home Other disciplines Logіstika - Kalchenko AG

Logіstika - Kalchenko AG

ROZDІL 1.LOGІSTIKA UC ІNSTRUMENT ROZVINUTOЇ RINKOVOЇ Economy

1.1. PONYATTYA LOGІSTIKI TA RІVNІ ЇЇ ROZVITKU

Logіstika - dosit basis for us ponyattya: bіblіografіya slit not vidіlyaє її yak samostіyny Naukova pіdpriєmstvah eg in Ukraine, SSMSC tіlki pochinayut pridіlyati їy uwagi and vіtchiznyanі lіteraturnі dzherela, prisvyachenі tsіy problemі can pererahuvati on the fingers.

Zakordonnі authoritarian publіkatsіy s logіstiki pіdkreslyuyut її samostіyny have to chislі th od marketing character. In nashіy kraїnі Pokey scho Absent єdnostі dumok stosovno tsogo direct knowledge i logіstika not rozglyadaєtsya yak autonomous science.

"Vіdnovlennya rights" in logіstiki Ukraїnі - the right hour, Aje power efektivnostі virobnicho-rozpodіlchih vіdnosin duzhe aktualnі not have tіlki Suchasnyj krizovoe minds, and in the second maybutnomu.

The word "logіstika" (od Graetz logistike -. Maysternіst pіdrahovuvati, mіrkuvati) bere svoї round slit s chasіv Rimskoї іmperії, if іsnuvali spetsіalnі sluzhbovtsі "logіsti" abo "logіstiki" SSMSC Ziman rozpodіlom produktіv harchuvannya. Well Sciences logіstika became zavdyaki vіyskovіy spravі. So, vіzantіysky іmperator Leon VI (... 825-912 pp n e) giving їy TAKE viznachennya "Zavdannya logіstiki - splachuvati Pay armії, nalezhnim rank ozbroyuvati that rozpodіlyati її, postachati The Weapon i vіyskove sporyadzhennya, svoєchasno i dostatnoyu mіroyu pіkluvatisya about її require th vіdpovіdno gotuvati Leather act vіyskovogo campaign, tobto pіdrahovuvati Prostir i hour ROBIT correctly analіz mіstsevostі s point Zora peresuvannya armії and takozh viznachati Seeley support suprotivnika i zgіdno s tsimi funktsіyami upravlyati th keruvati, tobto rozporyadzhatisya Rukh i rozpodіlom Vlasnyi zbroynih forces. "

Іstorichno Vpershe upravlіnnya materіalnimi flows zdіysnyuvalosya at peresuvannі vіysk for yakimi yshli s food supply trains that vіyskovim sporyadzhennyam. The brainchild polkovodtsіv i mіnliva vіyskova situatsіya vimagali od vіysk that fleet Folding manevrіv, Change log marshrutіv peresuvannya, pributtya to Georeferencing priznachennya viznacheny in exactly an hour. Tom termіn "logіstika" (in perekladі oznachaє "Applied Mathematics") Vpershe z'yavivsya in vіyskovіy spravі i becoming zvichnim on cob XIX stolіttya in perіod napoleonіvskih vіyn.

Nezvazhayuchi on Pervin vіyskovu spetsifіku, tse viznachennya printsipovo podіbne to Suchasnyj formulyuvan.

Lachey in 1000 rokіv have perіod Druha svіtovoї vіyni, principles logіstiki Pocha uspіshno vtіlyuvatisya in Zhittya, if in the US, she CPCP іnshih kraїnah vivchalisya vlastivostі operatsіy, pov'yazanih s upravlіnnyam materіalnimi flows. In Tsei Bulo held perіod doslіdzhennya scho stosuvalosya problems vіyskovogo postachannya that Tilova zabezpechennya front, rozrobleno matematichnі methodological th modelі, SSMSC h hour dіstali titles "doslіdzhennya operatsіy".

Perche author Prace s logіstiki vvazhayut frantsuzkogo vіyskovogo fahіvtsya cob XX stolіttya AG Dzhamіnі, yaky viznachiv logіstiku yak "practicality Mistetstvo Ruhu vіysk". Together s note Dzhamіnі stverdzhuvav scho logіstika stosuєtsya not tіlki transported, ale th ohoplyuє wider colo іnshih power: planuvannya, upravlіnnya, postachannya, viznachennya mіsts dislokatsії vіysk, budіvnitstvo mostіv, shlyahіv toscho.

In rozvinutih kraїnah vnaslіdok energetichnoї Creasy kontseptsіya logіstiki sformuvalasya naprikіntsі 70 rokіv, yak rozvitok іdey system pіdhodu to organіzatsії upravlіnnya. Ninі tsya kontseptsіya progoloshuєtsya deyakimi fahіvtsyami not enough yak "new fіlosofіya upravlіnnya", "tretіy ratsіonalіzatsії Way." Takі guchnі titles not bezpіdstavnі, i stink pіdtverdzhuyutsya figures. So, kraїnah Zahіdnoї Єvropi mayzhe 98% o'clock virobnitstva product pripadaє on prohodzhennya yogo channels materіalno-tehnіchnogo zabezpechennya (delivery sirovini that transportuvannya gotovoї produktsії i bunt rank zberіgannya). Vlasnyi virobnitstvo zaymaє deprivation 2% sumarno hour and transportuvannya - 5%. Obviously, scho treba reserve shukati Sered Tsikh 98%. Krіm addition, zahіdnoєvropeyskih kraїnah vitrati on All types dіyalnostі, pov'yazanoї s materіalno-tehnіchnim zabezpechennyam, stanovlyat blizko 13% vartostі natsіonalnogo gross product. Structure Tsikh vitrat taka: on transportuvannya pripadaє 41% zaznachenih vitrat on zberіgannya product - 21%, on materіalnі reserves - 23%, on admіnіstrativnі vitrati - 15%. Poshuk shlyahіv skorochennya vitrat vіdbuvaєtsya in napryamі vdoskonalennya upravlіnnya postachannyam, zbutom that zberіgannyam tovarіv, pokraschannya marketingovoї dіyalnostі, pogliblennya vzaєmodії postachalnikіv, spozhivachіv that poserednikіv, udoskonalennya tehnologії Ruhu materіalnih potokіv i t. Іn. Kontseptsіya іntegratsії protsesіv Got Tsikh NAME "logіstika". Namagannya mіnіmіzuvati sumarnі vitrati, pіdvischiti yakіst not vipadkove. In kraїnah s rozvinutoyu rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu per sector rozpodіlu, yak usually pripadaє blizko 1/3 natsіonalnogo gross product. When tsomu mayzhe half tsogo pokaznika pripadaє on zberіgannya zapasіv materіalnih resursіv. For the sake of danimi s upravlіnnya materіalnim rozpodіlom US nadmіrne zrostannya produktivnostі pratsі in logіstichnіy dіyalnostі zabezpechuє skorochennya corporative vitrat 10-20%. Analogіchna efektivnіst sposterіgaєtsya th at ryadі іnshih kraїn.

In osnovі skorochennya vitrat polyagaє vіdmova od mіnіmіzatsії vitrat okremih napryamіv dіyalnostі fіrm (zberіgannya zapasіv, zbut, postachannya, transportuvannya i t. Іn.), To scho Won daє deprivation obmezhenu ekonomіyu i spriyaє prihovuvannyu neefektivnih areas tsієї dіyalnostі. Vіdomo scho-yak whether zmіna vitrat in one s vidіv dіyalnostі, Tse bude transported, skladuvannya chi virobnitstvo, obov'yazkovo vplivaє on sumіzhnі processes, ale not obov'yazkovo adequately. So, Duzhe often sproba maximum zniziti vitrati transported to staє zadorogoyu for fіrmi in tsіlomu, Yakscho її transport pіdrozdіl domagaєtsya їh skorochennya, prinosyachi have sacrificed shvidkіst i Especially nadіynіst delivery. However dosyagti mіnіmіzatsії sumarno vitrat on virobnitstvo i scope obіgu not odrazu away.

Yak ekonomіchny kriterіy logіstiki at 60-70 Rokach CCB priynyaty mіnіmum sumarno vitrat on usі logіstichnі operatsії. Taqiy pіdhіd Davao zmogu dosyagti ratsіonalnogo spіvvіdnoshennya vitrat that pributkіv Shlyakhov Poshuk ekonomіchnih kompromіsіv mіzh іnteresami usіh structural pіdrozdіlіv fіrm on strategіchnomu, organіzatsіynomu that operational rіvnyah. In strategіchnomu napryamі virіshuyutsya takі problems yak vibіr postachalnika that vidіv rozpodіlu systems. The following rіven - rіshennya is the way to organіzatsії virobnitstva i Rinku, vklyuchayuchi mozhlivostі vіdpravlen that vіdvantazhen frequency. On the operational rіvnі konkretizuyutsya that detalіzuyutsya organіzatsіynі come in, napriklad, vibіr route that type of transport fallow od rozmіru partіy Vantage that vikonuyutsya INSHI analogіchnі zavdannya. On cutaneous іz zaznachenih rіvnіv spetsіalіsti in the Branch logіstiki, zaymayuchi tsentristsku pozitsіyu, namagayutsya zbalansuvati vitrati, stocks materіalnih resursіv i yakіst obslugovuvannya. Zbіlshuyuchi vitrati on odnі operatsії s metoyu bіlshogo znizhennya vitrat on INSHI operatsії, reachable mіnіmalnі vitrati logіstichnu the entire system. Characteristically butt tsogo Je zrostannya vitrat on transportuvannya that suttєve znizhennya vitrat upravlіnnya on stocks that skladuvannya.

In kіntsі 70 rokіv, zavershuyuchi perіod klasychnoji logіstiki, vіdbulisya zmіni in її kontseptsії. Yakscho ranіshe emphasis on robivsya kompromіsah mіzh funktsіyami logіstiki odnієї fіrmi then nadalі Pocha vidіlyatisya kompromіsi mіzh fіrmami.

On the cob 80 rokіv was going Novi perіod rozvitku logіstiki scho nazivaєtsya perіodom neologіstiki, chi logіstiki another pokolіnnya. Logіstika Tsey perіod harakterizuєtsya rozshirennyam spherical dії for mezhі traditsіynih funktsіy. Neobhіdnіst such rozshirennya obґruntovuvalasya tim, scho zhoden іz structural pіdrozdіlіv fіrmi traditsіyno not MAV dostatnіh mozhlivostey that resursіv, dwellers odnoosіbno nalezhnim rank reaguvati on zmіni zovnіshnіh minds that samostіyno efektivnosti pratsyuvati. Neobhіdnі boule spіlnі zusillya vsієї fіrmi chi pіdpriєmstva.

Novi pіdhіd on osnovі vsogo pіdpriєmstva polyagav in fact, scho mali logіstichnі Sistemi stvoryuvatisya that keruvatisya s Maximum efektivnіstyu dіyalnostі vsієї fіrmi instead tіlki Sistemi logіstiki. That great uwagi Pocha pridіlyati mіzhfunktsіonalnim kompromіsam.

Otzhe mozhna konstatuvati scho logіstika fallow od її Suchasnyj rіvnya rozvitku Je complex (system) by rozrobki strategіy i mehanіzmu optimіzatsії gospodarchih zv'yazkіv on osnovі mіzhfіrmenih chi mіzhfunktsіonalnih ekonomіchnih kompromіsіv.

Yak zaznachalosya ranіshe, konkurentospromozhnіst fіrm digit mіroyu deposits od of Quality logіstichnogo obslugovuvannya. Especially Yakscho stink zastosovuyut suchasnі methodological dosyagnennya virobnitstva tovarіv scho zvіlnyayut digit chastku zvorotnih koshtіv, Shlyakhov sinhronіzatsії robots virobnichih pіdrozdіlіv fіrm that logіstichnih structures nadіynіst postachan, shvidkіst vіdvantazhennya she carried, vіdpovіdnu partіonnіst vіdpravlen vantazhіv.

Vіdmіnnoyu risoyu logіstiki Je wider zastosuvannya zasobіv іnformatiki that komunіkatsіy. Pong give zmogu on temple rіvnі kontrolyuvati usі osnovnі that dopomіzhnі processes spherical rozpodіlu. Automaticity control system chіtko vіdslіdkovuє takі pokazniki, yak nayavnіst napіvfabrikatіv Key infrastructure that gotovoї produktsії, obsyag postachannya materіalіv that komplektuyuchih, stupіn vikonannya of order, prosuvannya tovarіv od virobnika to spozhivacha that INSHI. Vazhlivu role vіdіgraє i komp'yuterizatsіya operatsіy, pov'yazanih s Making of order, that shvidkіst tochnіst yakih vplivaє on chastku balance fіrm scho vіdobrazhaє ruh gotіvkovih koshtіv, that yak result vіdbivaєtsya on obіgu kapіtalu.

Pid vplivom logіstiki the conveying polіtika number zahіdnih kraїn arrogant lіberalnih for Change i Perche for everything that stosovno avtomobіlnogo povіtryanogo transport yak naybіlsh pristosovanim transported to vantazhіv drіbnimi partіyami scho daє mozhlivіst skorotiti reserves materіalnih resursіv i pіdvischiti shvidkіst їh obertannya. Perehіd od zhorstkogo sovereign control to deregulyuvannya Transport proyavivsya in znyattі reglamentatsії s tarifіv i napryamіv kapіtalnih vkladen, usunennі lіmіtu kіlkostі of motor that avіakompanіy, lіkvіdatsії number lіtsenzіy, obmezhuyuchih komertsіynu that ekspluatatsіynu dіyalnіst perevіznikіv.

Odnі authoritarian publіkatsіy rozglyadayut logіstiku nasampered science yak, scho dopomagaє optimіzuvati kooperativnі zv'yazki. INSHI vvazhayut mainly seredovischem zastosuvannya logіstiki vnutrіshnovirobnichі processes obov'yazkovim s Turning the power planuvannya zavantazhennya obladnannya, viznachennya rozmіru partіy launch details. Odnі authoritarian vіdokremlyuyut yak basis logіstichnogo pіdhodu obslugovuvannya transport, railway INSHI constitute at tsentrі regulyuvannya that planuvannya virobnichogo skladske Gospodarstwa processes. So, frantsuzkі fahіvtsі s logіstiki traktuyut її yak "sukupnіst rіznomanіtnih vidіv dіyalnostі s obsession metoyu s naymenshimi vitratami neobhіdnoї kіlkostі produktsії vstanovleny at that hour in vstanovlenomu mіstsі de іsnuє concrete demand from tsіy produktsії". On Dumka number іnshih zahіdnih spetsіalіstіv, logіstika - tse іntegratsіya processes carried virobnichoyu s sphere scho vklyuchaє vantazhno-rozvantazhuvalnі operatsії, zberіgannya that transportuvannya tovarіv and takozh neobhіdnі іnformatsіynі processes. Nіmetsky professor Pfol pripuskayut scho logіstika - tse "processes planuvannya, realіzatsії that control efektivnosti th ekonomnih s point Zora vitrat peremіschennya that zberіgannya materіalіv, napіvfabrikatіv that gotovoї produktsії and takozh s pov'yazanoї them information The postachannya tovarіv od Georeferencing Georeferencing virobnitstva to spozhivannya zgіdno s vimogami klієnturi ". St. Peterburzky teachings BK Plotkіn proponuє stisle, ale dosit vluchne viznachennya "Logіstika - tse Naukova distsiplіna about upravlіnnya flows in the system." Such rіznomanіtnіst viznachen pov'yazana s tim, scho yak logіstika Naukova distsiplіna is staying at stadії formuvannya, i її base termіnologіya not unіfіkovana slit. We'll see logіstika virіshuє power scho stosuyutsya materіalnih that іnformatsіynih potokіv s tovaroruhu (sirovini, materіalіv, spare Chastain) tobto s supply. Zagalnim for vsіh fahіvtsіv s logіstiki Je systemic rozglyad virobnichih protsesіv that їh freight skladskogo zabezpechennya urahuvannyam spherical s turnover.

So rank, it was theoretically logіstika vіdokremilas yak samostіyna science. In bagatoh zarubіzhnih kraїnah Won Je samostіynoyu galuzzyu doslіdzhen vchenih, vivchaєtsya at universities. Spodіvatimemosya, scho i in Ukraїnі to logіstiki stavitimutsya not tіlki yak to the trendy word, but won Naboodah rozvitku yak efektivnosti NAUKOVO-eg practicality.