Krimіnalіstika - Bіlenchuk PD

Topic 8 vessels FOTOGRAFІYA

8.1 PONYATTYA, ZAVDANNYA TA values ​​SUDOVOЇ FOTOGRAFІЇ

Fotografіya vessels - method krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki scho Yea system Naukova position and takozh rekomendatsіy schodo zastosuvannya tehnіchnih zasobіv i metodіv zyomki s metoyu rozslіduvannya zlochinіv.

Zavdannya sudovoї fotografії:

• zabezpechuvati tehnіchnimi zasobami that practicality priyomami viyavlennya, fіksatsії that doslіdzhennya materіalnih Jerel dokazovoї Informácie;

• zdіysnyuvati ob'єktivnu fіksatsіyu slіdchih Act reasonably i їh rezultatіv;

• udoskonalyuvati nayavnі that rozroblyati novі tehnіchnі zasobi zbirannya, fіksatsії that doslіdzhennya dokazіv;

• zabezpechuvati principle naochnostі in dokazuvannі that profіlaktichnіy dіyalnostі slіdchogo, dіznannya body.

Sub'єkti zastosuvannya sudovoї fotografії:

• slіdchy in protsesі rozkrittya that rozslіduvannya zlochinіv;

• Operational pratsіvnik pid hour vikonannya operational rozshu-kovoї robots;

• expert of pid hour zdіysnennya Sanitary and Epidemiological that uchastі in slіdchih dіyah yak spetsіalіst;

• predstavniki Gromadska organіzatsіy that okremі individuals SSMSC take fate in order that ohoronі Gromadska BEZPEKA.

Ostannі not know priyomіv sudovoї fotografії i zastosovuyut zvichaynu vіdobrazhuvalnu zyomku podіy, ob'єktіv, dokumentіv, osіb.

Vessels fotografіyu priynyato podіlyati on vіdobrazhuvalnu (for S. Potapov) i doslіdnu. Metodi vіdobrazhuvalnoї sudovoї fotografії priznachenі for vіdobrazhennya materіalnih ob'єktіv i їh Find our scho spriymayutsya neozbroєnim eye, and vessels-doslіdna fotografіya daє zmogu viyavlyati acquaint themselves, SSMSC in zvichaynih minds pobachiti nemozhlivo chi mayzhe nemozhlivo.

8.2-operational vessels FOTOGRAFІYA

Vіdobrazhuvalnu vessels fotografіyu nazivayut vessels and operational, abo polovoyu (for R. Bєlkіnim), more slіdchy, dіznannya chi spetsіalіst body zastosovuyut її in rozslіduvannі zlochinu for fіksatsії slіdchih i Act reasonably promptly that їh rezultatіv.

SHIPS-operative (vіdobrazhuvalna) fotografіya - view sudovoї fotografії scho Yea system priyomіv zastosuvannya fototehnіchnih zasobіv i metodіv fotografіchnoї fіksatsії ob'єktіv, osіb, trupіv, slіdchih Act reasonably promptly i-rozshukovih zahodіv pid hour rozslіduvannya zlochinіv.

Yak usually slіdchy zastosovuє vіdkritі that methodical way to vikoristannya krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki zgіdno s standards krimіnalno protsesualnogo-law and authority dіznannya zastosovuє krimіnalіstichnu i spetsіalnu tehnіku perevazhno taєmnim way. Ostannє not superechit principles zakonnostі that etichnostі, more spetsіalnі zasobi in bіlshostі bezkontaktnі (photo that kіnozyomka, sound- that vіdeozapis) i do not sprichinyuyut fіzichnih strazhdan.

Before metodіv vessels-operativnoї fotografії nalezhat panoramic, vimіryuvalny, large-scale, signaletichny, reproduktsіyny, makroskopіchny i ​​stereoskopіchny. Zaznachimo scho methodological sudovoї fotografії not slіd ototozhnyuvati s views sudovoї zyomki to yakoї nalezhat orієntuvalna, oglyadova, vuzlova that detailed. Method - tse sposіb zyomki and view - realіzatsіya її methylation. Napriklad, oglyadovu zyomku mozhna vikonati vimіryuvalnim, stereoskopіchnim abo panoramic way. View zyomki deposits od zavdannya fіksatsії.

Panoramic method - priya fotografuvannya Dovgy ob'єktіv Chastain Shlyakhov peremіschennya fotoaparata parallel ob'єktu. Taqiy method nazivayut lіnіynoyu Panorama. Yakscho ob'єkt temple, zastosovuyut method vertikalnoї panoramas. Panoramic zyomku mozhna vikonati s odnієї point povertayuchi fotoaparat navkrugi. Taqiy Priya nazivayut cyclorama. Okremі znіmki skleyuyut in spіlnih points. Won Mauger panorama skladatisya s troh i bіlshe fotoznіmkіv. Dovgі ob'єkti mozhna fotografuvati zvichaynim way for Relief shirokokutnoї optics (Mir-1, "Zodіak" that іn.). For panoramnoї zyomki potrіbnі spetsіalnі camera ( "Horizon", the FT 1, FT-2).

The essence of the method vimіryuvalnogo polyagaє in fotografuvannі ob'єkta (slіdіv, dokumentіv, znaryad evil) s time roztashovanim close by the scale (scale lіnіykoyu), scho daє zmogu obsession for znіmkom viznachiti spravzhnі rozmіri ob'єkta porіvnyannyam yogo s odinitseyu scale. Tsei method nazivayut takozh scale, and processes - large-scale zyomkoyu. For zdіysnennya masshtabnoї zyomki neobhіdno so rozmіstiti fotoaparat, dwellers optichna vіs yogo bula perpendicular to ploschini roztashuvannya ob'єkta.

The large-scale method for zastosovuyut perevazhno detalnoї zyomki, fіksatsії dokumentіv, zbroї that znaryaddya, ushkodzhen on the corpse tili, slіdіv znaryad evil. For vikonannya oglyadovoї zyomki vimіryuvalnim method koristuyutsya lіnіynimi chi square scales fіshkami and takozh spetsіalnimi priladit (stereofotogrammetrichnoyu orientation towards MKP-120 Cameras SPM-1).

Stereoskopіchny vimіryuvalny fotografіchny method Je klasichnim. The essence of Yogo polyagaє in oderzhannі stereopairs znіmkіv i їh matematichnіy obrobtsі for viznachennya spravzhnіh rozmіrіv. Tsei method is widely zastosovuyut in geodezії, kosmonavtitsі, vіyskovіy spravі that in іnshih areas, if neobhіdno Shvydko i exactly viznachiti vіdstan.

At 70 Rokach XX century. stereoskopіchny method Bulo vprovadzheno in slіdchu practice in viglyadі stereofotogrammetrichnogo method zyomki mіsts road traffic suitability for Relief peresuvnoї installation zmontovanoї on shasі avtomobіlya UAZ. In salonі avtomobіlya on shtativі Bulo vstanovleno stereo camera 5MK-І20.

On mіstsі podії forward-Horizontal method vigotovlyayut kіlka znіmkіv-stereo, SSMSC rozmіschuyut on the tables spetsіalnogo priladit "Tehnokart" (stereokopіratora). The operator in the automaticity rezhimі nakreslyuє ambitious plans Georeferencing podії. Vikoristannya stereofotogrammetrichnogo method daє zmogu to mіnіmumu skorotiti hour looking around (3-5 IV), before the train on vimogu slіdchogo abo court whether SSMSC rozmіri predmetіv i vіdstaney mozhna will ultimately have viglyadі dovіdki spetsіalіsta.

The essence of the method reproduktsіynogo zyomki polyagaє in zastosuvannі fotografіchnih zasobіv that priyomіv for reproduktsії flat ob'єktіv, perevazhno dokumentіv. In tsomu razі zastosovuyut zvichayny fotoaparat, tripod, podovzhuvalnі kіltsya, wire abo spetsіalnі pristroї type "Spruce", "Belarus" is the іn.

Reproduktsіyu bar without documents can be vikonati fotoaparata pin (Yakscho text rozmіscheny tіlki s one side) abo reflex method іz vikoristannyam visokokontrastnogo fotopaperu. For tsogo on document slіd poklast Arcos fotopaperu, crowded yogo Prozorov sklom i zdіysniti eksponuvannya (zasvіchuvannya); potіm proyaviti Papir i will ultimately negative. W negativity contact method drukuyut positive. Ninі Tsey method is not practical zastosovuyut, more for Relief suchasnoї kserokopіyuvalnoї tehnіki mozhna Shvydko i yakіsno otrimuvati kopії whether yakih dokumentіv have to chislі th kolorovі.

The essence of the method signaletichnogo polyagaє in fotografuvannі zhivih osіb i trupіv s dotrimannyam Pevnyi rules. Signaletichnu zyomku іnkoli nazivayut pіznavalnoyu. Live Person of fotografuyut s vіdstanі 1 m cherzі FAS i profіl rights; for drukuvannya vikoristovuyut znіmki oblichchya in masshtabі 1/7 naturalnoї value. Pid hour pіznavalnoї corpse zyomki once Zi znіmkom in frontal vigotovlyayut znіmki in Rule i lіvy profіl.

Pid hour fіksatsії processes that rezultatіv slіdchih Act reasonably vikonuyut orієntuvalnu, oglyadovu, vuzlovu that detailed zyomku.

Orієntuvalnu zyomku vikoristovuyut for priv'yazki zagalnogo mind Georeferencing podії to navkolishnoї situation. Yakscho dіlyanka chi ob'єkt dovgі, zyomku vikonuyut Panoramic by abo s vikoristannyam shirokokutnoї optics.

Oglyadovu zyomku zdіysnyuyut for fіksuvannya bezposerednogo Georeferencing podії іzolovano od navkolishnoї situation. Point zyomki vibirayut so Bulo dwellers have kadrі The images viklyuchno ob'єkta (napriklad, store, de Bulo seized of kradіzhku). Oglyadovih znіmkіv vigotovlyayut kіlka, fotografuyuchi Location podії s rіznih bokіv.

Vuzlova zyomka fіksuє okremі Chastain (vuzli) Georeferencing podії, napriklad grupu slіdіv nіg, znaryad evil, zbroї bilja hands toscho corpse. Vuzlovu zyomku rekomenduєtsya vikonuvati large-scale way. Nayavnіst lіnіynogo scale on fotozyomtsі daє zmogu viznachiti, napriklad, Elements go, vіdstan mіzh slіdami, rozmіri znaryaddya evil, and takozh roztashuvannya zagalom. Vuzlovu zyomku dorіzhki slіdіv nіg i the agriculture zasobіv zdіysnyuyut panoramic way (for Relief lіnіynoї panoramas).

Detailed zyomku vikonuyut for fіksuvannya okremih predmetіv abo їh Find our great plan i obov'yazkovo large-scale way. Mіkroob'єkti that mіkrochastinki (napriklad, fiber, powder particles, chastki narkotichnoї sirovini, vmіst nіgtovogo bed) fotografuyut velikomasshtabnim, abo makroskopіchnim, method. Yakscho ob'єkt rozmіschuєtsya in vazhkodostupnomu mіstsі (napriklad on visotі) zastosovuyut teleob'єktivi MTO 500 MTO-1000 is the іn.

Makrofotografієyu nazivayut zyomku drіbnih ob'єktіv (shtrihіv letters, numbers, slіdіv pіdchischennya, inserts, dopisuvan in tekstі) Cameras іz zastosuvannyam podovzhuvalnih kіlets. Mozhna dosyagti zbіlshennya to p'yati razіv. Makrofotozyomka mezhuє s detail, Aje, napriklad, vіdbitok slіdu papіlyarnogo pattern - tse taka itself detail, yak i vmіst nіgtovogo bed abo fiber. Tom tsі Vidi zyomki rozmezhovuyutsya tіlki zbіlshennya by step.

Kіnozyomka that vіdeozapis - Process fіksatsії dinamіchnih vlastivostey ob'єktіv, podіy, yavisch, slіdchih for Relief Act reasonably kіno- chi vіdeo camera. Kіnozyomku zdіysnyuyut on fotomaterіalah and vіdeozapis - on magnіtnih nosіyah. Oskіlki fun- fіksatsії signalіv rіznі, then, method CONTENTS The image itself so rіznі. Kіnoplіvka Got Booty in vіdpovіdny sposіb obroblena, i tіlki pіslya tsogo result zyomki mozhna exchange glances. Vіdeozapis daє zmogu bezposeredno pіslya slit abo pid hour zyomki sposterіgati i kontrolyuvati fіksatsії processes. Vіdeozapis, bezumovno, Got perevagi before kіnozyomkoyu. Together s note obidva processes toil perevagi i nedolіki.

Kіnozyomka i vіdeozapis spriyayut rozv'yazannyu such zavdan:

• s documentary tochnіstyu fіksuvati that doslіdzhuvati dinamіchnі podії, processes, slіdchі dії (eksperiment, upіznannya, dopit, Especially if dopituvany vіdmovlyaєtsya viznavati guilty abo schos prihovuє);

• zberіgati іnformatsіyu about dinamіchnі Find our ob'єktіv that vіdtvoryuvati її in sudі, pid hour slіdchih Act reasonably, Sanitary and Epidemiological;

• fіksuvati that vivchati nedostupnі for lyudskogo Zora shvidkoplinnі Process (napriklad, polіt kulі, ruynuvannya pereshkod, point zіtknennya the agriculture zasobіv);

• fіksuvati podії odnochasno in dinamіtsі that in chasі scho daє zmogu virahuvati specific moment Act reasonably, shvidkіst Ruhu chi podіy Quantity per unit hour.

Slіd zaznachiti scho kіnozyomku ninі not practical for zastosovuyut fіksatsії slіdchih Act reasonably.