty Buti described viznachayutsya yak yak i eksportnі tsіni viznachayutsya natsіnki on іmportovanu produktsіyu. Neobhіdno poyasniti takozh, yak i eksportnі reeksportnі tsіni porіvnyuyutsya s vnutrіshnіmi. OAO All tsі power natsіlenі on nadannya members mozhlivostі perevіriti adekvatnіst povіdomlen for z'yasuvannya rolі Reigning torgovelnih of companies and takozh otsіnki їh vplivu Act reasonably to torgіvlyu.

Questionnaire opituvannya vimagaє od cutaneous Member lead vіdpovіdnu statistics yak guilty nadavatis schorіchno ohoplyuvati ostannі three prophets, for SSMSC іnformatsіya Je available.

Cutaneous member COT guilty nadavati Notification about Reigning torgіvlyu skin rock, navіt Yakscho in kraїnі not іsnuє zhodnogo sovereign torgovelnogo pіdpriєmstva.

Zgіdno s Domovlenіstyu about tlumachennya Stattі XVII Generalnoї lands s tarifіv torgіvlі i 1994 roku, zvorotnє Notification Mauger Robit hand, yak Got vpevnenіst scho іnsha Party inadequate vikonuє vimogi Notification [1, c.22].

Vrahovuyuchi scho Duzhe little vіdomo about derzhavnі torgovelnі operatsії in svіtі, obov'yazki prozorostі Mabuchi Yea one s naybіlsh vazhlivimi on tepereshnіy hour. Chim bіlshe staє vіdomim i zrozumіlim schodo funktsіy i dіyalnostі Reigning torgovelnoih of companies, team bіlshe vinikaє namagan away posilennya zhorstkostі rules scho їmi upravlyayutsya. However, neobhіdno zauvazhiti scho COT not shukaє shlyahіv zaboroni pіdtrimannya Reigning torgovelnih organіzatsіy and skorіsh namagaєtsya peresvіdchitis scho stink at dіyut vіdpovіdnostі s principles i COT rules.