Криміналістика - Біленчук П.Д.

6.3 ROUVITOK OF CRIMINALISTICS IN UKRAINE At the XX century.

The science of criminality and the courts of justice establish in Ukraine the rush to rozvivatis tilki pislja skasuvannya old sudovikh set. The people's secretary was proclaimed in Kharkov of the Ukrainian People's Republic on the 4 th of June 1918 р. Skasuvav old system of ships, politseyskі ta slidichi aparati. Lisha Kiyivskyi and Odesky kabini of science and shipboard expertise were saved. Peterburgsky zgorіv for chasіv revoltsіїї, and Moskovski vzagalі ceasing іsnuvati. With this rank, expert establishments are flooded in Ukraine.

The Ukrainian cabins of the science and shipboard expertise were selling pratsyuvati with breaks, through zmіni polichnichnyh situatsії. So, the Kiev office in 1920 r. Bouvot of robberies by the Poles and the Timchasovo perestavati.

We do not steal a boulo ostavishche at the colshnyh rozshuknih vіddilenney. Stvoreni on the bases of the carnose-rose installation was carried out by the admission of the kul'ka raziv, through those in the result of the disagreements of the rulers, the oblasts, the documents of the buli zinischeni chi pograbovani.

In the established criminalistics of Ukraine, the role of the law enforcement agencies in the game is great.

Beginning the chest of 1918 р. By the decree of the Timachovyi Robotnichesko-Selyanskoi Union of Ukraine, the bulletin of the Allukrainian Nadzvichaynu komisiyu, 14th of January 1919, A boule was taken "Timchasov laying about the people's courts and revolutionary tribunals," and 1 birch in 1919 r. - about the People's Commissariat of Justice (NKJU), which controls the disposition of the courts and syllables. For the legal structure of justice, the boule is subject to a control and slippage.

16 квітня 1919 р. Bullo adopted a decree about prozvadzhennya put the highest people's slydchih, scho were recognized as a people's komisar yustitsii. Bulo has a system of slidychih agencies, up to the anchor included folk sludici ta ich pomichniki at kontrolno-slidichih pidviddilakh mіscevih juridicheskikh vіddіlіv; Osoblivy narodnyi slidichi at the Revolutionary Tribunals and the Supreme People's Cases in the warehouse of the Control and Compliance Departments of the NKJ.

Рада Народних Комісарів (РНК) USRR 16 квітня 1919 р. Has adopted a decree "About the organisation of a carrot", which does not legally zakripiv law of the establishment of the truth in the past few places of carno-rozshukovyh installation, and I vyznachiv єdinu on teritorii respubliki organizatsiyu karon rozshuku. At the meeting of the RRSFR, there are also some small-scale republican organizations that are small singers. The stinkers were lashed to the fact that the KRN rozshuk USRR podporyadkovuvsya NKYU; Warehousing vіn із ship-car rozshuku, to obovvjazіv yakogo included zdіysnennya operatively-rozshukovyh zahodіv, і sudovo-karnoі міліції, yak podkladalos zdіysnennya дізнання.

Рада Народних Комісарів USRR 3 квітня 1920 р. Priinyala "Poslozhnya about organizatsiyu vіddіlіv karnogo rozshuku", yak zakripilo in Ukrainі analogіchnu priinyatіy u RRFSR organizatsіyno-pravouvu form of the incentive apparatus of carnish roshuku. Teper vіn bouv storozovoyu міліції і passing the pidporyadkuvannya NKVS.

The wreckage of 1920 p. Ukrtsentroozshuk vikonuvav great organizatsynu robot z rozbudovyh mіssevih karno-rozshukovyh installation і nalagozhennya їх практичної діяльності. Bulo vidanano Інструкцію з дактилоскопії та реєстрації злочинного елемента, Інструкцію about the order здійснення обшуків, дізнання, вилучення речових доказів that arrests the wines, the tables of the evil man (for kinds of evil).

Інструкції about the robot реєстраційних бюро складали місцеві підрозділи. Osis reestruvali, opisayuchi їх for signs zovnіshnostі s podalshim zavrizniam kartotek z alphabet. З 1921 р. Ukrtsent-rorozshuk having foreseen the same way of reestablishment, zokrema dactyloscopic and anthropometric for A. Bertillon's method. The structure, the superposition in the center, pogbachalosya vimiryuvannya 11 znakoz evil. Ukrainsky Fahіvtsi vimyryvatili vymiryuvati more than one sign - the width of the creased arc, the yaku potim bullo entered into the structure of the Center. The proto was not baked by the method of classification of cih vimiryuvan, but the method of bouves to sub-subjective and inaccurate (for example, the system at that time had already tapped the value and the booze was fixed by dactyloscopy).

Zlochinziv rozshukuvat zdebіlshogo for verbal portrait, zgіdno z priyinyato u Іnstructієyu pro storannya verbal portraits, recommended by the rules fotofufuvannya zlochintsіv i trupіv signalichnim method. This rank, before the entrance of Ukraine to the SRSR warehouse on the її teritory boule, three visions of the evil are perpetrated: for the alphabet, for photographs and for dactyloscopy. Stuets were written in the files, albums, collection of rogues, malicious recidivism. Krudezhki reestruvali in the way vchinennya, made files for prizvyskami tochno.

In 1922 the river. Gubernskie vіddіli rozshuku buli osobennі zakobami dactyloskopvannya that photographer. In Ukraine, a boule was molded єdinu daktiloskopichna ten-finger file cabinet, de cart-cards were classified for the basic dodatkovoy formula of Galton - Henry.

In 1923 the river. Boulo prodvazheno reestraziyu all pokaranih pozbalennyam voli ta primusovoy pratseyu. The methodology of the Vicoryan Dactyloscopic Region of the Bula is such. Agent karno rosshuku district lanski pіd hour затримання злочинця дактилоскопупував його (виготовляв дві дактилокартки), and the chief відділу надсилав їх to the provincial реєстраційного bureau. There fahivitsya z daktiloskopії vivodiv formula і pereviryav її for filing. The protocol at one and the same time with the fingerprint of the fingerprinted the addressee, since there was a wow over there. Yaksho at kartetetsi not boolo potrebnoy informatsii, then nadislan the card was delivered to the card index of the provincial branch of the rose, and the other commentary with the offended formula was turned into the area for the filing of the card file. Identifikatsiyu for daktiloskopіchnuyu kartotekoju zdіsnjuvav dosvіdchenijs daktiloskopist, yaky i dredging the protocol of knowledge. Нині цю операцію виконує експерт-криміналіст за дорученням слідчого чи оперативного працівника; Він складає довідку чи чи висновок експерта.

Borotba zі zhilochinnіstyu na osnovy syvogogo dotrimannya legnostyi demanded vdoskonalennya tehnichnyh zasobliv poshuku, zakriplennya doslizhennya rechovikh dokaziv, zaluchchennya kriminalnogo sudochinstva fahіvtsіv riznyh spheres know.

By the RNK RNC decree of 10 chernavnya 1923 r. In Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, the cabins of the science and shipboard expertise were built, they unmasked their robot on the basis of quiet, early days. Vony zdіysnyuvayut sudyi ekspertizi і served practical dopomogu in rozsledіduvannі zlochinіv. Ці кабінети became an oaserekami vprovazhenzhenna naukovyh znan at slidchu y ship practice.

The RNK RNK decree for 25 quarters of 1925 r. Boule hardened new "Poslozhnya about the cabins of science and shipboard expertise", yaki povinni buli vikonuvati not tilki ekspertizi, but the science and doslidnu robot.

In the Zhovtny 1925 р. The Cabinet of Science and Shipboard Expertise of the Buli has been reassigned to the Science and Technology Examination Institute. Відтоді, власне, і почалася плідна науково-дослідна та експертість діяльність українських експертних establishments, on the bases of which the first Ukrainian school of criminality was formed, including the professors M. Bokarius, V. Fa-vorskiy, M. Petrov, M. Makarenko, M. Matveev, Yu. Sapozhnikov, that ін.

The first directors of the Kiev Science and Technology Examination Institute, V. Favorsky, M. Petrov, Y. Sapozhnikov and B. Vakhlis, were not the organizers of science, but they hammered the vagomy of the vestiges in the practice of shipboard expertise, and requested the hystolic and phizic-chemical methods to supplement the rechovych docs.

The Kharkiv Institute of Science and Marine Examination is a professors of marine medicine M. Bokarius. In 1915 the At pravtsi "Sudova medicine, vikladena for lawyers" vin pobaschiv bagatno praktichnyh pitan zbirnanya doslіdzhenna dokaziv pid hour rosliduvannya zlochiniv. M. Bokarius buv pioneer-kriminalalistom from the ship's medical. Він parshunav pitanny about obovyazykov vikladannya shipboard medicine at the law faculties of universities. For yogo bezsredednyo participants at the Faculty of Law of the Kharkiv University, the course of criminality was hiked. The formation of the ship's expertise in the field of knowledge of criminality and knowledge in Ukraine is based on the experience of M. Bokarius.

Another stage is the development of criminality in the wake-up of the people's state of Ukraine in the warehouse of the Socialist Republic of Moldova, the new economic policy. Tsei period characterize zrostannyam rivnya zlokinennosti, reindeer reposesy z koku yak tsentralnykh so i mіsssevih organіv vladi.

Stvorenі rannіs krimіnalisticheskie експертні підродзділи продовжували functціонувати. Postupov on zmіnu old cadres were rushed to come young, with new ones, we begin to bakhennyam problems, they put before criminality.

Prior to the Kyiv Institute of Science and Shipboard Expertise came S. Tikhenko, M. Zyukin, B. Kirichinsky, Є. Braichevska, T. Bara-bas ta іnshі, yakі zgodom became provendnym vtsimi - fahivtsy y galuzі sudovoї ekspertizi. So, M. Zyukin unmasking the technique of fiction knitting on kulaks using the method of "prozorikh replek", having sprinkled the photographic method of contrasting for the sake of sensitizing photomaterials, yakі ninі vikoristovuyut eksperti.

B. Kirichinsky œ a pioneer of simplification in the practice of infrared, ultraviolet and x-ray prognoses for technical documentation. Він запропонуваігігіннальні methodology of the delivery of material for writing. Yogo praţa "Sudova Radiologiya" (1969) became posthovkhom before the time of the criminalistics of radiological methods of dosage.

Тretій етап розвитку криміналиістики в Україні почався після Друї світової війни з відвлення діяльності інститутів судових експертиз, які було зрукновано, and обладнання пограбоване for чаів тимчасової окупації. At the time of the war, the students of the Cih Institutes of Buly Evakuyuani, Bagatos were sent to the front. Okremі співробітни перебували в окупації і навіть намагалися налагодити здійснення судових експертиз.

The most important thing is the development of Ukraine's criminality, the fundamental nature of S. Gika's "Criminality", published in 1948 p. Українською мовою.