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Management - Vikhanskiy OS

5.3. Individual and group

The interaction between a person and a group is always two- sided: a man by his own labor, by his actions contributes to the solution of group tasks, but the group has a great influence on a person, helping him to satisfy his needs for security, love, respect, self-expression, personality formation, P. It is noted that in groups with good relationships, with active intra-group life, people have better health and better morals, they are better protected from external influences and work more efficiently than people who are in an isolated state or in "sick" groups affected by insoluble conflicts and instability . The group protects the individual, supports him and teaches both the ability to perform tasks and the norms and rules of behavior in the group.

But the group not only helps a person to survive and improve their professional qualities. She changes his behavior, making a person often very different from what he was when he was outside the group. These effects of the group on a person have many manifestations. We will point out some significant changes in the behavior of a person occurring under the influence of a group.

First, under social influence, changes occur in such characteristics of a person as perception, motivation, attention, the system of assessments, etc. A person extends the sphere of his attention by increasing attention to the interests of other members of the group. His life is dependent on the actions of his colleagues, and this significantly changes his view of himself, his place in the environment and others.

Secondly, in a group, a person receives a certain relative "weight". The group not only distributes tasks and roles, but also determines the relative position of each. Members of the group can do exactly the same job, but have different "weight" in the group. And this will be an additional essential characteristic for an individual that he did not possess and could not possess while outside the group. For many members of the group, this characteristic can be no less important than their formal position.

Thirdly, the group helps an individual to gain a new vision of his "I". A person begins to identify with the group, and this leads to significant changes in his worldview, in understanding his place in the world and his destiny,

Fourthly, being in a group, participating in discussions and working out solutions, a person can also give suggestions and ideas that he would never have given if he had dealt with the problem alone. The effect of human brainstorming significantly increases a person's creativity.

Fifthly, it is noted that in a group a person is much more inclined to take risks than in a situation where he acts alone. In a number of cases, this characteristic of changing human behavior is a source of more effective and active behavior of people in a group environment than if they acted alone.

It's not right to think that a group changes a person the way they want. Often, many people resist the group for a long time, many of the effects are perceived only partially, some he denies completely. The processes of adapting a person to a group and adjusting the group to a person are ambiguous, complex, and often quite long. Entering the group, interacting with the group environment, a person not only changes himself, but has an effect on the group, on the other members.

Being in interaction with the group, a person tries to influence it in various ways, to make changes in its functioning so that it is acceptable to him, convenient to him and allowing him to cope with his duties. Naturally, both the form of influence, and the degree of influence of a person on a group essentially depend both on his personal characteristics, his ability to exert influence, and on the characteristics of the group. A person usually expresses his attitude to the group from the standpoint of what he thinks. However, his reasoning always depends on the position he takes in the group, on the role he performs, on the task entrusted to him, and on what goals and interests he pursues himself personally.

The interaction of a person with a group can be either the nature of cooperation, or a merger or conflict. For each form of interaction, a different degree of manifestation can be observed. That is, for example, you can talk about a hidden conflict, a weak conflict or an insoluble conflict.

In the case of cooperation , a trusting and benevolent relationship is established between the group member and the group. The person considers the group's goals as not contradicting his goals, he is ready to find ways to improve interaction, positively, although with a rethinking of his own positions, perceives the group's decisions and is ready to find ways to maintain relations with the group on a mutually beneficial basis.

When a person merges with a group, one observes the establishment of such a relationship between a person and the rest of the group, when each of the parties considers the other as an organically integral part of the whole, which is a group. A person builds his goals based on the group's goals, largely subordinates his interests to the interests of the group and identifies himself with the group. The group, in turn, also tries to look at the individual not as a performer of a certain role, but as a person completely devoted to the group. In this case, the group takes care of the person, considering its problems and difficulties as their own, tries to assist him in solving not only production tasks, but also in solving his personal problems.

In the case of conflict, there is a contrast between the interests of the individual and the group and the struggle between them to resolve this contradiction in their favor. Conflicts can be generated by two groups of factors:

• organizational factors,

• emotional factors.

The first group of factors is related to differences in views on goals, structure, relationships, the distribution of roles in a group, and so on. If the conflict is caused by these factors, then it is relatively easy to resolve. The second group of factors include such factors as mistrust of a person, a sense of threat, fear, envy, hatred, anger, etc. Conflicts, caused by these factors, are weakly amenable to complete elimination. The conflict between a group member and a group is incorrectly considered only as an unfavorable, negative state of relations in a group. The assessment of the conflict depends in principle on the consequences for the person and group. If the conflict turns into an antagonistic contradiction, the resolution of which is destructive for a person or for a group, then such a conflict should be classified as an undesirable and negative form of the relationship between a person and a group.

But very often the conflict within the group is positive. This is due to the fact that the conflict can lead to the following favorable consequences. First, conflict can increase motivation to achieve goals. It can cause additional energy to action, withdraw the group from a stable passive state. Secondly, the conflict can lead to a better understanding of the attitudes and positions in the group, to the members' understanding of their role and place in the group, to a clearer understanding of the tasks and the nature of the group's activities. Thirdly, the conflict can play a constructive role in the search for new ways of the group's functioning, search for new approaches to solving the group's tasks, in generating new ideas and ideas on how to build relations between the members of the group, etc. Fourth, the conflict can lead to the manifestation of interpersonal relations, to the identification of relations between individual members of the group, which in turn can prevent a possible negative aggravation of relations in the future.