home Economy books Mіzhnarodna torgіvlya - Dahno І.І.

Mіzhnarodna torgіvlya - Dahno І.І.

4.2.8. Lands about antidempіngovu practice

Lands Vpershe Bula lifestyle at 1988 p. pіslya completion Tokіyskogo Round GATT peregovorіv i viznachila minds zaprovadzhennya antidempіngovogo mita kraїnami to yakih spryamovuvavsya potіk dem pіngovanih tovarіv.

Tsya lands mіstit zhorstkі kriterії schodo dempіngu. Dempіngova-it vvazhaєtsya Taqiy product eksportna Cena yakogo perevischuє tsіnu podіbnih tovarіv in kraїnі eksportu, abo yogo corrupt Cena nizhcha, nіzh vartіst yogo virobnitstva (cost of production).

W look around to chinniki scho zumovlyuyut nedobrosovіsnu konkurentsіyu in ugodі virіznyayut Dvi її form:

o subsiduvannya eksportu;

o dempіng tovarіv on zarubіzhnih Rink.

Zgіdno s lands Kraina MEMBER mozhut zaprovadzhuvati antidempіngove Mito on dempіngovanі goods. For this nakladennya mita potrіbno, dwellers dempіngovanі Flea sprichinili materіalnu Skoda zarubіzhnomu on market analysis (chi іsnuє mozhlivіst takoї Skoda?).

Nedorechno govorito about whether yak s forms dempіngu, Yakscho have kraїnі eksportu not all garazd s ekonomіchnoyu kon'yunkturoyu i Flea prodayutsya for tsіnami, nizhchimi for costs virobnitstva, abo obsyagi їh sale neznachnі. In this razі for porіvnyannya slіd vikoristovuvati eksportnі tsіni to tretіh kraїn abo pokladatisya on rozrahunkovі tsіni, SSMSC b could sklastisya at virobnitstvі i realіzatsії product in kraїnі іmportu.

Mіzh dempіngovanim іmportom i Skoda for natsіonalnoї promislovostі vіdpovіdnoї Kraina Got Booty cause-star naslіdkovy 'yazok.

Kraїnu dempіngu potrіbno doslіdzhuvati on nayavnіst polіtiki dempіngu stosovno kozhnoї s kraїn scho іmportuyut її goods. Lachey in okremih vipadkah mozhna analіzuvati kіlka kraїn-іmporterіv time.

For antidempіngovih rozslіduvan, yak usually potrіbne zvernennya natsіonalnoї promislovostі.

Vlastі kraїn, SSMSC vvazhayut, scho before them zastosovuєtsya polіtika dempіngu, toil publіchno ogolositi about cob antidempіngovogo rozslіduvannya povіdomiti i Uryadov about Tse-kraїn eksporterіv. Pіslya cob rozslіduvannya eksporteri that іmporteri tovarіv, yakih at pіdozryuyut dempіngu, toil right dati explanations. Eksporteri povinnі nadavati authorities naytochnіshu іnformatsіyu. Okremі dії in protsesі rozslіduvannya mozhut vіdbuvatisya a particular mіstsyah (on-the-spot investigations). Vіdmova in nadannі mozhlivostі for zdіysnennya such doslіdzhennya daє the competent authorities in vikoristovuvati rozslіduvannі іnformatsіyu, yak stink vvazhayut naydorechnіshoyu (best available information).

Porіvnyati eksportnu tsіnu (export pree) i tsіnu vnutrіshnogo market analysis (home eonsumption priee) dosit smoothly. Zanizhenі vnutrіshnі tsіni not take up uwagi for such minds:

o vіdpovіdnі prodazhі toil Location protyagom perіodu scho perevischuє One Year;

o serednya corrupt Rate on vnutrіshnomu nizhcha market analysis, nіzh zvazhenі serednі costs virobnitstva odinitsі produktsії (the weigthed average unit yost);

o obsyag prodazhіv for tsіnami, nizhchimi for costs virobnitstva, perevischuє 20% zagalnogo obsyagu;

o costs not kompensuyutsya protyagom Rozumny hour.

Serednі tsіni viznachayutsya yak serednozvazhenі tsіni vnutrіshnogo Rinku i serednozvazhenі tsіni vsіh eksportnih lands abo yak serednoarifmetichnі vnutrіshnі th eksportnі tsіni vsіh land. Yakscho eksportna Cena uniquely kolivaєtsya then serednozvazhenu tsіnu vnutrіshnogo Rinku mozhna zіstaviti s tsіnoyu konkretnoї eksportnoї land. For currency rozrahunkіv slіd borrow up uwagi exchange rate at the date of the mill sale (date of sale) abo course zaznacheny in the forward kontraktі.

Yakscho Cena vnutrіshnogo Rinku not priynyatna for porіvnyannya s eksportnoyu tsіnoyu then dozvolyaєtsya vikoristovuvati rozrahunkovu tsіnu, yak obchislyuєtsya, vihodyachi іz costs promislovostі scho postavlyaє goods on eksport. For rozrahunku vikoristovuєtsya іnformatsіya real ustalenogo buhgalterskogo oblіku virobnika (eksportera) vrahovuyutsya nakladnі vitrati that pributki, SSMSC zvichayno toil Location in pіdpriєmnitskіy dіyalnostі Zi similar goods. Yakscho tsіnu product zaznachenimi ways vstanoviti not vdaєtsya then dozvolyaєtsya rozrahovuvati її, spirayuchis on real іnformatsіyu analogіchnih eksporterіv (virobnikіv) їh serednozvazhenі vitrati that pributki and takozh vikoristati whether yaky Rezonit sposіb rozrahunkіv for minds, scho obsyag torgіvlі CIM goods not perevischuє obsyagu torgіvlі similar item vіdpovіdnih eksporterіv (virobnikіv).

Zvinuvachennyami in dempіngu mozhna znehtuvati i do not rozpochinati rozslіduvannya for such minds:

o dempіng not perevischuє 2% eksportnoї tsіni;

o chastka іmportu s konkretnoї Kraina not perevischuє 3% іmportu vsіh podіbnih tovarіv (Ale tse zastosovuєtsya not have to razі, Yakscho Kraina s chastkami іmportu, less then 3%, 7% once stanovlyat zagalnogo іmportu vіdpovіdnogo product);

o Skoda Je mіzernoyu.

Rozpochate antidempіngove rozslіduvannya pripinyaєtsya, Yakscho have tsіnі product, yaky postachaєtsya s ekonomіchno rozvinenoї Kraina, subsidії stanovlyat deprivation 1% i obsyag subsidovanogo іmportu small. For tovarіv pohodzhennyam s kraїn scho rozvivayutsya, dopuskaєtsya rіven subsidіy obsyagom to 2%, and subsidovany іmport not guilty perevischuvati 4% zagalnogo іmportu. Zaznachene generally not zastosovuєtsya, Yakscho Kraina chastka kozhnoї scho rozvivaєtsya not perevischuє 4% іmportu, ale zagalna chastka such kraїn bіlsha 9%.

Lands about antidempіngovu practices that cater to about subsidії i vrіvnovazhenі come in peredbachena mozhlivіst nakladennya mit kraїnami Yakimov zavdano Skoda on rіvnі scho nizhchy for rіvnі dempіngu i subsidії. Vіdomo Tse yak "rule Mensch mita" (lesser duty rule).

Zgіdno іz zaznachenimi lands vladnі bodies SSMSC zdіysnyuyut rozslіduvannya, toil right vzhivati ​​timchasovih zahodіv (provisional measures) - vimagati od porushnikіv Adding penny sum (cash deposits) abo oblіgatsіy (bonds). Yakscho loser Zgoda sanktsіya perevischuє vnesenі groshovі sumi abo vartіst oblіgatsіy then vinuvattsіv zvіlnyayut od surcharges. Yakscho Well sanktsіya viyavitsya nizhchoyu then vinuvattsі toil right vimagati vіdshkoduvannya overpaid.

Eksporteri toil right zaproponuvati pіdvischennya eksportnih tsіn for dwellers uniknuti antidempіngovih i vrіvnovazhenih zahodіv. Tse Mauger vіdbuvatisya pіslya deprivation of yak vlastі in rezultatі rozslіduvannya dіydut visnovku about nayavnіst zavdanoї Skoda natsіonalnіy promislovostі. Zmusiti eksporterіv pіdvischiti eksportnі tsіni not possible, the right dobrovіlna tse.

The maximum trivalіst termіnu for zdіysnennya rozslіduvannya in kontekstі oboh land becomes 18 months at. Before announced residual rіshennya kompetentnі bodies scho vikonuyut rozslіduvannya, toil povіdomiti zatsіkavlenim parties usі facts on yakih ґruntuєtsya rіshennya.

Vrіvnovazhenі that antidempіngovі mita toil vstanovlyuvatisya okremo for skin eksportera (virobnika). Yakscho їh Quantity is great, the dozvolyaєtsya viznachati Mito spirayuchis on randomness dostovіrnі butt in this razі s eksporterami (virobnikami) neobhіdno poraditisya.

Vzhittya zahodіv potrіbno postіyno kontrolyuvati, Yakscho vіdpadaє require of such approaches, exposure The їh Got pripinyatisya.

Lands about antidempіngovu practices that cater to about subsidії i vrіvnovazhenі viznacheno come in, come in automatic and scho takі vtrachayut chinnіst through p'yat rokіv pіslya zastosuvannya cob. For prodovzhennya їh chinnostі potrіbno, dwellers doslіdzhennyam vstanovleno Bulo, scho vіdsutnіst zahodіv prizvede to renovations abo viniknennya novih pіdstav for dempіngu i materіalnoї Skoda.

4.2.9. Lands about pov'yazanі s torgіvleyu іnvestitsіynі come in

Before Tim yak about lands rozglyanuti pov'yazanі s torgіvleyu іnvestitsіynі come in, slіd oznayomitisya s basic іnvestitsіynimi taps at sferі mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі:

o vimoga about mіstsevy vmіst (local content requirement): from protsesі vigotovlennya pevnoї produktsії obov'yazkovo Got vikoristovuvatis Pevnyi chastka (obsyag) warehouses Chastain mіstsevogo pohodzhennya;

o vimoga balansuvannya torgіvlі (trade-balancing requirement): іmport i eksport toil Buti at Pevnyi spіvvіdnoshennі;

o vimoga balansuvannya currency (foreign exchange balancing requirement): valyutnі cost od іmportu i valyutnі nadhodzhennya od eksportu that s іnshih Jerel toil perebuvati in pevnіy proportsії;

o valyutnі obmezhennya (exchange restrictions): obmezhennya access to іnozemnoї currency;

o vimoga vnutrіshnogo sales (domestic sales requirement): obov'yazok prodavatsya Pevnyi chastku svoєї produktsії on natsіonalnomu Rinku vіdpovіdnoї powers;

o virobnicha vimoga (manufacturing requirement): pevnі Flea toil vigotovlyatisya natsіonalnoyu ekonomіkoyu;

o vimoga eksportnoї quotas (export performance requirement): Pevnyi Chastina vigotovlenoї produktsії wallpaper and continuing 'Got yazkov eksportuvatisya;

o vimoga postachannya product (product mandatory requirement): Got virobnik postachati pevnі products, vipuschenі specific virobnichimi bearing-down on vkazanі Yomou markets Agricultural Art;

o obmezhennya schodo virobnitstva (manufacturing limitations): zaborona іnozemnim kompanіyam viroblyati pevnі goods from kraїnі - іmporterі kapіtalu;

o vimoga peredachі tehnologії (technology transfer requirement): pevnі Vidi tehnologіy toil to send both komertsіynih ambushes and konkretnі eg NAUKOVO doslіdnih-i-doslіdno konstruktorskih robіt povinnі vikonuvatis natsіonalnoyu science;

o vimoga lіtsenzuvannya (licensing requirement): zarubіzhny іnvestor zobov'yazuєtsya lіtsenzuvati mіstsevim fіrmam tehnologії, SSMSC vіn vikoristovuє in svoїy kraїnі;

o obmezhennya on perekazuvannya pributkіv (remittance restrictions): obmezhennya right іnvestora on perekazuvannya to svoєї Kraina pributkіv, obsession od zakordonnih іnvestitsіy;

o vimoga about chastku mіstsevih іnvestorіv (local equity requirement): Pevnyi chastka aktivіv kompanії Got nalezhati mіstsevim іnvestoram. Zaznachenі come in shaping can negatively on vplivati ​​mіzhnarodnu torgіvlyu. Zgіdno s lands about pov'yazanі s torgіvleyu іnvestitsіynі come in zaboronyaєtsya vzhivati ​​Pershi p'yat zahodіv perelіku s guidance.

Zaboronnі come in stvoryuyut spriyatlivіshі minds for vnutrіshnіh tovarіv porіvnyano s іmportovanimi, tobto porushuyut principle natsіonalnogo regime. Tsі takozh come in peredbachayut zastosuvannya kіlkіsnih obmezhen, SSMSC zgіdno s GATT vvazhayutsya nepriynyatnimi.

INSHI іnvestitsіynі not come in zaboroneno zaznachenoyu land. Zaluchayuchi іnozemnі іnvestitsії, Kraina mozhut visuvati vimogu, dwellers Pevnyi chastka vigotovlenoї produktsії eksportuvalasya abo dwellers Pevnyi chastku aktivіv kompanіy kontrolyuvali mіstsevі іnvestori. Vid іnvestora mozhna vimagati nadannya him lіtsenzіy on vikoristannya novіtnoї tehnologії abo zdіysnennya Pevnyi NAUKOVO doslіdnih-i-doslіdno konstruktorskih robіt in kraїnі de vіn іnvestuє svіy kapіtal.

Lands peredbachene pofazove skasuvannya (to phase out) zaznachenih zahodіv. Rozvinenim kraїnam on Tse Bulo vіdvedeno 2 Rocky pochinayuchi of 1 sіchnya 1995 p kraїnam scho rozvivayutsya -. 5 rokіv, kraїnam perehіdnoї Economy (transitional economies) - 7 rokіv.