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Zovnіshnoekonomіchna polіtika - Temples VO

7.1.2. Widi Mitnija zborіv

Oskіlki mitnі Zborov styaguyut s rіznoyu metoyu, їh mozhna klasifіkuvati for rіznimi acquaint themselves. For tsіlyami styagnennya rozrіznyayut takі mitnі Zborov:

• fіskalnі, mainly metoyu yakih Je zbіlshennya fіnansovih nadhodzhen to the budget;

• protektsіonіstskі scho toil zdebіlshogo trade and polіtichnu Meta.

Neobhіdno zaznachiti scho vazhko vstanoviti viraznu vіdmіnnіst mіzh tsimi views mita.

For ob'єktom obkladennya mitnі Zborov buvayut such:

• vvіznimi, іmportnimi abo scho styaguyutsya s іmportovanih tovarіv abo pid hour Key infrastructure tovarіv s Mitnija skladіv, roztashovanih vseredinі Kraina. Tse nayposhirenіshy view mita, yaky Pocha zastosovuvati ranіshe for INSHI; on Demba pripadaє center crowbars in suchasnіy torgovіy polіtitsі;

• vivіznimi, eksportnimi abo scho styaguyutsya s tovarіv at vivezennі їh across the border. їh trade and polіtichna role in polyagaє zmenshennі obsyagu eksportu Pevnyi tovarіv abo in one unit pіdvischennі їh tsіni. Tsey view mita often vikoristovuyut s fіskalnoyu metoyu and takozh for virіvnyuvannya nizkoї tsіni on vnutrіshnomu i visokoї market analysis - on zovnіshnomu. Krіm of vivіzne Mito Mauger styaguvatisya s tovarіv in eksportі yakih Krajina Je monopolіstom. Ninі Tsey view mita zastosovuyut rіdko;

• transit, scho styaguyutsya for provezennya product teritorієyu tієї chi іnshoї Kraina. Oskіlki OAO All powers, yak usually zatsіkavlenі rozshirennі in transit through їh teritorіyu, more tse bring great dohіd, Tsey view mita zastosovuyut duzhe rіdko i zdebіlshogo s fіskalnoyu metoyu. Bіlshіst kraїn vvazhayut maintained upstream of styaguvati rіznі tranzitnі Zborov: dozvіlnі, gerbovі, statistichnі, fee for provezennya vantazhіv teritorієyu svoєї powers.

For the way styagnennya mitnі Zborov podіlyayut on takі:

• spetsifіchnі, SSMSC Je Pevnyi sumoyu scho styaguєtsya іz vstanovlenoї odinitsі crowbars, obsyagu abo kіlkostі product. Іnshimi words rozmіr mita deposits not od tsіni and od kіlkostі product, scho chi vivozitsya imported;

• advalernі scho vstanovlyuyutsya in viglyadі Pevnyi vіdsotka s tsіni product. Rozmіr tsogo Mita right proportsіyny tsіnі product.

Yakscho tsіni kolivayutsya, ostannі two Vidi mita povodyatsya in rіznomu: from razі zbіlshennya tsіni scrip, yak scho splachuєtsya advalerne Mito zbіlshuєtsya proportsіyno pіdvischennyu vartostі product, todі yak spetsifіchna zalishaєtsya on poperednomu rіvnі. Navpaki have razі znizhennya tsіn scrip, yak scho splachuєtsya advalerne Mito zmenshuєtsya and spetsifіchna, yak i ranіshe, zalishaєtsya on that same rіvnі. Zvіdsi dohodimo visnovku: Yakscho tsіni zmenshuyutsya, efektivnіshim Je spetsifіchne Mito, from nasty razі - advalerne. Nezalezhnіst spetsifіchnogo mita od tsіni product pozbavlyaє yogo pevnoї elastichnostі th znizhuє efektivnіst yogo vikoristannya in trade polіtichnih tsіlyah.

Krіm, in the minds svіtovih іntegratsіynih protsesіv Postal require in porіvnyannі rіvnіv Mitnija obkladannya scho Duzhe vazhko zrobiti for nayavnostі spetsifіchnih rates oskіlki їh rozmіr virazhaєtsya in natsіonalnіy valyutі. Tsі that INSHI chinniki brought before scho ostannіmi rokami spetsifіchne Mito vikoristovuyut dedalі rіdshe. In Suchasnyj Mitnija tariffs Basic Location posіdaє advalerne Mito tobto zmіshanі, abo kombіnovanі, mitnі Zborov - tse kombіnatsіya spetsifіchnih i advalernih rates. Pong give zmogu descho virіvnyati nedolіki Tsikh dvoh vidіv mita s Look їh reaktsії on zmіnu tsіni. Pong mozhut mother rіzny viglyad, napriklad $ 3. per Unit. 1.5%; $ 3. pcs., abo 3% (at tsomu razі Mitnija vibiraє efektivnіshu official rate). Mozhliva second such form styagnennya zmіshanogo mita 3%, ale mіnіmum $ 3. per Unit. i maximum of $ 5. per Unit. Tsey view mita vikoristovuyut vіdnosno rіdko.

Zdіysnennya ЄS єdinoї sіlskogospodarskoї polіtiki zooms viniknennya Especially mind mita, scho styaguєtsya pid hour іmportu on teritorіyu ЄS sіlskogospodarskih tovarіv, so the title of plavayuchogo Zborov, yaky rozrahovuєtsya yak rіznitsya mіzh temple vnutrіshnoyu tsіnoyu on sіlskogospodarsky product on the market analysis іntegratsіynogo ugrupovannya (since been called to come єdina Cena ЄS) i vіdnosno nizkoyu svіtovoyu tsіnoyu to Demba.

Fallow od Kraina pohodzhennya product Mito podіlyayut on takі osnovnі groups:

• Maximum (General abo zagalne), scho vstanovlyuєtsya for vsіh kraїn;

• mіnіmalne scho zastosovuєtsya to tovarіv, SSMSC resembling s kraїn scho toil in torgіvlі s Pevnyi kraїnoyu mode naybіlshogo spriyannya;

• preferentsіyne, tobto Especially pіlgovі rates mita, scho nadayutsya okremim kraїnam GROUP kraїn abo, yak usually tim, scho rozvivayutsya. Pong zazvichay uniquely nizhchі for mіnіmalnі abo dorіvnyuyut zero tobto dozvolyayut A Duty imported.

Іsnuє takozh so grupa Rank spetsіalnogo mita to yakoї nalezhat antidempіngovі, karalnі that kompensatsіynі.

Antidempіngove Mito - tse Especially Vysoke Myto, scho styaguєtsya Ponad zvichayne in razі viyavlennya fact dempіngu for Borotba s Yakima yogo vikoristovuyut.

Karalne Mito - tse Especially Vysoke Myto (at 3-5 razіv perevischuє General), scho zastosovuєtsya proti tovarіv, SSMSC resembling s kraїn scho schodo zdіysnyuyut pevnoї powers diskrimіnatsії, nedruzhnі acti toscho.

Kompensatsіyne Mito - Mito Tse, scho s styaguєtsya metoyu neytralіzatsії subsidіy, SSMSC nadayutsya eksporteru s metoyu pіdvischennya yogo konkurentospromozhnostі on market analysis. During the GATT rules rozmіr kompensatsіynogo mita not guilty perevischuvati sumi otrimanoї subsidії.

For character pohodzhennya Mito buvaє:

• Independent, tobto Takeo, scho vstanovlyuєtsya Holds derzhavnoї Vladi pevnoї Kraina Square od bagato- abo dvostoronnіh aktіv (dogovorіv). Rozmіr tsogo Mauger mita zmіnyuvatisya s urahuvannyam іnteresіv powers without uzgodzhennya s kraїnami-Part-ners. Tse Mito dosyagaє zazvichay digit rozmіrіv, scho pid hour vikoristovuєtsya dvo- that bagatostoronnіh peregovorіv otrimannya to act in obmіn on znizhennya rates Autonomous mita. Yak naslіdok, vinikaє konventsіyne, abo dogovіrne, Mito;

• konventsіyne (dogovіrne) - tse mita rates scho vstanovlyuyutsya in protsesі peregovorіv. Pong shaping can not Buti pіdvischenі Reigning Vlady odnostoronnomu order.

Nayposhirenіshim Je konventsіyne Mito uzgodzhene pid hour peregovorіv in the furrows of the GATT. In Mitnija rates kraїn - chlenіv land (and Tse blizko hundred powers) dogovіrne Mito poshiryuєtsya on the Great Chastain tovarnoї nomenclature.

Neobhіdno zaznachiti, scho cutaneous Mito Mauger Buti zarahovane to one s vidіv vіdpovіdno to klasifіkatsії for zaznachenimi acquaint themselves. For example, in Mito rozmіrі 20% Je advalernim, protektsіonіstskim (fіskalne Mito, yak usually Neznachny) іmportnim eksportnim abo, abo-General Maximum, independent abo konventsіynim. Otzhe, skin Mito Mauger Buti klasifіkovane for vsіma perelіchenimi acquaint themselves.

Krіm Mitnija zborіv bіlshіst kraїn at perehodі product through the cordon styaguє rіznі i podatki Zborov: podatok s obіgu, excise, lіtsenzіynі Zborov (for vidachu lіtsenzії on іmport abo eksport product) statistichnі Zborov, zbіr for Mitnija peeled vantazhіv toscho. Tsі podatki Zborov th takozh pіdvischuyut vartіst product.