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Zovnіshnoekonomіchna polіtika - Temples VO

6.2.2. Bagatostoronnі torgovі negotiations in furrows "Tokіyskogo round"

Bagatostoronnі torgovі negotiations, furrows "Tokіyskogo round" sider shіst rokіv (h 1972 to 1979 p.). They uzyalo fate of 99 nations, 26 h yakih boule not uchasnitsyami GATT. Boule, discuss practical vіdkritі for vsіh, hto Bajan uzyati participate.

Bulo target organ kerіvny peregovorіv - Komіtet s trading peregovorіv i sіm negotiating groups: s tarifіv, tropіchnih tovarіv, non-tariff zahodіv, sіlskogo Gospodarstwa, sectoral (galuzevogo) pіdhodu, zahisnih zahodіv, s power pravovoї structuring mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі.

In Zaklyuchnomu protokolі peregovorіv Bulo said scho їh Participants rozglyadayut Texti domovlenostey i land, scho dodayutsya to protocol ostatochnі yak, scho not pіdlyagayut zmіnam, i peredayut їh svoїm Uryadov.

To please th domovlenostі BTP scored chinnostі in 1980 i 1981 r. їh pіdpisali practical OAO All rozvinenі Kraina th low kraїn scho rozvivayutsya and takozh deyakі sotsіalіstichnі powers.

Priynyatі pid hour BTP rіshennya oznachayut digit in turn dіyalnostі GATT іstotne rozshirennya spherical її dіyalnostі essence yakogo polyagaє in fact, scho Won viyshla scope for tariff Sotho peregovorіv for mezhі, viznachenі Pervin text lands. Sogodnі mozhna skazati scho lands role in rozv'yazannі nazrіlih problems mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі zrosla.

We discuss it bagatostoronnі torgovі vvіyshla such vazhliva problem, yak rozrobka novih i printsipіv standards mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі. In rezultatі GATT Pocha vіdіgravati vazhlivu role in rozv'yazannі zavdan Suchasnyj mіzhnarodnih ekonomіchnih vіdnosin. dogovorіv system scho sklalasya osnovі on land, practically meant vzhe on to etapі stvorennya mіzhnarodnoї organіzatsії scho vpevneno posіla chіlne Location Sered mіzhnarodnih SET, SSMSC viznachayut formuvannya mіzhnarodnih ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv. This can be konstatuvati scho ninі without GATT virіshuєtsya zhodne nutrition in sferі Suchasnyj mіzhnarodnih ekonomіchnih vіdnosin.

Pіdsumki "Tokіyskogo round" Bulo pіdbito in listopadі 1979 p. chergovіy on 35th sesії. In priynyatomu rіshennі nagoloshuvalosya about Namir kraїn-uchasnits zabezpechiti Yednist pravovoї Sistemi GATT zokrema zaznachalosya scho Kraina-uchasnitsі, SSMSC not pіdpishut lands BTP without zaznayut utiskіv in pіlgah i Rights yakimi stink koristuyutsya, viznachalasya vіdnosin system mіzh authorities GATT i bodies novih land, scho boule zobov'yazanі nadavati dogovіrnim by regular th dostatnyu іnformatsіyu about his dіyalnіst, Bulo vstanovleno takozh, scho The members of the GATT, SSMSC not pіdpisali lands BTP, shaping can Braty fate in robotі їh organіv yak sposterіgachі.

Usі land, priynyatі pid hour 'round Tokіyskogo "spiral on GATT, cutaneous Hoch s they Bula samostіynoyu, more mіstila OAO All neobhіdnі minds scho zabezpechuyut її autonomous іsnuvannya. Vnaslіdok of scho lands BTP zmіnyuyut are uniquely low position in the GATT abo vklyuchayut neї novі the Branch, dohodimo visnovku: BTP lands vіdkrili nova storіnku in dіyalnostі GATT schodo diversifіkatsії that unіfіkatsії legal norms mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі. Neobhіdno zaznachiti takozh, scho in kozhnіy ugodі krіm povnopravnih chlenіv actively take the fate of 25-30 kraїn yak sposterіgachі. Tse vplivaє on processes realіzatsії zaznachenih lands i stvoryuє minds for mozhlivogo priєdnannya to them. Meaning ostannogo fact zrozumіlim camp, Yakscho zvazhati to those scho vzhe ninі chastka kraїn - uchasnits lands in mіzhnarodnіy torgіvlі perevischuє 80%.

Vazhlivy pіdsumok BTP polyagaє takozh in fact, scho Kraina OAO All, SSMSC pіdpisali land, toil zmіniti natsіonalne zakonodavstvo in zaznachenih Galuzo vіdpovіdno to priynyatih rіshen. So, the GATT in rezultatі BTP camp bіlsh zhorstkoyu legal system.

Sche one suttєvim chinnikom Yea those scho PROVISIONS novih land, stayuchi natsіonalnimi laws poshiryuyutsya on OAO All Kraina, zokrema th Ti, scho not take uchastі GATT, Hoca pіlgi scho viplivayut s ukladenih pid hour BTP land, dіyut deprivation schodo powers SSMSC pіdpisali konkretnі land. On praktitsі tse oznachaє diskrimіnatsіyu kraїn-neuchasnits and otzhe, practical obmezhennya dії regime naybіlshogo spriyannya. In rezultatі priynyatі pid hour BTP lands ob'єktivno prizveli before appeared as the title of potrіynogo regime mіzhnarodnіy torgіvlі: for kraїn-uchasnits GATT SSMSC їh pіdpisali; for kraїn - uchasnits GATT SSMSC їh not pіdpisali; for Rasht powers.

In rezultatі BTP Bulo priynyato 12 lands i domovlenostey scho ohoplyuyut Vier groupies power: skorochennya Mitnija zborіv; regulyuvannya torgіvlі for troma GROUP tovarіv (m'yasnі that Molochni products, tsivіlna avіatehnіka); tlumachennya th zastosuvannya Art. VI, VII, XIII of the GATT; stvorennya novih i norms provisions.

Pid hour "Tokіyskogo round" Bulo rozglyanuto problemi away znizhennya rіvnya Mitnija Zahist. Uhvalenі actions in negotiations for pіdrahunkami Sekretarіatu GATT ohoplyuyut mіzhnarodnu torgіvlyu in obsyazі blizko 155 billion USD. (On bazі svіtovoї torgіvlі 1976 p.). The basic act Chastina pripadaє on promislovі goods (Ponad 90%) i deprivation blizko 10% - on sіlskogospodarskі. Pіslya nabuttya lands chinnostі (1 sіchnya 1987 p.) Serednozvazheny rіven Mitnija Zahist rozvinenih kraїn znizivsya at 1970 p. of 7 to 4.7%, and powers, scho rozvivayutsya - s 8.1 to 7.1%. When tsomu Chastina eksportu kraїn scho rozvivayutsya, poshiryuyutsya mitnі actions have not sumі perevischuє 40 billion dollars in the yak. Zokrema on sіlskogospodarskі goods - the basis їh vivezennya - pripadaє Troch bіlshe nіzh chvert tsієї sumi, zdebіlshogo tse tropіchnogo zemlerobstva Flea, in yakih іmportі zatsіkavlenі nasampered rozvinenі Kraina.

Domovlenostі s torgіvlі m'yasnimi that dairy products vstanovlyuyut rules torgіvlі tsimi tovarіv views.

Zaznachenim vneskom dіyalnіst in GATT has been viewed іnterpretatsіya zastosuvannya low її articles scho dіstala kodeksіv titles. Zagalom їh Bulo priynyato shіst.

Lands about zastosuvannya Art. VI of the GATT (Code Antidempіngovy).

Klyuchovim nutrition in tsіy ugodі Je viznachennya ponyattya "dempіng" vstanovlennya kriterіїv at z'yasuvannі zbitkіv od dempіngu, order vіdkrittya th Venue of antidempіngovogo rozslіduvannya, obkladannya antidempіngovimi mitami, procedures rozv'yazannya superechok mіzh kraїnami - uchasnitsyami land.

Lands viznachaє dempіng yak operatsіyu, pid hour yakoї Flea odnієї Kraina nadhodyat on rinok іnshoї for tsіnoyu, "nizhchoyu od їh normalnoї vartostі". According sutі oznachaє Tse, scho product nizhcha eksportovanogo Cena od tsіni tovarіv, priznachenih for spozhivannya vseredinі Kraina.

In ugodі vstanovlyuyutsya kriterії rozrahunku rozmіrіv dempіngu, tobto "dempіngovoї rіznitsі" (perevischennya normalnoї vartostі product on tsіnoyu product, scho nadhodit in kraїnu for dempіngovimi tsіnami). When tsomu on vіdmіnu od kolishnіh provisions of GATT have the Branch tsіy not potrіbno dovoditi scho Yea dempіng the main reasons zavdannya zbitkіv tsіy the Branch.

The basis for the cob rozslіduvannya Je Skarga poterpіloї the Branch, scho mіstit proof nayavnostі dempіngu, zbitkіv od Demba i zv'yazku mіzh tsimi EYAD facts. Rozslіduvannya mozhut rozpochati takozh in razі Claim tretoї Kraina, Yakscho Won nadast proof about zavdannya zbitkіv її eksportu through delivery tovarіv for dempіngovimi tsіnami on rinok іmportuyuchoї Kraina. Vstanovleny termіn rozslіduvannya - One Year.

In kodeksі zaznachaєtsya, scho at іmportі s kraїn s Povny abo chastkovoyu monopolієyu zovnіshnoї torgіvlі de vnutrіshnі tsіni vstanovlyuyutsya powers to direct porіvnyannya vnutrіshnіh i eksportnih tsіn at viznachennі fact dempіngu possible not vdavatisya. Rozmіr "dempіngovoї rіznitsі" vstanovlyuyut porіvnyannyam tsіni "zvinuvachenogo" in dempіngu product s tsіnoyu analogіchnogo product tretoї Kraina (scho Got rinkovu ekonomіku) abo s rozrahunkovoyu tsіnoyu, yak otrimuyut pіdsumovuvannyam vitrat virobnitstva, admіnіstrativnih, zbutovih that іnshih vitrat and takozh Pevnyi rozmіru pributku for analogіchnogo product tretoї Kraina. Yakscho Kraina-іmporter not pogodzhuєtsya іz zaznachenimi ways rozrahunku "dempіngovoї rіznitsі" for the base can take tsіnu product, viroblenogo in kraїnі-іmporterі.

Stvoreny on osnovі lands komіtet uhvaliv decided nadaє kraїnam yak, scho rozvivayutsya, spetsіalnogo regime. Zokrema, їm dozvolyaєtsya vіdstupati od deyakih position of land, napriklad schodo sovereign spriyannya eksportu, vikoristannya kriterіyu vstanovlennya fact dempіngu.

Nezvazhayuchi those scho vnaslіdok of acceptance Antidempіngovogo Code vіdbulasya Pevnyi unіfіkatsіya antidempіngovogo zakonodavstva, uporyadkuvannya dіyuchoї in rozvinenih kraїnah antidempіngovoї practices Quantity antidempіngovih zahodіv not zmenshilas. Navpaki, Yakscho in 1968-1978 pp. Sunset at kraїnah Bulo rozpochato antidempіngove rozslіduvannya 581, the mid-1980 s p. until mid-1986 p. їh nalіchuvalos 853 (without urahuvannya zahodіv ЄS schodo kolishnіh kraїn PEB, SSMSC did not take uchastі GATT).

Neobhіdno zaznachiti scho antidempіngova practice yak zastosovuє Rosіyska Federatsіya mainly vіdpovіdaє priynyatіy in GATT.

Lands about іnterpretatsіyu i zastosuvannya Art. VI, XVI i XXIII of GATT (Code s power subsidіy i kompensatsіynogo mita). Tsya lands regulyuє Dvi groupies power: rules zastosuvannya kompensatsіynogo mita i rules vikoristannya subsidіy.

Lands rozmezhovuyut eksportnі subsidії i subsidії scho Kraina yak vikoristovuyutsya vseredinі іnstrumenti sotsіalnoї that ekonomіchnoї polіtiki. Kraina - uchasnitsі lands zobov'yazuyutsya not zastosovuvati eksportnih subsidіy on OAO All goods, vinyatkom produktіv lіsovogo, sіlskogo Gospodarstwa i ribalstva scho Yea actions kraїnam ЄS de takі subsidії Je klyuchovim Elements sіlskogospodarskoї polіtiki.

Code mіstit perelіk zaboronenih eksportnih subsidіy such yak pryamі podatkovі pіlgi eksporteram, pіlgovі transportnі Zborov s eksportnih tovarіv toscho. Nadaє lands right in razі explicit zastosuvannya zaboronenih subsidіy styaguvati іz subsidіyovanih tovarіv kompensatsіyne Mito without bringing nayavnostі zapodіyanih zbitkіv. Access in all іnshih vipadkah kompensatsіyne Mito styaguєtsya tіlki todі, if brought materіalny zbitok od vikoristannya subsiduvannya. Іdetsya about zbitok (abo yogo zagrozu) yaky bezposeredno zavdany subsidіyovanim eksportom natsіonalnіy the Branch in іmportuyuchіy kraїnі abo Winick through zatrimku in її rozvitku.

Code nagoloshuє scho meta kompensatsіynogo mita - neytralіzuvati dіyu pryamoї abo nepryamoї subsidії. Oznachaє Tse, scho kompensatsіyne mito not guilty perevischuvati rіvnya subsidії.

Lands viznaє scho subsiduvannya eksportu Je vazhlivim Elements ekonomіchnoї polіtiki kraїn scho rozvivayutsya. Tom won dozvolyaє CIM Powers zastosovuvati subsidії th obmezhuє tse right so the title of traditsіynim zasterezhennyam. The essence of the land in tsomu razі polyagaє in fact scho Kraina, SSMSC rozvivayutsya take on yourself zobov'yazannya skasovuvati subsidії s progression in ekonomіchnomu rozvitku.

Procedure vikoristannya kompensatsіynogo mita peredbachaє konsultatsії mіzh parties pozivayutsya scho, yak to rozslіduvannya so i pid hour Demba. Kompensatsіyne Mito administered Vladoiu іmportuyuchoї Kraina on pіdstavі otsіnki pіdsumkіv rozslіduvannya.

Code peredbachaє spetsіalnі PROVISIONS schodo kraїn s Reigning monopolієyu zovnіshnoї torgіvlі. They vstanovlyuєtsya spetsіalna technique rozrahunku rozmіru subsidії abo dempіngu s tim, dwellers viznachiti rozmіr kompensatsіynogo abo antidempіngovogo mita. (Tsya procedure Bula vikladena at rozglyadі antidempіngovogo Code.)

Lands about PROCEDURE іmportnogo lіtsenzuvannya. Meta її - unіfіkuvati formalnostі th hour vidachі іmportnih lіtsenzіy. Got to please zdіysnyuvatisya vіdpovіdno to іsnuyuchih from GATT rules in the i-nediskrimі natsіynіy osnovі. Participants lands zobov'yazuyutsya publіkuvati OAO All rules nd procedures scho stosuyutsya lіtsenzuvannya and takozh uzgoditi іsnuyuchu they practice the provisions of the second zakonodavstvo s land. Code vstanovlyuє procedure for systems automaticity lіtsenzuvannya and takozh for vidachі іndivіdualnih lіtsenzіy.

Lands about the order rozmіschennya Reigning of order (Code about derzhavnі of order). In tsіy ugodі rozglyadayutsya protsedurnі that admіnіstrativnі rules yakimi toil keruvatisya Kraina-uchasnitsі at rozmіschennі Reigning of order, nadannі information The order them i rozglyadu superechok.

Code zokrema, peredbachaєtsya scho Uryadov at rozmіschennі Reigning of order toil stvoryuvati іnozemnim postachalnikam takі samі minds, scho th natsіonalnim pіdpriєmstvam (natsіonalny mode), and takozh zaboronyaєtsya diskrimіnatsіya mіzh postachalnikami rіznih kraїn (nediskrimіnatsії principle). Zastosuvannya land, however, obmezhuєtsya troma zasterezhennyami:

• vono dіє schodo quiet Reigning organіzatsіy, SSMSC vkazhe Krajina, scho priєdnuєtsya to land;

• vstanovlyuєtsya mіnіmalny rozmіr Reigning of order, on SSMSC poshiryuєtsya jurisdiction lands, from 150 yew. spetsіalnih zapozichennya rights (SDRs);

• lands poshiryuєtsya on zakupіvlyu tovarіv i obmezhene colo pov'yazanih іz CIM poslug.

Lands schodo torgіvlі tsivіlnoyu avіatehnіkoyu. Tse bagatostoronnya galuzeva land, zavdannya yakoї polyagaє not deprivation in lіberalіzatsії torgіvlі tsimi goods and minutes from stimulyuvannі tehnologіchnih zv'yazkіv vіdpovіdnih Galuzo promislovostі kraїn-uchasnits.

Main metoyu tsієї lands Je usunennya mita that іnshih obmezhen in torgіvlі tsivіlnoyu avіatehnіkoyu and takozh stvorennya basis for zdіysnennya uzgodzhenoї polіtiki kraїn scho take fate in the market analysis tsogo product. Vaughn ohoplyuє OAO All tipi tsivіlnih lіtakіv, Chastain th detalі to them vklyuchayuchi avіatsіynі dvigun, trainers, materіali that virobi scho vikoristovuyutsya in protsesі vigotovlennya, repair, ekspluatatsії that rekonstruktsії lіtakіv.

Oznachaє lands on praktitsі stvorennya Zoni vіlnoї torgіvlі tsivіlnoyu avіatehnіkoyu. Vaughn peredbachaє not deprivation rozshirennya torgіvlі tsivіlnimi lіtakami i broad the assortment suputnіh tovarіv and second stvoryuє spriyatlivіshі mozhlivostі for pogliblennya spetsіalіzatsії th rozshirennya kooperatsії mіzh pіdpriєmstvami kraїn scho take fate in nіy, obmіnu tehnologієyu mіzh them. Same addition to lands priєdnalisya not tіlki Kraina, scho viroblyayut tsivіlnu avіatehnіku and second Ti, scho deprivation pratsyuyut on market analysis yak subpostachalniki (napriklad, Avstrіya, Shveytsarіya).