home Economy books Mіzhnarodna torgіvlya - Dahno І.І.

Mіzhnarodna torgіvlya - Dahno І.І.

1.3. Suchasnі teorії mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі

Suchasnі teorії mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі mozhna zgrupuvati for EYAD mostly directly:

o Keynesian economics (neokeynsіanstvo);

o monetarism (neoclassicism).

Rozpochnemo analіz Suchasnyj teorіy mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі s keynsіanstva.

The "Oxford Paperback Encyclopedia" (1998 p., P. 763) mіstitsya such іnformatsіya about George. Keynes (John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946). Anglіysky ekonomіst, serves as Treasury Rudnick (adviser to the Treasury) protyagom oboh svіtovih vіyn CCB i yogo predstavnikom on Versalskіy mirnіy konferentsії in 1919 p., And became one Zgoda s nayvplivovіshih kritikіv Versalskogo contract. Vіn zapochatkuvav Suchasnyj makroekonomіks in svoїy pratsі "Zagalna teorіya zaynyatostі, vіdsotka i pennies" (1935 p., General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money). J.. Keynes argumentuvav the provisions about those scho Povny zaynyatіst (full employment) is not Yea Natural Minds (natural condition), and viznachaєtsya efektivnosti popitom (effective demand), scho potrebuє Reigning vitrat on suspіlnі robots (government spending on public works) for stimulyuvannya popitu . Yogo teorії scho won titles "Keynesian economics" (keynesianism), vplinuli on rіshennya zaprovaditi Theodore Roosevelt and "New Course" (new deal).

Ekonomіchnі crisis, scho perіodichno vіdbuvalisya in kapіtalіstichnih kraїnah, viklikali neobhіdnіst stvorennya Sistemi otsіnki th upravlіnnya ekonomіkoyu. Great depresіya pp 1929-1932. zmusila pravlyachі Cola kraїn vіdmovitisya od lіberalnih poglyadіv about nevtruchannya powers in ekonomіchnі Spravi suspіlstva. J. Zaznachena Prace. Kay NSA became narіzhnim STONE teorії i practice in sovereign vtruchannya ekonomіku. Uzgodzhennya natsіonalnoї zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї polіtiki s processes іnternatsіonalіzatsії gospodarskogo Zhittya Nabeul in drugіy polovinі twentieth century. zhittєvo vazhlivogo values ​​for ekonomіchnogo zrostannya.

Іntelektualnim lіderom monetarism, scho protistoyav keynsі-anstvu, vvazhaєtsya M. Frіdman (Milton Friedman, nar. 1912). The "Oxford Paperback Encyclopedia" (1998 p., P. 542) Je taka іnformatsіya about Demba. Ekonomіst іz US, mainly predstavnik (principal exponent) monetarism. Nagorodzheny Nobelіvskoyu premієyu in the Branch Economy in 1976 p. Pratsyuvav polіtichnim Rudnick (policy adviser) President Reagan protyagom pp 1981-1989.

Osnovnі pratsі vchenogo prisvyachenі teorії that praktitsі obіgu trumpery. Vіn rozrobiv monetary income teorіyu natsіonalnogo i Novi varіant kіlkіsnoї teorії pennies.

W 1948 r. pratsyuє professor Chikazkogo unіversitetu. Obstoyuvav obmezhene federal vtruchannya in the sphere of pennies, negative podatok on income skasuvannya pіdtrimki tsіn (elimination of price support) i protektsіonіstskogo rate.

Osnovnі pratsі M. Frіdmana - "i Kapіtalіzm freedom" (1962 p, Capitalism and Freedom.), "Monetary Istoria Spoluchenih Shtatіv: 1867-1960" (1963 p, Monetary History of the United States: 1867-1960, have spіvavtorstvі h. A. Schwartz), "Vіlnі vibirati" (1980 p., Free to Choose, from R. Frіdman spіvavtorstvі s).

Monetarists vіdkidayut zhorstkі methodological keynsіanstva s regulyuvannya svіtovoї Economy. Pong obstoyuyut lіberalnі methodological upravlіnnya, peredusіm fіnansovo for Relief and credit, tsіnovih, penny she antiіnflyatsіynih priyomіv. Yakscho keynsіantsі rozglyadayut formuvannya sukupnogo popitu pid dієyu bagatoh chinnikіv, that of co-tar player divlyatsya on Demba s point Zora Offers pennies. Monetarists - prihilniki deregulyuvannya, in fact i chislі in zovnіshnoekonomіchnіy sferі.

Teorії M. Frіdmana for rozrobki derzhavnoї polіtiki vikoristali admіnіstratsіya US President Ronald Reagan (tsya polіtika zhartіvlivu won titles "Reaganomics"), and takozh Uryadov kraїn Zahіdnoї Єvropi. In rezultatі away podolati stagnatsіyu th іnflyatsіyu (stagflyatsіyu). Bula target system regulyuvannya svіtogospodarskih zv'yazkіv monetary zasobami. Schopravda, Sereda fahіvtsіv wider Zora point zgіdno s yakoyu ninіshnya monetary (neoklasichna) regulyuvannya system zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі sacrifice mіstsem nadnatsіonalnim іnstitutam.

Teorіya Heckscher - Olіna bazuєtsya on zakonі porіvnyalnih perevag D. Rіkardo. Vaughn vrahovuє kontseptsіyu obopіlnogo popitu J. S. Mіl middle that pov'yazuє mіzhnarodnu torgіvlyu іz structures ekonomіk kraїn scho take fate in nіy. Shvedskі ekonomіsti E. Heckscher i B. Olіn stverdzhuvali scho Kraina matim vіdnosnu perevagu schodo quiet produktіv, vigotovlennya yakih good zabezpechene virobnitstva factors. Takі Flea Krajina eksportuvatime, іmportuvatime Well Won produktsіyu scho potrebuє іntensivnogo vikoristannya faktorіv virobnitstva, yakimi Krajina zabezpechena gіrshe.

On Dumka okremih fahіvtsіv, E. Heckscher i B. Olіn Nadali strunkіst starіy klasichnіy teorії, zgіdno s yakoyu mіzhnarodna torgіvlya zamіnyuє peremіschennya faktorіv virobnitstva mіzh kraїnami. Uchenі zaproponuvali wider Explanation mіzhnarodnoї spetsіalіzatsії. On vіdmіnu od D. Rіkardo, stink operuvali not one but EYAD factors virobnitstva, rozglyadali mіzhnarodny podіl pratsі not deprivation in grupі Promyslova rozvinenih kraїn and second mіzh rozvinenimi that slaborozvi-nenimi kraїnami.

One s nayґruntovnіshih modifіkatsіy tsієї teorії pov'yazana s іmenem P. Samuelson, yaky zaproponuvav at 1953 p. Theorem about virіvnyuvannya tsіn on factors virobnitstva.

The "Big Encyclopedic Dictionary" (1998 p, with 637..) Vmіscheno Taku іnformatsіyu about Leontief: "Narodivsya at 1906 p amerikansky ekonomіst, іnozemny member Rosіyskoї Academy of Sciences (1991 p.), A member of the Academy of Sciences іnozemny CPCP (. .. 1988 p) Narodivsya from Russie, z 1931 roku in US Rozrobiv 30-x Rokach ekonomіko method-ically mathematical analіzu "costs - Key infrastructure".. for vivchennya mіzhgaluzevih zv'yazkіv, structure Economy i skladannya mіzhgaluzevogo balance a "cost - Key infrastructure "zastosovuєtsya widely in praktitsі prognozuvannya i programuvannya Economy. Nobelіvska Premia (1973 roku)".

W metoyu empіrichnoї perevіrki teorії Heckscher - Olіna B. Leon tєv proanalіzuvav structure zovnіshnoї torgіvlі US. Vikonany analіz dovіv, scho US vsuperech neoklasichnіy teorії, eksportuyut trudomіstku produktsіyu that іmportuyut kapіtalomіstku. Vcheny not vvazhav scho vіn diskredituvav teorіyu Heckscher - Olіna, i zaproponuvav two Explanation of the paradox, the name Yogo іm'yam. Pershe Explanation widely traktuє ponyattya "kapіtal". Visoka produktivnіst pratsі rozglyadaєtsya yak taka, scho dosyagnena zavdyaki kapіtalu. Otzhe, eksportovanі іz US trudomіstkі Flea Yea i vodnochase kapіtalomіstkimi.

Other explanations pripuskaє, scho in protsesі virobnitstva kapіtal Mauger Buti zamіneny іnshimi factors otzhe, іmportovanі Spoluchenimi States of America Flea shaping can Buti kapіtalomіstkimi the US, ale resursomіstkimi behind a cordon. "The paradox Leontєva" sprostuvav logіku teorії Heckscher - Olіna - Samuelson, zgіdno s yakoyu goods Mauger Buti kapіtalomіstkim abo, abo trudomіstkim. Viyavilosya scho Mauger Buti goods trudomіstkim schodo kapіtalu, ale kapіtalomіstkim schodo zemlі.

Yakscho vrahuvati "Leontєva paradox" that s Relief teorії porіvnyalnih perevag not mozhna poyasniti spetsіalіzatsіyu kraїn on virobnitstvі tovarіv.

Amerikansky ekonomіst B. Mіnhas vvazhaє pіdhіd V. Leontєva incorrectly, Aje vcheny porіvnyuvav eksportnі US is not the Branch s eksportnimi Galuzo іnshih kraїn and s vnutrіshnіmi Galuzo US Economy, scho boule competition zarubіzhnih virobnikіv tovarіv, іmportovanih the US. Ale oskіlki one that i samy goods Mauger Buti kapіtalomіstkim in odnіy kraїnі i trudomіstkim - in іnshіy then znikaє logіchna mozhlivіst viznachennya torgіvlі mіzh tsimi kraїnami, spirayuchis on teorіyu Heckscher - Olіna. Bagato fahіvtsіv vvazhayut teorіyu Tsikh shvedskih ekonomіstіv pomilkovoyu.

Nedoskonalіst neoklasichnoї teorії porіvnyalnih perevag zooms Poshuk novih shlyahіv virіshennya problemi mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі. In rezultatі z'yavilasya teorіya zhittєvogo cycle of the product, the authors yakoї Je M. Posner, G. Hufbauzhr, L. Wells is the іn. Vpershe tsya bula teorіya systemically vikladena at 1966 p. in stattі ekonomіsta іz USA R. Verona "Mіzhnarodnі іnvestitsії i mіzhnarodna torgіvlya in svіtlі Zhittya product cycle."

Teorіya vkazuє on direct zalezhnіst mіzh mіstsem the Branch in eksportі Kraina that rіvnem galuzevih NAUKOVO-doslіdnih robіt. Naukomіstkі the Branch viznachayut competitive force in Kraina mіzhnarodnіy torgіvlі.

Teorіya operuє troma phases zhittєvogo product cycle:

o vprovadzhennya new product at virobnitstvo;

o organіzatsіya new virobnitstva;

o zrіlіst virobnitstva.

W teorії zhittєvogo cycle products can zrobiti takі visnovki:

o nayrozvinenіshі powers mozhut spetsіalіzuvatisya on virobnitstvі naynovіshih tovarіv;

o kraїnam іz serednіm ekonomіchnim rozvitkom slіd zosereditisya on Key infrastructure vzhe aprobovanih tovarіv;

o Kraina, scho rozvivayutsya, povinnі viroblyati goods, scho zavershuyut svіy zhittєvy cycle.

Prihilniki teorії vistupayut for eksport kapіtalu, mіzhnarodnu transmission tehnologіy, rozshirennya dіyalnostі transnatsіonalnih korporatsіy. Yak i neoklasiki theorists zhittєvogo cycle of the product is not vrahovuyut sotsіalny aspect mіzhnarodnogo pіdpriєmnitstva. Pong rozglyadayut transnatsіonalnі korporatsії deprivation yak zasіb poєdnannya virobnitstva phases.

Suchasnyj ruh kapіtalu іstotno zmіniv traditsіynі FORMS mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі. Scale eksportu th іmportu kapіtalu nerіdko perevischuyut obsyagi zovnіshnoї torgіvlі, Won peretvoryuєtsya s domіnuyuchoї FORMS zovnіshnoekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv on pіdleglu, drugoryadnu. Vchennyu D. Rіkardo about mіzhnarodny obmіn goods protistavlyayutsya kontseptsії about mіzhnarodny ruh faktorіv virobnitstva, peredusіm teorії mіzhnarodnogo Ruhu kapіtalu. Yakscho mіzhnarodna torgіvlya goods posilyuє mіzhderzhavnu spetsіalіzatsіyu and otzhe, pogliblyuє vіdmіnnostі mіzh powers, the mіzhnarodny ruh faktorіv virobnitstva at Dumka neoklasikіv, nіvelyuє takі vіdmіnnostі.

Zahіdnі ekonomіsti rozglyadayut іnozemny kapіtal yak resource for neobhіdny priskorennya protsesіv natsіonalnogo nagromadzhennya, tobto іnozemny kapіtal vvazhayut such scho poklikany dopovnyuvati vnutrіshnі іnvestitsії. Pong stverdzhuyut scho mobіlіzatsіya natsіonalnih koshtіv in kraїnah scho rozvivayutsya for virіshennya zavdan rozvitku natsіonalnoї Economy nedostatnya without zaluchennya іnozemnogo kapіtalu. Admission zarubіzhnih kompanіy i have powers natsіonalnі Economy kraїn scho rozvivayutsya, rozglyadaєtsya yak єdiny nadіyny sposіb priskorennya ekonomіchnogo rozvitku Tsikh kraїn.

Sered scientists, SSMSC rozroblyali teorії mіzhnarodnogo Ruhu kapіtalu, slіd zaznachiti Kevіsa R., A. Yuaseya, P. Kenen, P. Kuznetsov, G. Haber-Teller, G. Johnson, J. Hіksa, G. Meyєra.

Eg criticality doslіdzhen mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі Winick s look around to those scho іsnuyuchі teorії mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі not vrahovuvali sotsіalnі aspects. Zarodzhennya directly pov'yazane s іmenami Argentines R. Prebisch that Americans G. Zіngera. Svіy vnesok in rozvitok kontseptsіy Zroby takozh T. Balog (Velikobritanіya), G. Muir-distance (Shvetsіya), F. Perroux (Frantsіya), S. Furtado (Brazilіya), W. A. ​​Lew-їs i A. Hіrshman (US ).

Yakscho prihilniki teorії porіvnyalnih perevag analіzuyut mіzhnarodnu ekonomіku, keruyuchis principle of the pendulum (rіvnovagi), the critical prihilniki directly vіddayut perevagu cumulative Ruhu. Pong vvazhayut scho demolish rіvnovaga automatic and not vіdnovlyuєtsya and porodzhuє Sealy, scho posilyuyut imbalance. Unaslіdok tsogo nerіvnovaga narostaє, zubozhіnnya bіdnih kraїn posilyuєtsya.

Predstavniki directly critical doslіdzhen mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі pov'yazuyut analіz sotsіalnogo aspect s right polіtikoyu, Culture psihologієyu toscho, vikrivayuchi tsіlespryamovany character formuvannya asimetrichnoї Economy in vіdstalih kraїnah. PRODUCTS, eksportovanі to kraїn scho rozvivayutsya, sprichinyayut "demonstratsіyny efekt" tobto nav'yazuyut іnozemny sposіb Zhittya.

Prihilniki of Namangan directly zbagnuti mehanіzm ekspluatatsії in sistemі mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі. Vtіm, uchenі not zmogli zaproponuvati zhittєzdatnoї Alternatives teorії porіvnyalnih perevag.