Zagalna psihologіya - Maksimenko SD

2. Method Rozdіl PSIHOLOGІЇ

2.1. Osnovnі vimogi to metodіv psihologії

Psihologіya yak Got science pevnі thing i Metodi vivchennya psihіchnih yavisch. Znannya metodіv i vmіnnya for їh Relief vivchati vіkovі that іndivіdualnі osoblivostі psihіchnogo rozvitku osobistostі - Way to glibshogo pіznannya psihologіchnih Especially osobistostі th vikoristannya Tsikh knowledge of praktichnіy dіyalnostі.

Psihologіya visuvaє to metodіv doslіdzhennya psihіchnih yavisch pevnі vimogi - psihіchnі yavischa potrіbno vivchati in їh rozvitku, vzaєmozv'yazku that vzaєmozalezhnostі; - Method psihologіchnogo doslіdzhennya Got Booty ADEQUATE predmetovі doslіdzhennya, rozkrivati ​​іstotnі instead vipadkovі, drugoryadnі osoblivostі doslіdzhuvanogo psihologіchnogo processes, will vlastivostі chi.

Basic principles psihologіchnogo doslіdzhennya Je yogo ob'єktivnіst. The methods SSMSC zabezpechuyut ob'єktivnіst rozkrittya doslіdzhuvanogo psihіchnogo yavischa, Je sposterezhennya, experiental doslіdzhennya, analіz produktіv dіyalnostі (navchalnoї, trudovoї, sportivnoї) besіda, іnterv'yu that іn. samosposterezhennya method yogo Especially іntrospektivna form, not Mauger Buti єdinim i vіrogіdnim way vivchennya Especially psihіchnih protsesіv, stanіv i vlastivostey osobistostі. Samosposterezhennya easily pіddaєtsya sub'єktivnomu tlumachennyu psihіchnih yavisch, todі Especially, if doslіdzhuvana malorozvinena person i do not zdatna to samosposterezhennya. Well Perevіriti inventory psihіchnih experiences scho doslіdzhuyutsya samosposterezhennyam, zdebіlshogo nemozhlivo. Vtіm at doslіdzhennі ob'єktivnimi methods samosposterezhennya Mauger vikoristovuvatis in formі verbal zvіtu pіddoslіdnogo about those scho i yak pid hour vіn perezhivaє samosposterezhennya psihіchnogo processes Chi camp. When samosposterezhennі osobistіst odnochasno postaє yak yak sub'єkt that ob'єkt doslіdzhennya scho unemozhlivlyuє uspіshnіst doslіdzhennya. Shape maintained upstream samosposterezhennya retrospectively sposterezhennya Yea, Yea zasadovim stosovno yakogo zgaduvannya about perebіg doslіdzhuvanogo psihіchnogo yavischa pіslya of yak vono vіdbulosya. Person of Mauger in Taqiy sposіb opisati, scho Won vіdchuvala in stanі radostі, the bag, fear, yak Won zapam'yatovuvala chi mіrkuvala, rozv'yazuyuchi zavdannya.

Provіdnim principle ob'єktivnih metodіv in psihologіchnomu doslіdzhennі Je Yednist svіdomostі that dіyalnostі, oposeredkovanіst pіznannya vnutrіshnіh, psihіchnih yavisch zovnіshnіm їh viyavlennyam in vchinkah, povedіntsі, movlennі, mіmіchnih ruhah, gestures that іnshih reaktsіyah.

Napriklad, zakonomіrnostі sposterezhennya viyavlyayutsya in stupenі adekvatnostі that shvidkostі rozpіznavannya subject viokremlennya yogo Sered іnshih ob'єktіv, znahodzhennya spіlnogo that vіdmіnnogo them.

2.2. Osnovnі methodological psihologії

Sposterezhennya, eksperiment Sposterezhennya yak method ob'єktivnogo doslіdzhennya widely zastosovuєtsya in psihologії, pedagogіchnіy praktitsі, sotsіologіchnih doslіdzhennyah.

Ob'єktom sposterezhennya Je povedіnka osobistostі in nayrіznomanіtnіshih її zovnіshnіh viyavah, if realіzuyutsya usvіdomlyuvanі that neusvіdomlyuvanі vnutrіshnі psihіchnі camp, experiences pragnennya.

For Especially movlennya, viraznimi ruhami - gestures, mіmіkoyu, virazami oblichchya, pantomіmіchnimi acts (postures) toscho - Can viyaviti th prostezhiti osoblivostі uwagi, rozumіnnya zmіstu vislovlyuvannya, emotsії that volovі of Quality, osoblivostі temperament i RISS nature. Tom vmіle sposterezhennya for povedіnkoyu ditini that matured daє mozhlivіst s temple vіrogіdnіstyu ROBIT visnovki about їhnі vnutrіshnі, duhovnі osoblivostі.

Sposterezhennya Mauger Buti zvichaynim (Buchan, sluhannya) that іnstrumentalnim, if Buchan th pochute in Helsinki Human povedіntsі fіksuєtsya for Relief photo, kіnoaparata abo magnіtofona. Іnstrumentalne sposterezhennya daє mozhlivіst dokumentuvati all scho sposterіgaєtsya and to th glibshe analіzuvati, porіvnyuvati.

Psihologіchne Naukova sposterezhennya potrіbno vіdrіznyati od pobutovogo. Naukova sposterezhennya not obmezhuєtsya inventory zovnіshno viyavlenogo and pronikaє in sutnіst yavisch, z'yasovuє Reason quiet chi іnshih aktіv povedіnki th CIM rozkrivaє їh psihologіchnu nature. Dwellers navchati th vihovuvati ditinu, potrіbno on osnovі sposterezhenogo rozkrivati ​​psihologіchnі mehanіzmi, spiratit they have navchalnovihovnіy robotі, rozvivati ​​i vdoskonalyuvati їh.

Disposables sposterezhennya for Yakima yavischem in povedіntsі that dіyalnostі osobistostі nedostatno for dwellers ROBIT visnovki about її psihіchny warehouse Rozum, pochuttya, will, RISS character, temperament, tsіlespryamovanіst, moralnі of Quality. To dwellers uniknuti vipadkovih sudzhen, potrіbnі kіlkarazovі sposterezhennya quiet chi іnshih moral psihologіchnih Especially in rіznih minds i on rіznomanіtnomu materіalі. For disposable abo vipadkovim viyavlennyam uspіhіv mozhna not to judge, skazhіmo, about zdіbnostі osobistostі, strength її pam'yatі chi mislennya.

Sposterezhennya dwellers gained Naukova character vono Got vіdpovіdati Pevnyi vimogam - Buti tsіlespryamovanim instead vipadkovim; - Zdіysnyuvatisya planomіrno th systematically; - Buti zabezpechenim dostatnoyu іnformatsієyu about sposterezhuvane yavische (yakomoga bіlshoyu kіlkіstyu faktіv); - Exactly fіksuvati result sposterezhennya.

Naukova sposterezhennya visuvaє pevnі vimogi minutes to NKVD yakostey doslіdnika. Zokrema, vіn guilty mother takі of Quality: • Buti ob'єktivnim at fіksatsії, verbal opisі that klasifіkatsії sposterezhen; • volodіti him, tobto yogo nastrіy that osobistі harakterologіchnі of Quality not povinnі vplivati ​​on sposterezhennya that poznachatisya on nomu that visnovkah; • Do not Buti tendentsіyno uperedzhenim in organіzatsії sposterezhennya that ochіkuvannі yogo naslіdkіv, dwellers not zrobiti bezpіdstavnih visnovkіv; • Do not pіddavatisya Perche vrazhennyam about pіddoslіdnogo; • Do not Buti poblazhlivim schodo pіddoslіdnogo; • Do not pripisuvati pіddoslіdnomu Vlasnyi yakostey i yogo not poyasnyuvati povedіnku s vlasnoї pozitsії.

Ob'єktivnіst Got harakterizuvati all processes doslіdzhennya th Buti viznachalnim chinnikom for visnovkіv.

Sposterezhennya potrebuє chіtkostі th tochnostі fіksatsії danih. For tsogo vikoristovuyut pevnі forms. Navedemo s one of them.

Form fіksatsії rezultatіv sposterezhennya For yakih minds zdіysnyuvalos sposterezhennya Shcho viyavleno in protsesі sposterezhennya Explanation danih sposterezhennya Shcho sposterіgalosya date sposterezhennya Sposterezhennya vikoristovuєtsya at zastosuvannі vsіh іnshih metodіv vivchennya psihіchnih protsesіv that vlastivostey osobistostі.

Nayefektivnіshim i nayplіdnіshim s Naukova Look Je experiental doslіdzhennya, if doslіdzhuvane yavische vivchaєtsya in rіznih minds that obstavinah. For this method, you can gliboko i s temple tochnіstyu vivchati doslіdzhuvanu psihologіchnu zakonomіrnіst.

Eksperiment Yea one s basic metodіv psihologії. Osoblivіst polyagaє yogo in fact, scho doslіdnik himself stvoryuє minds for yakih doslіdzhuvane yavische vinikaє neodmіnno th zakonomіrno. When tsomu doslіdnik dіstaє mozhlivіst chіtko viznachiti chinniki, SSMSC dіyali when she viniknennya perebіgu doslіdzhuvanogo yavischa, rozkriti reason, scho yogo zooms and takozh in razі require povtoriti doslіd s metoyu nagromadzhennya dodatkovih vіdomostey for obgruntuvannya rezultatіv obsession.

Rozrіznyayut eksperimenti that natural laboratory. Purshia held at spetsіalnih psihologіchnih laboratorіyah for Relief vіdpovіdnoї Aparatura, the other - at zvichaynih for pіddoslіdnogo minds dіyalnostі (at klasі, pid hour robots). Natural eksperiment, yak i laboratory, carried out for Pevnyi Programs, ale so scientists do not znav dwellers, scho yogo doslіdzhuyut, i rozv'yazuvav svoї zavdannya spokіyno have zvichnomu for Demba tempі, s pritamannimi Yomou harakterologіchnimi Especially i representations to The Teaching, labor, sports that іnshih doruchen.

Rіznovidom natural eksperimentu Je peretvoryuvalny (The Teaching that vihovny).

Otzhe, experiental pіdhіd in vivchennі osobistostі mozhna zabezpechiti such methods, yak sposterezhennya, besіda, іnterv'yu, questionnaire doslіdzhennya, Yakscho subject doslіdzhennya vivchatimetsya rіznimi ways i in rіznih minds of yak potrebuє eksperiment.