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History of the world economy - Polyak GB

Romania

In March 1945, a democratic government was formed in Romania, and on December 30, 1947, the People's Republic was proclaimed. The first transformations of the new government were in many respects similar to other countries. On March 22, 1945, the government promulgated a law on land reform. The landed land was confiscated and was to be divided among peasants on the basis of private property. Part of the land was transferred to state-owned enterprises. As a result of the 1945 reform, more than 1 million hectares of landlord land was transferred to 400,000 landless and 500,000 small farmers. Thus, natural rent, mortgage and other debts were liquidated. In 1947, the funds of the Romanian National Bank were confiscated and monetary reform was carried out. The government focused on the following issues:

1) the restoration of industrial machinery, transport and communications destroyed during the war, as well as the transfer of enterprises from military to peaceful production, the loading of existing production capacities in the country and the possible increase in the output of industrial products on this basis;

2) assistance to the peasantry in cultivating the land, in overcoming the consequences of a double drought, bringing the acreage, harvests and livestock numbers to the level of the pre-war period, if possible;

3) an increase in the export of manufactured goods that could compensate for the losses caused by a temporary reduction in the export of bread and oil;

4) balancing public spending and budget revenues on the basis of a new progressive taxation system;

5) liquidation of the acute process of inflation, stabilization of the national currency and prices. Simultaneously with the restoration of the economy, anti-capitalist measures were also taken: a number of branches of the economy were taken under the control of the state, some of the enterprises were nationalized, and so on.

In the spring of 1947, the USSR granted a loan to Romania in the amount of 60,000 tons, and before that it freed it from food supplies stipulated by the terms of the truce.

On June 11, 1948, a law on nationalization was adopted in Romania. 1609 industrial enterprises were transferred to the state. It is necessary to take into account that earlier the state owned a number of metallurgical, metalworking, chemical plants and other enterprises. Therefore, after June 1948, not only all large enterprises (with 51 workers and above) were at the disposal of the people, but also a significant number of medium-sized enterprises with a number of workers from 21 to 50. In some branches, nationalization covered all enterprises without exception (color Metallurgy, the production of pulp, paper, cotton and silk yarn, cement, and ten private railways and four shipping companies were nationalized, and after nationalization the state sector in industry became predominant.This enabled the tax reform in 1949 to reduce taxation In May 1948, state trading companies were established for the procurement of agricultural and industrial goods for wholesale and retail trade, and by the end of 1950 all wholesale trade was transferred to the state.

Czechoslovakia

In 1949, the country adopted the first national economic plan, which played an important role in accelerating the economic recovery. By the end of the first quarter of 1950, the prewar level of industrial production was surpassed by 60%. The first five-year plan (1951-1955) defined the development of heavy industry (industrialization) as one of the main tasks. The defeat of fascist Germany led to the victory of the national democratic revolution in Czechoslovakia. On August 29, 1944, an uprising began against the Nazi occupiers in Slovakia, which in May 1945 grew into a nationwide one. In April 1945, the government of the National Front was formed, which began to nationalize large industry, joint-stock banks and insurance societies. The entire energy, mining, metallurgical and military industry, as well as enterprises of the electrotechnical and metalworking industry with more than 500 workers, employees of the textile and leather industry with more than 400 workers, woodworking industry with more than 300 workers, construction materials With a number of workers in excess of 150. By early 1948, 2/3 of the entire industry, all banks and insurance societies had passed into the public sector.

The agrarian reform was carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the decree of June 21, 1945, confiscated the lands of German and Hungarian landowners, as well as Czech and Slovak landowners, who cooperated with the occupants and transferred them to peasants at the rate of 8-12 hectares for each family. The second stage began in June 1947, when the National Assembly passed a law whereby several hundred thousand hectares of land were alienated from the Czechoslovak landlords for additional distribution.

For the rapid restoration and development of the national economy, a two-year state plan for 1947-1948 was worked out, designed to restore the largest plants and factories that were destroyed by the Anglo-American aircraft 14 days before the end of the war. As a result of the fulfillment of the two-year plan, the country's industrial production in 1948 exceeded the level of 1937 by 10%. On May 9, 1948, a new constitution was adopted, which defined socialism as the goal of the country's development.

By 1950, the nationalization of industry (enterprises employing more than 50 people), wholesale trade and the state monopoly of foreign trade was completed. The third stage of the agrarian reform began. According to the law adopted in March 1948, all possessions exceeding 50 hectares were subject to confiscation and transferred to the poor and middle peasants. In total, over 4.4 million hectares of land were alienated in the course of the agrarian reform, and state farms were organized on a part of them. At the same time, the process of co-operation of the peasantry was unfolding (in February 1949, a law was adopted on single agricultural cooperatives).

Since bourgeois Czechoslovakia was an industrially developed country (the share of industry in the total national income was 53%, and for the gross production of the most important types of industrial products and for their production per capita was one of the ten most developed capitalist states), the task of industrialization was not posed - it was necessary Was to modify the sectoral structure and placement of productive forces in favor of Slovakia. The main tasks of the first long-term plan of 1949-1953 were the reconstruction and further development of industry, the change in its structure through the predominant development of heavy industry, especially engineering, the expansion of the raw material and energy base of industry.

Yugoslavia

The occupation of Yugoslavia by the fascist invaders inflicted considerable damage on the country's economy ($ 46.9 billion, at the prices of 1938).

By May 15, 1945, the liberation of Yugoslavia was over. On November 29, 1945, the Constituent Assembly abolished the monarchy and adopted a declaration declaring Yugoslavia a federal people's republic. On January 31, 1946, the constitution was approved, according to which Yugoslavia was proclaimed a state of the working class and the working peasantry. Since the law on the confiscation of industrial enterprises belonging to the German and Italian bourgeoisie was already issued during the national liberation movement in Yugoslavia, in mid-1945 75.5% of all enterprises were in the hands of the state. In October 1946, a law was adopted on the nationalization of large banks, and in December - a law on the nationalization of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises. By 1947, nationalization was almost complete.

Agrarian reform has become an integral part of the transformation. Areas of land were limited (25-35 hectares of cultivated land). All the land above this maximum was withdrawn; As a result, more than 1566 thousand hectares of land were confiscated. The main source of formation of the land fund (about 90%) was the confiscation of lands belonging to large landlords, Germans, churches and banks. The land was transferred to private ownership. The state retained industrial and communal lands, the bowels of the earth, forests and water, as well as lands intended for state agricultural estates (state farms), amounting to 18.1% of the total land fund. The ubiquitous organization of labor peasant cooperatives began. The recovery of the national economy of the country passed quickly enough and in 1947 industrial production exceeded the level of 1939 by 21%. In 1948 the gross agricultural output exceeded the level of 1939 by 7%, and the sown areas increased by 2%.

An important role in the restoration of the national economy of Yugoslavia was played by its economic cooperation with the USSR (under the treaty of 1945) and the countries of people's democracy. However, in 1948 these relations were violated. In 1949 the USSR broke off the Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Post-War Reconstruction. Relations between the two countries were restored only in 1955-1956.

In 1946, a system of state planning bodies was created that developed the first long-term plan for the development of the national economy of Yugoslavia for 1947-1951. On the basis of industrialization, the plan was to increase industrial production five-fold, and the agricultural one-half as much as the pre-war level.

China

October 1, 1949, China was proclaimed a people's republic. The first in a series of reforms were reforms aimed at building a socialist economy. In 1949, the PRC government nationalized the property of the Chinese and foreign bourgeoisie; Began preparations for industrialization. In 1956, when the socialist, i. State, the sector took the dominant position in the national economy of the country, the general line for building socialism was officially proclaimed.

Creation of CMEA

In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was established, as noted in the Charter of this organization, to facilitate the organization of planned economic and cultural cooperation. The CMEA included Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Albania (since the end of 1961, it did not participate in the CMEA). Later the organization was expanded at the expense of the GDR (1950), Vietnam (1978), Mongolia (1962) and Cuba (1972).

The CMEA was called upon to facilitate the reorientation of the foreign trade of the countries of Eastern Europe, whose main partner was Germany until 1939 and served as a channel for economic assistance to the less economically developed socialist countries on the part of the Soviet Union , in contrast to the Marshall plan.

The creation of the CMEA was also motivated by political considerations - it should cement the interdependence of the countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR.