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Zovnіshnoekonomіchna polіtika - Temples VO

Torgіvelnі vіdnosini s Rosієyu that kraїnami ЄS

HEAD torgovelnim partner of Ukraine Je Rosіyska Federatsіya. On neї pripadaє mayzhe 78% obsyagu іmportu i 55% obsyagu eksportu. In strukturі eksportu Ukraine to Russie naybіlshu chastku Got Produkciya glibokoї chi dostatno glibokoї pererobki: for goods pripadaє 55.7% obsyagu eksportu on Hotel - 44.3%. Zagalom in tovarnіy strukturі ukrajins'koho eksportu perevazhaє Produkciya metalurgіynoї promislovostі (16.3%), mashinobuduvannya (13.8%), harchovoї promislovostі (8.8%), hіmіchnoї promislovostі (9.3%), and takozh mіneralnі produkti i Rudy metalіv (1.7%). Structure іmportu svіdchit about stіyku zalezhnіst Ukraine od іmportu energonosіїv s Russie such yak gas, naphtha, naftoprodukti on SSMSC pripadaє 68.8% obsyagu іmportnih supply. Rasht іmportu rozpodіlyaєtsya mіzh produktsієyu mashinobudіvnoї, hіmіchnoї, metalurgіynoї, gіrnichorudnoї promislovostі, Dereviny i produktsієyu derevoobrobki.

In torgovelnih vіdnosinah Ukraine s Rosієyu Je bagato problems SSMSC not spriyayut pіdtrimannyu vіdnosin mіzh them. W 1997 r. zovnіshno-

torgovelny turnover mіzh With Ukraine i Rosієyu becoming rіzko zmenshuvatisya. In 1999 the. zovnіshnotorgovelny turnover Rosієyu s becomes 8.04 billion USD., scho 19.4% less then, in 1998 the nіzh. Obsyag eksportu zmenshivsya 17.5% іmportu - by 20.1%. Vіd'єmne balance vzaєmnoї torgіvlі in 1998. becomes 3.4 billion USD., in 1999 r.- US $ 3.25 billion. Taku situatsіyu sprichinila low podіy scho vіdbulisya perіod s in 1996, 1998, yaky nazivayut іnodі torgovelnoyu vіynoyu.:

• in 1996 p. Bulo introduced MPE on іmport of Ukrainian tovarіv; Tsey podatok skasovany CCB at 1997 p, but Ukrainian Flea vzhe boule vitіsnenі s traditsіynih rinkіv.;

• travnі 1997 at p. Bulo zaprovadzheno 25% -ve Mito on Zukor, scho zablokuvalo delivery ukrajins'koho tsukru, zamіst yakogo kupuvavsya Cheap Zukor latinoamerikanskih kraїn;

• have serpnі, 1998. Bulo introduced dodatkove іmportne Mito in rozmіrі 3% i timchasove spetsіalne 20% -ve Mito on Zukor;

• Bulo obmezheno ukrajins'koho imported alcohol that spirtovmіsnih napoїv.

Tsimi taps Bulo Porush Mіzhderzhavnu favor pro vіlnu torgіvlyu mіzh With Ukraine i Rosієyu od 24 chervnya 1993 p.

Obsyagi ukrajins'koho eksportu in Rosіyu skoroti takozh s these reasons:

• through nekonkurentospromozhnіst of Ukrainian tovarіv vnaslіdok zakupіvlі energonosіїv s Russie for svіtovimi tsіnami;

• zmenshennya obsyagіv virobnitstva in Ukraїnі;

• neplatospromozhnіst rosіyskih іmporterіv;

• skorochennya popitu on produktsіyu hіmіchnoї promislovostі, transport, sіlskogo Gospodarstwa in Russie;

• nestabіlne zabezpechennya of companies of Ukrainian energonosіyami i sirovinoyu;

• nespriyatlivu kon'yunkturu schodo tovarіv, SSMSC eksportuyutsya on іnshih zovnіshnіh Rink;

• zagalny ekonomіchny i ​​systemic decline in Creasy Ukraїnі that Russie;

• Non-tariff obmezhennya Rosієyu obsyagіv eksportu;

• phone reception torgovelno-ekonomіchnih s power polіtichnimi іnteresami that podіyami.

W 1997 r. іstotno zmenshivsya obsyag eksportu in Rosіyu h Ukraine produktsії boroshnomelnogo virobnitstva, olії sonyashnikovoї, tovarіv hіmіchnoї promislovostі.

Oskіlki torgovelnі vіdnosini mіzh Rosієyu th With Ukraine toil great significance for oboh partnerіv, the parties shukayut Roads Ahead porozumіnnya i rozv'yazannya superechnostey. So, mіzh kraїnami Bulo Signed Dogovіr i programa ekonomіchnogo spіvrobіtnitstva on 19982007 pp. schodo dosyagnennya rіvnopravnih, efektivnosti i stabіlnih ekonomіchnih vіdnosin. For tsimi documents vzhe dosyagnuto Pevnyi uspіhіv. Rosіyskoyu the side of Bulo skasovano 3% -ve dodatkove Mito on іmport tovarіv, 20% -ve spetsіalne Mito on ukrainian Zukor in furrows tarifnoї quotas. Planuєtsya virіshiti power sproschennya minds transit alcohol that Tyutyunova virobіv, znizhennya zalіznichnih tarifіv transported to ukraїnskoї solі. Yakscho zaplanovanі dії will realіzovanі then peredbachaєtsya, scho until 2010 p. obsyag vzaєmnoї torgіvlі Ukraine s Rosієyu vdvіchі zbіlshitsya.

UKRAINE monopoly deposits od іmportnih supply s Russie, to zmenshennya їh obsyagіv Mauger prizvesti to kolapsu ukraїnskoї Economy. OOO Russian Federation vodnochase Je spozhivachem eksportnoї produktsії Ukraine, scho daє zmogu vizhivati ​​ukraїnskіy promislovostі, pіdtrimuvati vіdtvorennya processes of companies, SSMSC not zmozі realіzuvati his produktsіyu vnutrіshnomu on market analysis, splachuvati podatki th zarobіtnu fee. Torgіvlі Ukraine s Rosієyu spriyayut takozh geografіchna blizkіst kraїn, tehnologіchnі zv'yazki of companies, scho іstorichno sformuvalisya in furrows CPCP, kulturnі traditsії. Otzhe, rozv'yazannya problems dvostoronnіh ekonomіchnih vіdnosin s Rosіyskoyu Federatsієyu Yea one s basic food Zep Ukraine.

Schodo іnshih kraїn LICs, the naybіlshі obsyagi ukrajins'koho eksportu in 1999. falls on Bіlorusіyu (25%), Moldova (1%), Uzbekistan (0.6%), Turkmenіstan (0.7%) i Tajikistan (0.4%). Naybіlshimi Je obsyagi іmportu Turkmenіstanu s (3.8%), Bіlorusії (2.8%), Kazakhstan (1.3%), Moldova (0.3%), Uzbekistan (0.3%) i Azerbaijan (0.3 %).

Nova Zep Ukraine orієntuvatimetsya on rozshirennya th pogliblennya dvostoronnіh zv'yazkіv s kraїnami LICs. Tsі vіdnosini toil buduvatisya on osnovі standards i printsipіv GATT / COT, tobto on vstanovlennі real mode vіlnoї torgіvlі. Okrіm Rosіyskoї Federatsії mіzhderzhavnі prog dovgostrokovogo ekonomіchnogo spіvrobіtnitstva (10 rokіv) UKRAINE pіdpisala h Moldova, Bіlorusієyu, Kazakhstan i Gruzієyu. In stadії rozrobki perebuvayut analogіchnі prog spіvrobіtnitstva s Turkmenіstanom, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan i Vіrmenієyu. Velika uwagi at virobnicho-torgovelnih zv'yazkah pridіlyaєtsya fіnansovo-Promyslova GROUP i transnatsіonalnim korporatsіyam in Galuzo scho stanovlyat zagalny іnteres for bіlshostі kraїn LICs: lіtako-, raketo-, ship-that mashinobuduvannі, vazhkomu that sіlskogospodarskomu mashinobuduvannі, pererobnomu kompleksі, naftogazobuduvannі, transportі th zasobah komunіkatsіy.

Dedalі vagomіshimi torgovelnimi partners of Ukraine will melt Kraina ЄS, Especially vrahovuyuchi єvropeysky vector zovnіshnoї polіtiki ЄS. In 1999 the. on ЄS i Turechchinu fell at 22% of turnover ukrajins'koho zovnіshnotorgovelnogo tovarіv i poslug. Sered kraїn ЄS naybіlshimi torgovelnimi partners of Ukraine Je Zittau that Іtalіya (tab. 9.6, 9.7).

table 9.6

Obsyag torgіvlі goods s kraїnami ЄS

* Dzherela: danі NBU rozrahunki UEPLAC.

In 1999 the. UKRAINE іmportuvala s Nіmechchini tovarіv i poslug for the amount of $ 1 billion. (6.6% obsyagіv іmportu tovarіv i poslug to Ukraine) and s Іtalії - for the amount of 283.4 million dollars. (1.9%).

table 9.7

Obsyag torgіvlі Hotel s kraїnami ЄS

* Dzherela: danі NBU rozrahunki iERLS.

The problem of Ukraine torgovelnih vіdnosin s kraїnami ЄS polyagaє in nezadovіlnіy strukturі їh zovnіshnotorgovelnogo turnover. In strukturі eksportu that іmportu postіyno domіnuє vuzka spetsifіchna grupa tovarіv on yak pripadaє 70-75% zagalnogo zovnіshnotorgovelnogo turnover. In strukturі eksportu Ukraine tse takі goods:

• neblagorodnі threw that s virobi them - 31.9% (in addition chislі chornі threw - 17.7%);

• textiles i tekstilnі virobi - 15.6%;

• mіneralnі products - 11.2%;

• Produkciya hіmіchnoї Leader - 9.8%.

To the structure of іmportu tovarіv s kraїn ЄS Inbox:

• Machines, that ustatkuvannya mehanіzmi - 32.1%;

• Produkciya hіmіchnoї Leader - 15.58%;

• zasobi ground, povіtryanogo that water transport - 8,53%;

• textiles i tekstilnі virobi - 6.99%.

Torgіvlyu Ukraine s kraїnami ЄS uskladnyuyut takozh takі chinniki:

• nizka konkurentospromozhnіst of Ukrainian tovarіv i poslug on Rink ЄS;

• Visoka sobіvartіst eksportnoї produktsії;

• kіlkіsnі obmezhennya torgіvlі Pevnyi goods;

• zastosuvannya status Kraina s nerinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu in antidempіngovih rozslіduvannyah against goods;

• visokі єvropeyskі standardization that tehnіchnі Regulation (sertifіkatsіya, sanіtarnі, fіtosanіtarnі norms ekologіchnі vimogi);

• trudnoschі, pov'yazanі іz zabezpechennyam natsіonalnogo mode i formalities pov'yazanih s іmportom i eksportom, Mitnija otsіnkoyu, Zahist іntelektualnoї vlasnostі toscho.

Rinok kraїn ЄS strategіchno vazhlivy i privablivy for vіtchiznyanih virobnikіv, Especially in metalurgіynіy i tekstilnіy Galuzo promislovostі. However, through those scho at strukturі eksportu Ukraine ninі perevazhayut Flea s nizkim rіvnem obrobki, Won rizikuє Why sirovinnim ЄS appendage. Situatsіya uskladnyuєtsya slit th rozshirennyam ЄS on Skhid, to scho pіslya priєdnannya to skhіdnoєvropeyskih kraїn Shіdnoї th Tsentralnoї Єvropi Ukrainian Flea i virobniki shaping can Buti vitіsnenі s єvropeyskih rinkіv. W metoyu zabezpechennya rіvnopravnih minds vzaєmodії Ukraine s kraїnami ЄS uprovadzhuєtsya system podvіynoї perevіrki without kіlkіsnih obmezhen schodo eksportu h Ukraine to kraїn ЄS stalelivarnih virobіv. Until 2008, p. dіyatime lands about partnership spіvrobіtnitstvo i s ЄS, planuєtsya ukladennya іnshih lands schodo vіlnoї torgіvlі Ukraine s kraїnami ЄS.

Zdіysnyuyuchi polіtiku diversifіkatsії zovnіshnotorgovelnih zv'yazkіv, Ukraine namagaєtsya viyti at the market kraїn America zokrema US. On tsomu high road їy zavazhayut antidempіngovі sanktsії i Venue of spetsіalnih rozslіduvan scho vzhe prizvelo to skorochennya obsyagіv supply h Ukraine to US nintendo metalіv. Okrіm, the problem polyagayut in fact scho Ukraїnі nada regime naybіlshogo spriyannya in torgіvlі on postіynіy i bezumovnіy osnovі, dosі not Nabeul chinnostі konvergentsіya schodo usunennya podvіynogo opodatkuvannya not virіsheno power schodo podovzhennya termіnіv dії Generalі-zovanoї Sistemi preferentsії th poshirennya її for goods ukrajins'koho eksportu.

UKRAINE zatsіkavlena takozh in spіvrobіtnitstvі s kraїnami Latinskoї America. Before promising napryamkіv spіvrobіtnitstva nalezhat nadannya poslug schodo zdіysnennya rozvіduvalnih robіt, proektuvannya th budіvnitstva naftogazovih i energetichnih ob'єktіv. Krіm of ukraїnska Produkciya mashinobuduvannya bіlsh konkurentospromozhna on Rink Tsikh kraїn through vіdstalіst i nizku platospromozhnіst zaznachenih powers.

Torgovelnimi partners of Ukraine Je takozh Kraina Tsentralnoєvropeyskoї Zoni vіlnoї torgіvlі (SEFTA) - flattered Chehіya, Slovachchina, Ugorschina, Rumunіya, Bolgarіya, Slovenіya on SSMSC pripadaє blizko 8.2% obsyagu іmportu that 10.7% obsyagu eksportu.

Rozvivayutsya torgovelnі vіdnosini Ukraine s kraїnami Azіatsko-Tihookeanskogo regіonu, Blizkogo Immediately i Africa. In 1999 the. eksportnі delivery tovarіv i poslug to Azії have become 22.8% zagalnogo eksportu Ukraine to Rasht kraїn svitu for vinyatkom LICs, and to Africa - 4.3%. In torgіvlі s kraїnami Azії Ukraine Got dodatne balance zovnіshnoї torgіvlі scho zabezpechuє rіvnovagu zovnіshnotorgovelnogo balance of power. Bіlshіst kraїn Azії, Africa i Blizkogo Immediately nalezhat to kraїn scho rozvivayutsya i zdіysnyuyut polіtiku іndustrіalіzatsії th rozvitku vlasnoї promislovostі. Up Ukraine Tsikh markets Agricultural Art kraїn privablyuyut mozhlivіstyu zbutu produktsії mashinobuduvannya, metaloprokatu, sudnobuduvannya, hіmіchnih Welcome, energetichnogo obladnannya. UKRAINE nadavati CIM Mauger kraїnam NAUKOVO-tehnіchnі, budіvelnі Hotel, brother of fate in budіvnitstvі ob'єktіv іnfrastrukturi, zokrema shlyahoprovodіv, portіv, mostіv, aerodromіv, zalіznits, energetichnih th Promyslova ob'єktіv. Vodnochase spіvrobіtnitstvo s such kraїnami, yak Saudіvska Aravіya, Kuwait, Algeria, Lіvіya, Nіgerіya, Іrak, Je promising for Ukraine in napryamku nalagodzhennya supplies up Ukraine Nafti second gas.

One s napryamkіv mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі Je fate of Ukraine in mіzhnarodnih transport corridors. Tsomu spriyayut її vigіdne ekonomіko-geografіchne provisions nayavnіst portіv, visokorozvine-on transport infrastructure. In 1994 bereznі p. vіdbulasya Panєv-ropeyska konferentsіya mіnіstrіv transport, de Bulo virіsheno proklasti through up Ukraine takі transportnі corridors:

Number 3 - Berlіn (Dresden) - Wroclaw - Lviv - Kyiv;

Number 4 - Trієst - Ljubljana - Budapest - Chop - Lviv;

Number 7 - Water Dunaysky Way, scho prolyagaє through ports that Renі Іzmaїl;

Number 9 - Gelsіnkі - Singapore - Alexandria (Gretsіya) s vіdgaluzhennyam to Moscow, Odessa, Kishinіv.

Zgoda UKRAINE Pocha rozroblyati s time honored project of transport corridor Baltic (Gdansk) - Chorny Sea (Odesa), and Dali - radіalnogo corridor Navkolo Chorny sea.

In 1998 the. Kabіnet Mіnіstrіv Ukraine uhvaliv programa stvorennya th funktsіonuvannya seven mіzhnarodnih koridorіv in the agriculture Ukraїnі. Realіzatsіya tsієї prog umozhlivit zaluchennya for vіtchiznyanih virobnikіv digit obsyagіv transit vantazhіv, zabezpechit efektivnosti robot rozvitok i vdoskonalennya transportnoї іnfrastrukturi, її rozvitok i vdoskonalennya, іntegratsіyu in єvropeyske that azіyske BIZNES-otochennye, spriyatime stvorennyu dodatkovih robochem mіsts, zbіlshennyu Monetary nadhodzhen to budget pіdvischennyu rіvnya ekonomіchnoї Nezalezhnosti st natsіonalnoї BEZPEKA Ukraine.

Іntegratsіya Ukraine in svіtove Gospodarstwa pov'yazana s priєdnannyam until the system GATT / COT to yakoї incoming 132 Kraina svitu scho zabezpechuyut 95% svіtovoї torgіvlі. Vstup to COT nadast Ukraїnі takі perevagi:

• i zmenshennya tariff, non-tariff access of Ukrainian obmezhen tovarіv on svіtovі markets Agricultural Art scho spriyatime zbіlshennyu obsyagu eksportu її produktsії;

• pіdvischennya efektivnostі structuring eksportu zavdyaki virobnitstvu visokotehnіchnoї naukomіstkoї produktsії;

• otrimannya regime naybіlshogo spriyannya in torgovelnomu prostorі vsіh kraїn-chlenіv, polіpshennya minds torgіvlі s rіznimi kraїnami svitu;

• The fair rozglyad i virіshennya torgovelnih sporіv;

• Zahist vіtchiznyanih virobnikіv od nedobroyakіsnih іmportnih tovarіv;

• rozshirennya mozhlivostey іntegratsії Ukraine in ЄS, Central Єvropeysku zone vіlnoї torgіvlі (SEFTA) INSHI іntegratsіynі ugrupovannya;

• zaluchennya іnozemnih іnvestitsіy i otrimannya pіlg od rozvinenih kraїn;

• pripinennya antidempіngovih rozslіduvan proti of Ukrainian tovarіv;

• zabezpechennya access vіtchiznyanim tovarovirobnikam to svіtovih rinkіv tovarіv, robіt i poslug, otrimannya vіdpovіdnih rights Zahist svoїh іnteresіv on Tsikh Rink that іn.

One s nedolіkіv priєdnannya Ukraine to SOT Je nespriyatlivі minds for vіtchiznyanih tovarovirobnikіv Yakimov potrіbny protektsіonіstsky Zahist Uryadov s side. So, dosvіd vihodu s Creasy such visokorozvinenih kraїn, USA yak, Yaponіya, Zittau, svіdchit about those scho natsіonalnu ekonomіku mozhna vіdroditi deprivation on osnovі polіtiki protektsіonіzmu, tobto Zahist Vlasnyi Rinku th Vlasnyi virobnika. Yakscho sposterіgaєtsya processes degradatsії i zubozhіnnya vlasnoї ekonomіchnoї system nadmіrna polіtika lіberalіzatsії peretvoryuєtsya on mehanіzm zavoyuvannya vіtchiznyanogo Rinku visokorozvinenimi kraїnami, i yogo pіdkorennya rozkradannya.

Dwellers vіdpovіdati minds start to the COT, Ukraine Got zdіysniti reform zovnіshnotorgovelnogo regime, exchange glances normalized zakonodavstva schodo zaboroni i obmezhennya obsyagіv eksportu that іmportu, dotrimannya mіzhnarodnih vimog to tovarіv, scho importing in up Ukraine, uchastі in mіzhnarodnih ekonomіchnih sanktsіyah.