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The organization of production - AS Kurochkin

3.4. Organization of transport and warehouse services production

The composition, significance and tasks of the transport sector

Activities of the modern industrial enterprise requires a large amount of daily movement of goods. Therefore, smooth operation of the transport sector plays an important role in a high-functioning primary production.

Work to perform transport, agriculture, t. E. Transportation work, is to move the cargo. This work can be combined into groups:

• delivery of fuel, raw materials, semi-finished products and equipment;

• unloading of cargo;

• further transport to storage sites;

• Transportation service within warehouse and storage facilities;

• delivery of goods from warehouses to places of consumption and processing;

• transport of goods between shops and within them;

• transportation of new products to the place of loading;

• loading of the finished product (sometimes shipping it directly to consumers);

• loading and transportation of industrial wastes;

• garbage disposal and slag.

Here are the main functions of transport regardless of the type:

• carriage of goods;

• loading and unloading;

• expeditions.

These functions both within the enterprise and outside the enterprise provides transport facilities, the main objectives of which include:

• the movement of the objects of labor, fuel and finished products in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturing process;

• efficient use of vehicles and work of transport workers;

• mechanization and automation of transport, loading and time-bootable operations;

• reduce the cost of transport operations;

• Ensuring strict consistency of transport operations with the requirements of the manufacturing process;

• Ongoing maintenance of vehicles and cargo razgruzoch-governmental funds in good condition.

transport economy functioning level significantly affects the most important indicators of the company: 30-40% of the total number of support workers employed in loading and unloading and transport operations, the costs of which amount to 5-8% of production costs. The rational organization of such operations contributes to the rhythm of the production process, reduce its duration, increase productivity and reduce production costs.

Industrial companies use a variety of vehicles. Their composition depends on the size, type of production, products, technology and location of plants, the degree of processing of raw materials, etc. In this regard, as part of the transport sector of the large industrial enterprises can be such workshops (sections):.. Rail, river, road, aviation, cargo handling and others. in addition, the production units of the enterprise may be composed vnutritehno-logical transport.

Transport in an industrial plant is divided as follows:

• by type and destination - rail, river, road, air, mechanical, piping, air, etc .;

• the nature of the action - batch and continuous;

• The types of work performed - interdepartmental performing transport operations in the territory of the enterprise between shops and warehouses; intrashop providing movement of the objects of labor between jobs, devices during the manufacturing process; for external traffic, t. e. for the transportation of goods from external suppliers and export of finished products to consumers at railway stations, ports and others.

In addition, an internal include vehicles for moving loads in the horizontal and vertical directions:

• fixed transport devices;

• mobile vehicles.

For stationary are transport devices with which the production of the products are moved along a horizontal, vertical or oblique direction (conveyors, piping, conveyors). Such devices consume little energy, are characterized by small maintenance costs, reliability and security.

To include mobile vehicles that operate either vertical transportation (elevators) or horizontal movement (carts, electric cars, trucks, cars, etc..).

Increasingly, industrial enterprises use vehicles without a driver (uninhabited) and remote control.

Deserted transport systems are well suited for the rationalization of logistics functions and can be used to partially mechanized, and the fully automated production. Improved technology and communications with the central computer system provide them with efficiency, flexibility and a high degree of utilization.

Deserted transport systems can be carried out in the form of carriages with its own drive and used for in-process movement (programmed or remotely controlled) cargo.

Organization of production of transport services

Organization of transport service production - a system of measures to ensure the effective and rational organization of transport, traffic and transport workers and labor aimed at the identification and use of reserves in the transport sector, as well as improving its quality indicators.

In order to reasonably choose a rational kind of vehicles, it is necessary to study the turnover of the enterprise as a whole and its separate cargo flows, as well as get acquainted with the nature of the goods and their transport routes.

Cargo turnover (total) is the total amount of goods transported by the company for a certain period of time (day, month, quarter, year). There are external and internal cargo turnover.

The total turnover for the accounting period (F), ie,

F = LH + ZHZ,

where ww, ZHZ - turnover of respectively external and in-plant.

The external turnover of goods involves the delivery of material resources to the enterprise and the export of finished products from it. Calculated on the basis of a turnover of agreements with suppliers and customers.

Domestic cargo turnover involves movement of goods within the enterprise; calculated on the basis of the approved plan targets on output.

The calculation of turnover is made in the form of a "matrix" statements, which sets out the senders and recipients by type of freight turnover (separate external and internal) (tab. 19).

Freight flow - is the amount of goods transported over a given period of time between the individual cargo items razgruzoch-governmental. Cargo flows are calculated, as a rule, in the course of the process. The basis of calculation adopted plans for production departments to develop products per shift.

TABLE 19

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CARGO AT THE ENTERPRISE (an example of a conditional) thousand. T

Traffic flows are the basis for selecting the most appropriate vehicle and the development of complex technology movement of goods in the enterprise. Integrated technology must take into account the non-uniformity of cargo flows on the basis of raw traffic routing, materials, semi-finished and finished products.

For more informative traffic flows are made on the general plan of the enterprise scale. The lines that characterize the various flows of goods, are put in different colors (signs, shading). In cargo traffic pattern also indicates the distance between gruzopunkta-mi, for which pre-compiled corresponding table.

Based on an analysis of existing freight flows set the need to correct them, the possibility of (and in some cases, and the need) of redevelopment areas in order to reduce freight traffic, eliminating unnecessary transshipments, continuous use of vehicles. Pay attention to the location of such areas as packaging, Filling and storage.

In accordance with the turnover and cargo traffic are calculated demand for vehicles by type, number of transport workers, their productivity and payroll, the cost of transport operations and the amount of loading and unloading, rig-dressings work.

Types of vehicles and the need for them are set based on the study of in-plant freight traffic - the amount of cargo (in tonnes, cubic meters, pieces, etc...), Transported over a given period of time (year, quarter, month, day) in a certain direction between loading points and unloading. For the majority of enterprises are characterized by unstable, varying by day cargo traffic that is associated with changes in the structure of the production program, consumption of materials of different products, one-off nature of the traffic. Therefore, the demand for vehicles is determined by the continuous action of the average daily turnover of goods (freight traffic) with regard to the possible turnover of non-uniformity.

The need for vehicles is calculated as follows.

1. Set the amount of cargo (in tonnes, pieces, and so on. P.), Which is the average unit transports vehicles per shift (separately for different brands of cars, trucks and electric, electric car, tractors with trailers).

2. The unit is taken the amount of cargo transported by car GAZ-3501. With this in mind, the amount of output conversion factors for all types of vehicles available in the enterprise.

3. Conventional unit denoted by RM. The required number of vehicles (in arbitrary units) is determined by the formula

where Rm - loss of time factor, which takes into account the random delay and the time required for the inspection of vehicles, Cr - 1,2; Wg - average turnover of a shift, that is.

4. When calculating the external and internal cargo turnover and the definition of the type of vehicles, the preferred conditions for a particular company, determined the need for each type of vehicle using the conversion factors.

The calculations can be used and other approaches. For example, can be calculated the following data:

• Required operating fleet of wagons for each type separately (A vag):

where Wg in - the amount of cargo carried in wagons per day, that is; BB - staff turnover time for one full flight hours,

Bn - loading with processing cars, maneuvers, weighing and registration, h; Bx - the movement in both directions - from the point of loading to the unloading of the parts; Bp - during unloading, taking into account these operations;

• Required operating fleet of locomotives for each type of work (A lock):

where Vl - time locomotive movement for a complete revolution, h; Wb - uptime locomotive per day, including a change of equipment and crews, hours,

Wa - backup locomotive runs during the transition from one truck to another point;

• the required number of vehicles (A):

where Wg - amount of cargo to be transported per day, that is; PO - coefficient taking into account the random time delay, PO = 1.1-1.2; Ap - number of flights per day; Sr - utilization rate of vehicle duty, Sr = 0.7-0.85; Q - vehicle load capacity.

Organization of transport at the enterprise should provide the stability and size of the individual areas of freight traffic, as well as the organization of works on stable schedules and routes.

Transportation of goods can be one-time, committed for private (non-recurring) requirements of the orders; shuttle committed to specific destinations and schedules (routes).

The planned route system must meet the requirements of the basic production, to ensure proper and uniform loading of vehicles, the maximum use of their technical characteristics (speed, power, performance, capacity, and so on. D.) With minimal runs.

There are two main routes of cargo transportation system: the pendulum and a ring.

Pendulum system (Fig. 22) provides the connection between the two points. In this case, the following options return transport:

• empty - sided pendulum (Figure 22, a.) And fan-shaped (Figure 22 in.);

• with load - sided swingarm (Figure 22, b.).

Fig. 22. Pendulum system of transportation of goods

The ring system (Fig. 23) suggests a consistent delivery of goods from one point to another and then return transport to the starting point. There are also two options: increasing traffic (Figure 23, a.), It is called an assembly route, and fading (razvozochny) traffic (Figure 23, b.). With increasing cargo traffic from the point where the load 2 is gradually increased with successive passes through the transport items ring up unloading in the final paragraph 1. This transport should be in paragraph 2 without load (Fig. 23 shown by dashed lines). When fading trucks loaded with cargo traffic services all points of the ring and returns empty to the starting point.

Fig. 23. The ring system of transportation of goods

routing system is selected depending on the structure of cargo traffic and geographic location served by objects of the event. At the enterprises of mass and volume production, with technologically related procurement, mechanical, thermal, assembly and finishing shops, it is better to use a circular route, and in companies with a single and small batch production with a small number of shops - pendulum.