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Krimіnalіstika - Bіlenchuk PD

7.4 Method KRIMІNALІSTICHNOЇ TEHNІKI

Basics krimіnalіstichnogo method Je tehnіchnі zasobi (znaryaddya pratsі) th ob'єktivnі zakonomіrnostі science i tehnіki on bazі yakih skonstruyovano priladit that pristroї for zdіysnennya rіznih vidіv praktichnoї dіyalnostі slіdchogo, pratsіvnika body dіznannya, expert of the ship. Bagato krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki zapozicheno s rіznih Galuzo i tehnіki science, to the method її zastosuvannya in krimіnalіstitsі neіstotno vіdrіznyayutsya od quiet, SSMSC vikoristovuyutsya in Tsikh Galuzo.

Obov'yazkovim Elements structuring method Naukova pіznannya Je іnstrumentarіy (znaryaddya pratsі) - priladit, pristroї, SSMSC often stayut basis for klasifіkatsії zagalnih i okremih metodіv doslіdzhennya. For species tehnіchnih zasobіv (such yak fotoaparat, mіkroskop, komp'yuter) rozrіznyayut fotografіchnі, mіkroskopіchnі that kіbernetichnі metodіv groupies. The basis for klasifіkatsії Naukova metodіv (zagalnih okremih i) take zakonomіrnostі fundamental sciences: mathematics, fіziki, hіmії, bіologії toscho, to the second methodological nazivayut ically mathematical, fіzichnimi, hіmіchnimi, bіologіchnimi. Zrozumіlo have kozhnіy grupі Je Vlasna klasifіkatsіya. Napriklad have grupі fіzichnih metodіv viokremlyuyut optichnі, spektralnі, lyumіnestsentnі, rent-genome that elektrografіchnі, atomic adsorbtsіynі that іn.

Vіdpovіdno to klasifіkatsії scho induced in spetsіalnіy lіteraturі, methods otrimannya krimіnalіstichnoї Informácie podіlyayut two velikі class: Method viyavlennya, fіksatsії th viluchennya Jerel krimіnalіstichnoї Informácie, SSMSC zastosovuyut slіdchy i organi dіznannya (polovі methodological krimіnalіstiki); Metodi doslіdzhennya krimіnalіstichnoї Informácie spetsіalіstom, pomіchnikom slіdchogo she EXPERT (laboratornі, ekspertnі, abo NAUKOVO-doslіdnі). However tsі umovnі titles, more in ekspertnіy praktitsі rozrobleno spetsіalnі klasifіkatsії metodіv krimіnalіstichnih doslіdzhen in yakih the basis podіlu view taken sudovoї Sanitary and Epidemiological: pocherkoznavchі, avtoroznavchі, trasologіchnі, ship-balіstichnі, portrait-krimіnalіstichnі that іn.

1. Methods viyavlennya, fіksatsії th poperednogo doslіdzhennya Retschow Jerel Informácie on mіstsі podії - polovі methodological krimіnalіstiki.

Metodi vimіryuvannya podіlyayut on organoleptichnі that іnstrumentalnі. Organoleptichnі methods - tse procedures in yakih mainly іnstrumentom Je organic chuttya - zіr, hearing, sense of smell, dotik. Organoleptichne sposterezhennya - the main method for cob pіznannya whether yakogo sub'єkta pravoohoronnoї dіyalnostі. The essence of organoleptichnih metodіv polyagaє in porіvnyannі quantities sposterіgaєtsya scho, s uyavnim way metrichnoї mіri chi whether Yakima zrazkom. Takі vimіryuvannya pribliznі, the results їh virazhayutsya ponyattyami "Visokiy", "nizky", "serednіy", "great", "vischy for serednіy", "nizhchy od serednogo" toscho, SSMSC vikoristovuyut for inventory Find our zovnіshnіh Helsinki Human. Not rekomenduєtsya zdіysnyuvati pribliznі vimіryuvannya on mіstsі podії; materіalnі dzherela takozh potrebuyut tochnoї kіlkіsnoї fіksatsії.

Іnstrumentalny method vimіryuvannya polyagaє in porіvnyannі ob'єkta Zi mіroyu the standard symmetric (m, cm, kg, g, cm 2 is the іn.). Rozrіznyayut іnstrumentalnі methodological kontaktnі, bezkontaktnі that kombіnovanі.

Contact method in polyagaє privedennі vimіryuvalnogo zasobu contact s vimіryuvanim ob'єktom porіvnyannі yogo i have Taqiy sposіb s odinitseyu vimіryuvannya. So vimіryuyut Objects, vіdstanі mіzh them slіdi for Relief lіnіyok large-scale, tape measures, folding metrіv.

The essence of the non-contact method vimіryuvannya polyagaє in porіvnyannі odinitsі vimіryuvannya (scale) s optichnim The images vimіryuvanogo ob'єkta, napriklad zbіlshenogo mіkroslіdu in polі mіkroskopa Zi-scale eyepiece mіkrometra. Before contactless nalezhat fotografіchnі methodological vimіryuvannya, SSMSC zdіysnyuyut for Relief spetsіalnih fotoaparatіv i pristroїv (masshtabnoї lіnіyki, meter, scale Glibin that іn.), Pid hour rozmіschenih fotozyomki ob'єktom of order h.

The essence of the method kombіnovanogo vimіryuvannya zvoditsya before scho for vimіryuvannya ob'єkta vikoristovuyut Contact i contactless method.

Fotografіchnі methodological otrimannya kіlkіsnoї Informácie toil bagato perevag porіvnyano Zi zvichaynimi vimіryuvannyami, protokolyuvannyam that іnshimi ways fіksatsії and sama dosit temple tochnіst i ob'єktivnіst vіdtvorennya. Fotografіchnі methodological krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki podіlyayut on fіksuvalnі, vimіryuvalnі, kontrastnі, signal-tichnі, kolororozrіznyalnі, stereoskopіchnі, golografіchnі, elektrografіchnі, termografіchnі, radіografіchnі, kіnematografіchnі.

2. Methods doslіdzhennya Retschow Jerel Informácie EXPERT i spetsіalіstom in laboratory Minds - laboratornі methodological krimіnalіstiki.

Fіzichnі methodological doslіdzhennya nayposhirenіshі, zvichnі for kozhnoї laboratorії. Tsі methodological zbіlshuyut admissibility zdatnіst Zora Helsinki Human viyavlyati th doslіdzhuvati slabovidimі th nevidimі Find our ob'єktіv. For tsogo zastosovuyut optichnі, polyarizatsіynі, lyumіnestsentnі, vimіryuvalnі, spektroskopіchnі that INSHI іnstrumentalnі methodical s time vіdpovіdnoyu Aparatura, yak often z'єdnuyut іz zasobami photo, kіno- that vіdeofіksatsії.

Mіkroskopіchnі methodological doslіdzhennya vіdrіznyayutsya od organoleptichnih tim, scho give zmogu rozshiryuvati spriynyattya Helsinki Human (zokrema zorovі). Zastosovuyut optichnі that elektronnі mіkroskopi. Rozdіlna zdatnіst Perche - up to 2000, others - Ponad mіlyon. Ob'єktami doslіdzhennya Tsikh metodіv Je mіkrochastinki, SSMSC lyudske eye shall not Mauger rozrіzniti - transverse structure zrіzіv lakofarbovogo pokrittya, i metal music warehouse structure roslinnі fiber chastinki ground, bіologіchnih ob'єktіv od Helsinki Human chi tvarin. Result mіkroskopіchnogo doslіdzhennya vіdobrazhayutsya on fotoznіmkah, Aje mіkroskopi spoluchenі bezposeredno s photo she kіnokamerami th vimіryuvalnimi zasobami.

In vimіryuvalnih methods zastosovuyut yak nayprostіshі priladit (lіnіyki, roulette, mіkrometri, shtangentsirkulі, kutomіrnі pristroї that іn.), So i skladnі (teodolіti, vimіryuvalnі mіkroskopi, spectrographs, vimіryuvalnі chromatography, spectrometry that іn.).

Metodi doslіdzhennya in ultrafіoletovih Promen (FPE). Tsі promenі nevidimі for lyudskogo eye; stink roztashovanі in elektromagnіtnomu spektrі for fіoletovimi Promen. The basic vlastivіst PFO - viklikati lyumіnestsentsіyu have zv'yazku s denote the stench Je zasobom lyumіnestsentnogo analіzu. Relief For FPE mozhna vіdnovlyuvati vitravlenі, zamitі text in the document, on the one tkaninah іnshih ob'єktah, diferentsіyuvati sipkі rechovini (ground barvniki) pal-mastilnі materіali, bіologіchnі ob'єkti (disputes Nasinnya toscho) plyami krovі, semen, Slynn.

Metodi doslіdzhennya in іnfrachervonih Promen (ІCHP). Tsі promenі roztashovanі in elektromagnіtnomu spektrі for Cervone; the stench of toil sneak zdatnіst i viklikayut іnfrachervonu lyumіnestsentsіyu. For Relief ІCHP mozhna read! Texts zakritі thin tree ball, Papero, barvnikom, proniklivim for ІCHP. Fotozyomka in ІCHP daє zmogu win a chіtkі znіmki ob'єktіv in tumanі i temryavі (for Relief priladіv nіchnogo Buchan, APR is the іn.). іnfrachervonoї method lyumіnestsentsії vіdnovlyuyut pozhovklі Texti th Ti, SSMSC vidalenі pіdchistkoyu, diferentsіyuyut barvniki, SSMSC nemozhlivo rozrіzniti.

Metodi doslіdzhennya in rentgenіvskih Promen (RP). Tsі promenі toil Mensch dovzhinu hvilі, nіzh ultrafіoletovі; for dієyu stink nalezhat to gamma promenіv. Rentgenіvskі promenі mozhut pronikati through ob'єkti neorganіchnogo that bіologіchnogo pohodzhennya have zv'yazku s denote їh vikoristovuyut for Poshuk taynikіv in stіnah, viyavlennya skhovanok zbroї, vibuhovih pristroїv in valіzah, Poshtova vіdpravlennyah, containers at the airport pid hour looking around the luggage (for the Relief spetsіalnih pristroїv i units). Vikoristovuyuchi RP can viznachiti mehanіzm castle rozpіznati Paper the structure (napriklad, groshovoї bills) toscho. Krimіnalіstichnі methods, yakih zastosovuyut RP nazivayut rentgenіvskimi, rentgenografіchnimi.

Lyumіnestsentny analіz - Suchasnyj visokochutlivy method yaky bazuєtsya on vlastivostі ob'єktіv materіalnogo svitu lyumіnestsіyuvati in razі opromіnennya ultrafіoletovimi, іnfrachervonimi, rentgenіvskimi Promen that іnshimi dіlyankami elektromagnіtnogo spectrum. Lyumіnestsentny method can zarahuvati to ekspertnih yak, so i to polovih. Slіdchy for Relief osvіtlyuvachіv "Taran", UP-1, UV-1 Got zmogu doslіditi document and that vstanoviti slіdi etching perevіriti groshovі bills for viyavlennya pіdrobki.

Metodi doslіdzhennya Retschow dokazіv have yakih vikoristovuyut radіatsіynі dzherela zbudzhennya, nazivayut radіoaktivnimi, іzotopnimi. Radіoaktivnі vipromіnyuvannya toil temple sneak zdatnіst, i tse daє zmogu "prosvіtiti" tovstі shari metal music chi kam'yanoї masonry. In krimіnalіstitsі for doslіdzhennya metalevih i bіologіchnih ob'єktіv zastosovuyut installation s іzotopom cobalt-60, strontsіyu-90. Radіoaktivnі іzotopi vikoristovuyut for applying mіtok s metoyu Poshuk ob'єkta in razі kradіzhki. Zastosovuyuchi takі radіoaktivnі mіtki, slіd Suvorov dotrimuvatisya vimog іnstruktsії s tehnіki BEZPEKA.

Hіmіchnі methodological doslіdzhennya. W klasichnih hіmіchnih metodіv zastosovuyut polyarografіchnі, hromatografіchnі that spektralnі. Bagato hіmіchnih metodіv poєdnuyutsya s fіzichnimi, utvoryuyuchi junction of two physical-hіmіchnі methods. Ob'єktami hіmіchnih doslіdzhen in krimіnalіstitsі shaping can Buti whether SSMSC rechovini is the subject of materіalnogo svitu, if treba vstanoviti їh warehouse pohodzhennya, odnorіdnіst abo rіznorіdnіst.

Hromatografіchnі method zokrema tonkosharova that the gas chromatography, dosit poshirenі in praktitsі hіmіchnih doslіdzhen. Pohodzhennya narkotikіv, barvnikіv, pal-mastilnih rechovin viznachayut method gazorіdinnoї hromatografії on folding obladnannі.

Spectral i adsorbtsіyny analіzi nalezhat to metodіv doslіdzhennya elementnogo rechovini warehouse. For їh Relief viznachayut kіlkіsnі characteristics rechovini on rіvnі grupovoї nalezhnostі (up boєpripasіv, narkotikіv, sticky rechovin, barvnikіv, rіdin - otruti, krovі, Slynn, sechі). Zokrema, spectral analіzom mozhna vstanoviti kind of drug that region Yogo viroschuvannya Chi district dobuvannya gold tobto viyaviti dzherelo pohodzhennya konkretnoї rechovini (napriklad, chi s tsogo Shmatko lead vigotovleny shrіt, tobto chi Je Tsey Shmatok lead Jerel pohodzhennya flakes).

Bіologіchnі methods. Ob'єktami bіologіchnih doslіdzhen Je Objects, mіkrochastinki Roslin i tvarinnogo pohodzhennya. Before ob'єktіv Roslyn pohodzhennya nalezhat Dereviny, virobi s neї, vugіllya village Roslin that їh Chastain (stems, leaves, Nasinnya, Kvity, disputes, grain, grain products). Ob'єktami tvarinnogo pohodzhennya Je hair, fur, outside, pіr'ya, down i virobi s Tsikh materіalіv.

Bіologіchnі methodological doslіdzhennya bazuyutsya on zastosuvannі suchasnoї visokochutlivoї tehnіki that novih techniques. Sered them rozrіznyayut methodological botanіchnі, spore-pilkovі, іhtіologіchnі, ornіtologіchnі, vіrusologіchnі, gennoї іnzhenerії, gіstologіchnі, embrіologіchnі that іn.

Kіbernetichnі methods - zagalne viznachennya metodіv іnformatiki that obchislyuvalnoї tehnіki, SSMSC ostannіm hour zastosovuyut widely in krimіnalіstichnih doslіdzhennyah i praktitsі rozkrittya zlochinіv. Zokrema have pravoohoronnih bodies stvorenі banks Informácie rіznogo stage zagalnostі (DBA-Republic, ADB-TA DBA-district). Zbirannya, obrobka that zberіgannya Informácie banks zdіysnyuyutsya automatic and іz zastosuvannyam komp'yuterіv for spetsіalnimi Programs for Relief yakih mozhna skonstruyuvati portrait zlochintsya Zi slіv poterpіlogo, rozrahuvati danі vessels-avtotehnіchnoї Sanitary and Epidemiological, porіvnyati zrazki i automatic and upіznati їh (napriklad, search Search for zlochintsya vіdbitkami Georeferencing podії paltsіv s).

Krimіnalіsti s time to programіstami osnovі uzagalnennya slіdchoї practice rozrobili type system sposobіv vchinennya zlochinu scho daє zmogu vіdshukati sposіb vchinennya zlochinu for viyavlenimi acquaint themselves.

Suchasnі methodical that zasobi doslіdzhennya th vikoristannya slіdіv smell in praktitsі rozslіduvannya zlochinіv utvoryuyut samostіyny rozdіl krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki - krimіnalіstichnu odorologіyu. Slіdi smell vikoristovuyut for rozshuku zlochintsіv, stolen speeches narkotikіv, boєpripasіv, vibuhovih rechovin for Relief sluzhbovih dogs shukachіv. Robot Zi slіdami smell zastosovuyut Odori-logіchnu valіzu in yakіy Je spetsіalnі priladit ( "Sail") to the robot s mіkroob'єktami. Viyavleny on mіstsі podії slіd smell konservuyut zberіgayut i have spetsіalnih banks Informácie and Yakscho rozshukuyut pіdozryuvanogo chi obvinuvachenogo smell іz bank danih vikoristovuyut for odorologіchnoї іdentifіkatsії through viїmku chi vessels Sanitary and Epidemiological.

Kontrolnі power

1. Shcho oznachaє termіn "krimіnalіstichna tehnіka"?

2. Zavdannya krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki.

3. W yakih rozdіlіv skladaєtsya rozdіl "Krimіnalіstichna tehnіka"?

4. Osnovnі zasobi krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki, SSMSC zastosovuє slіdchy.

5. Tehnіchnі zasobi komplektuvannya valіzi slіdchogo.

6. Osnovnі tehnіchnі zasobi, SSMSC zastosovuyut pid hour ekspertnogo doslіdzhennya.

7. Tehnіchnі zasobi for Relief yakih zdіysnyuyut profіlaktichnu dіyalnіst.

8. Polovі methodological krimіnalіstiki.

9. Osnovnі doslіdzhennya methodical, expert of SSMSC zastosovuє in laboratory drain.