Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

3.1.2. NATURFІLOSOFІYA MІLETSKOЇ school. "LOGO" GERAKLІTA

• Antique fіlosofіya in tsіlomu - tse grandіozna sproba pobuduvati ratsіonalіzovanu picture svitu, s pozitsії Rozum virіshiti svіtoglyadnі power. In rіznomanіtnih forms davnogretskoї fіlosofії іsnuyut in zarodku OAO All bіlsh pіznі svіtoglyadіv tipi.

Strength davnogretskih fіlosofіv polyagaє in fact, scho stink plіdno spriymali naukovі danі African azіatskih Nagybanya that actively pereroblyali їh on a deductive science. On tsіy osnovі minutes was mozhlivim viniknennya antichnoї fіlosofії yak ratsіonalіzovanogo svіtoglyadu, yaky shukaє substantsіynu svіtostvorennya basis.

For antique mislitelіv Je Svit vazhlivim, garmonіyno uporyadkovanim, subject-Retschow tsіlim - Cosmos (in lane h Greece -. Spochatku "order" and potіm "svіtoporyadok"). The problem viniknennya Cosmos Tlumach yak problem Arche - vihіdna, stіyka, sutnіsna, autonomous pershoosnova, s yakoї porodzhuєtsya Subject bagatomanіtnіst.

Viniknuvshi in Elladі yak svіtoglyad Promyslova torgovelnogo-class, tobto people, yakih z'yavlyaєtsya vіlny hour for rozmislu, fіlosofіya formuєtsya i rozvivaєtsya on fonі viniknennya inventory penny, Retschow vіdnosin, mіskoї culture, transition od authoritarian aristocratic to tiranіchnih, and through them i to arrange sovereign democratic form, probudzhennya osobistostі th osobistoї іnіtsіativi.

Spetsifіchnoyu risoyu antichnoї fіlosofії Je vіdpovіdnіst fіlosofskogo method of mislennya fіlosofskomu sposobovі Zhittya. Tim bіlshe scho svoєrіdnіst tієї chi іnshoї Sistemi pov'yazuєtsya s osobistіstyu Creator. In zhodnіy іnshіy nautsі Tsey personalіstsky not currently graє takoї rolі: fіlosofіya at tsomu vіdnoshennі similar to Mistetstvo.

• Іonіyska fіlosofіya. Fact zarodzhennya fіlosofії in Іonії not viklikaє marvel, more in VII-VI Art. BC. e. Won bula advanced Chastain Egeyskogo svitu. Roztashovana on zahіdnomu uzberezhzhі Maloї Azії, Іonіya skladaєtsya s dvadtsyati samostіynih polіsіv, osnovnі s yakih - Mіlet that Ephesus. "Іonіya, - says Oleg I. Herzen - cob Gretsії i kіnets Azії ". Іonіyska fіlosofіya - fіlosofіya in Povny rozumіnnі tsogo words Aje vzhe Pershi її tvortsі of Namangan zrozumіti those chi yak substantsіyu Lots Other start. Krіm of її form nezvazhayuchi on remnants mіfologіchnoї obraznostі, all are Je ratsіonalnoyu, oskіlki znahodit svoє virazhennya in sudzhennyah i ponyattyah

• Perche fіlosofskoyu Elladi school, and by the note i Єvropi, Bula Mіletska school. Mislitelіv at Perche Cherga tsіkavilo power: "Z chogo all?" Zvіdsi poached, scho rechі vinikayut vnaslіdok quiet peretvoren, SSMSC vіdbuvayutsya s pershorechovinoyu - zguschennya, viparovuvannya, rozrіdzhennya. Viznachennya Vod, povіtrya, Apeiron pershoosnovoyu - cob substrate (substratum od lat -. Pіdstilka, rechovina) pіdhodu, yaky pіznіshe vitіsnyaєtsya bіlsh Abstract substantsіynim pіdhodom de sutnіsna pershoosnova not pov'yazuєtsya chimos s Specialization. Together s note pershoosnova mіlettsіv - not just vіdchutnі rechovini and іsnuyuchy principle of law that viniknennya zniknennya concrete chuttєvogo rozmaїttya speeches navkolishnogo svitu.

Zasnovnikom Mіletskoї school vvazhaєtsya Thales. Vіn alive naprikіntsі VII - in pershіy polovinі Article VI. BC. e. (bl 625-547 pp. BC. e.). Thales dvіchі oderzhuvav gold Trinoga od delfіyskogo oracle yak naymudrіshy 5 ellіnіv. W metoyu populyarizatsії science peredbachiv harvest of olives, taking in rent maslobіynі, vnaslіdok chogo MAV mozhlivіst Shvydko rozbagatіti. W tsogo drive Arіstotel zauvazhiv "Fіlosofu not vazhko Why Bhagat, ale no yogo іnteresіv tse thing." Rozpovіdayut, yak once a Thales zamislivsya pid hour progulyanki, divlyachis for zvichkoyu on zіrki, i having run from the pit. One old zhіnka Pocha smіyatisya "Yak minute you can, sage, pіznati scho vіdbuvaєtsya on nebі, Yakscho not bachish navіt fact scho pid in your legs." Hegel komentuyuchi Tsey vipadok, saying scho fіlosofi have their Cherga, smіyutsya s people, SSMSC, zrozumіlo not shaping can fall into the pit, oskіlki zavzhdi znahodyatsya in nіy i do not zvertayut svoїh poglyadіv eel. Perebuvayuchi in Єgiptі Thales on zavdannya zhertsіv guilty CCB vimіryati visota pіramіdi. In Pevnyi hour of the day, if dovzhina tіnі dorіvnyuvala zrostu Helsinki Human, vіn zmіryav dovzhinu tіnі pіramіdi, team itself vіdpovіvshi on zapitannya about visota pіramіdi. Thales takozh vvіv calendar, viznachiv protyazhnіst rock 365 dnіv, rozdіlivshi Yogo for 12 months at.

Yak fіlosof Thales vistupav s pozitsіy stihіynogo materіalіzmu. Pershoprichinoyu on yogo Dumka, vistupaє water (fіlosofske pereosmislennya Ocean). On vodі plavaє land - in tsіy formі Thales uyavlyaє substantsіynіst Vod, yak pid usіm literally is staying on nіy all plavaє. Ale tse is not just water, but water "Rozumny" divine. Svit poven bogіv, ale tsі gods - Sealy, scho dіyut in svіtі, stink takozh yak dushі dzherela samoruhu til. Napriklad, magnіt Got soul, that scho prityaguє zalіzo. Sonce that INSHI nebesnі tіla live zavdyaki viparam Vod. Dіogen Laertsky so viznachiv sutnіst fіlosofії Thales' cob usogo vіn vvazhav water and Svit vvazhav zhivim i Povny deities. "

In teorії pіznannya Thales truncated Znannya zvodit to єdinoї basis. Yogo Je aphorism: "Bagatoslіv'ya - zovsіm not pokaznik rozumnoї pillows." To the I 'Suka schos odne mudra, vibiraem schos odne good, so ti sama pripinish pustoslіv'ya bazіkuvatih people. " In tsomu polyagaє yogo fіlosofsky zapovіt.

Uchnem i poslіdovnikom Thales CCB Anaksіmandr (bl 610 -. 540 pp bl e BC....). Svіy bunt tvіr "About Nature" vіn writing in seredinі Article VI. BC. e. About yogo Zhittya mayzhe nіchogo nevіdomo.

Anaksіmandr rozshiriv ponyattya cob vsogo іsnuyuchogo to ponyattya "Arche" tobto to pershoprichini, substantsії, that scho in lezhit osnovі vsogo. Tacke beginning Anaksіmandr znayshov in apeyronі. Apeiron - tse schos neskіnchenne, bezmіrne, bezmezhne. Vіn vіchny i ​​neviznacheny, oskіlki vnutrіshno bezkraynіy. Apeiron - not tіlki substantsіyny, ale th genetichny ear space. W Demba not deprivation all svoїy osnovі skladaєtsya, ale th vinikaє. Apeiron i for all the viroblyaє himself. Perebuvayuchi in obertovomu rusі, Apeiron vidіlyaє protilezhnostі: vologe Suche i, i cooler heat. Parnі kombіnatsії Tsikh bunt yakostey stvoryuyut land (Suche i cold), water (colder vologe i) povіtrya (i vologe heat), Vogon (Suche i garjachego). In rezultatі vzaєmodії Tsikh stihіy stvoryuyutsya land, sky, zіrki, mіsyats toscho.

Anaksіmandrovі nalezhat glibokі zdogadki about pohodzhennya Zhittya. Givet born at sea mezhі i sushі s mule pid dієyu heavenly Vaughn. Pershi zhivі іstoti lived in morі, potіm deyakі s viyshli them to the land i overthrew s Statement Luske, having become the earth's tvarinami. A Person of vinikla od them.

We'll see Anaksіmandra chіtko prostezhuyutsya dіalektichnі іdeї scho znayshli virazhennya in vchennі about Eternity Apeiron, vidіlennya him protilezhnostey, stvorennya chotiroh stihіy s protilezhnostey; and she cosmogony - at about vchennі pohodzhennya s living still, Helsinki Human s tvarini -tse peredbachennya evolyutsіynostі zhivoї nature.

Yak teachings Anaksіmandr uvіv in practice koristuvannya Sonyachna godinnikom, pobuduvav model nebesnoї sphere - Globe, nakresliv geografіchnu card. Vіn zaymavsya mathematics, giving zagalny Naris geometrії.

Uchnem i poslіdovnikom Anaksіmandra acted as Anaksіmen (bl. 585 -6l. 525 pp. BC. E.). Yak astronomer i meteorologist writing tvіr "On Nature". Not vtrimavshis on visotі abstract mislennya Svoge vchitelya, Anaksіmen znayshov pershoprichinu vsogo suschogo in naybіlsh bez'yakіsnіy s chotiroh stihіy - povіtrі, named Yogo bezmezhnim (apeyros). So rank, apeyros peretvorivsya s substantsії on її vlastivіst.

In kosmogonії Anaksіmen zvodiv usі forms of nature to povіtrya; s all through Demba vinikaє rozrіdzhennya i zguschennya. Rozrіdzhuyuchis, povіtrya staє spochatku Vaughn, potіm efіrom and pіslya zguschennya - vіtrom, Khmara, water, earth i STONE Rozrіdzhennya vіn pov'yazuvav nagrіvannyam s and -s zguschennya oholodzhennyam Sonce - tse land yak rozzharilas od Svoge Shvidky Ruhu. Earth i nebesnі svіtila "hanging" from povіtrі, todі yak Earth neruhoma -іnshі svіtila ruhayutsya povіtryanimi flows.

Anaksіmen vіdomy svoїmi Naukova zdogadkami. Napriklad, hail utvoryuєtsya at zamerzannі Vod in Khmara and Yakscho to neї domіshuєtsya povіtrya - utvoryuєtsya snіg. Stan wait vіn pov'yazuvav s aktivnіstyu Sontsya.

Vidatnim predstavnikom іonіyskoї fіlosofії CCB Geraklіt іz Ephesus (bl 520 -. 460 pp bl e BC....). Vihodets s old tsarіv i zhertsіv, svoї pravnichі funktsії vіn passing bratovі. Alive bіdno i samotno, ostannі Rocky Svoge Zhittya provіv hatinі in the mountains
HEAD tvіr Geraklіta - "Nature". Zbereglosya blizko 130 yogo fragmentіv, SSMSC zrozumіti easy. drevnі vzhe yogo called "dark". Pіslya oznayomlennya s tsієyu Prace Socrates said: "Those scho I zrozumіv, Chudovo. I think scho so i Je those chogo zrozumіv I do not. " Spravdі, Geraklіt -duzhe gliboky mislitel, at the same hour of the deprivation of an aristocrat narodzhennyam, ale th in spirit. Vіn vvazhav, "scho naydostoynіshі bazhayut one: the death vіchnoї Slavi speeches." Tse Ti, yakih nebagato, Leather i s are expensive.

Naypochesnіshe Location in Yogo vchennі posіdaє Basic Sciences - Logos (Vogon). Vіn - substantsіyno-genetichna reason vsogo іsnuyuchogo. In fіlosofії Geraklіta substantsієyu Butt vistupaє Vogon, oskіlki zavzhdi is staying rіvnim to sobі, nezmіnnim in vsіh peretvorennyah, yak pershoprichina, concrete stihіya. Svit - tse vporyadkovany space vіchny i ​​neskіnchenny. Vіn not stvoreny ni gods ni people and zavzhdi CCB, Yea i bude vіchno zhivim Vaughn, scho zakonomіrno spalahuє i zakonomіrno zgasaє. On osnovі peretvoren Vaughn buduєtsya Geraklіta cosmology. OAO All Objects i yavischa Nature narodzhuyutsya Vaughn h i, znikayuchi, znovu peretvoryuyutsya on the Vogon. "Vaughn's death - povіtryu narodzhennya, i povіtryu death - vodі narodzhennya. Іz smertі zemlі narodzhuєtsya povіtrya, іz smertі povіtrya - Vogon "toscho.

Usі zmіni svіtostvorennya in Geraklіta vіdbuvayutsya s Pevnyi zakonomіrnіstyu, pіdkoryayuchis dolі, yak totozhna neobhіdnostі. Neobhіdnіst - tse vsezagalny law of the Logos. Literally Logos - tse word ale word Rozumny. Together s note Logos oznachaє Rozum, law, i Geraklіt naychastіshe vzhivaє yogo in ostannomu znachennі, vvazhayuchi yogo ob'єktivnim svіtostvorennya law. Logos - the principle of order i mіri. Vіn - that samy Vogon, ale Je Vaughn, scho for pochuttіv for Rozum Je Logos. Truncated vіdbuvaєtsya zgіdno s Logos. In naybіlsh zagalnomu planі Logos Geraklіta Je virazhennyam logіchnoї structuring Cosmos logіchnoї structures form svitu, yaky bezposeredno given spoglyadannyu living.

"Vognelogos" Geraklіta pritamanny i lyudinі, її dushі, yak Got two aspects: Retschow materіalny-i-psihіchno Rozumny have Perche aspektі soul - one s metamorphosis Vaughn, won vinikaє, viparovuyuchis s vologi. The soul is not tіlki vologa, Aje іz zbіlshennyam vologi Won staє gіrshoyu. Soul - Yednist protilezhnostey, more poєdnuє in sobі vologe i vognyane, SSMSC perebuvayut mіzh themselves have directly proportsіynіy zalezhnostі. In p'yanogo soul Especially vologa so self yak i have i ailing in Helsinki Human, yak pіdvladna chuttєvim zadovolennyam.

In another aspektі Sukhiy, vognenny dushі component - tse її Logos, yaky Je samozrostayuchim. Tsey sub'єktivny Logos gliboky not Mensch, bezmezhny, nіzh ob'єktivny, tobto Logos, yaky keruє space.

"Mudrіst polyagaє in fact dwellers govorito іstinu i prisluhatisya to the voice of nature, roblyachi vchinki vіdpovіdno to neї".

Geraklіt

Cosmogony Geraklіta buduєtsya on osnovі stihіynoї dіalektiki. Svit yak uporyadkovana system-Cosmos stvoryuєtsya on osnovі vsezagalnoї zmіnnostі yavisch, zagalnoї mіnlivostі speeches. "All the Techa, all zmіnyuєtsya, Absent nіchogo neruhomogo". For vislovlennya tsієї pillows Geraklіt koristuєtsya shaped porіvnyannyam s Pliny rіkoyu, flow. "In addition, include one hto i the rіku Well, techut all novі th novі Vod". Movement for Geraklіtom, vlastivy vsomu іsnuyuchomu. All of nature, not zupinyayuchis, zmіnyuє svіy camp. "The one that i w rіku not mozhna vvіyti dvіchі ... Narodzhennya, viniknennya nіkoli not zupinyaєtsya. Sonce - not tіlki basis Schodnya, ale i vіchno bezperervno basis. "

Vchennya Geraklіta about plinnіst usogo tіsno pov'yazane s yogo vchennyam about perehіd odnієї protilezhnostі in іnshu, about "zmіnu", "obmіn" protilezhnostey. "Teplіshaє cold, warm holodnіshaє, vologe visihaє, Suha zvolozhuєtsya". Obmіnyuyuchis mіzh him, protilezhnostі stayut totozhnimi. "Well those Odne i have - i Givet dead, young i older." Tverdzhennya Geraklіta, scho all Je obmіnom protilezhnostey, dopovnyuєtsya zaznachennyam about those scho all go through Borotba. On osnovі Borotba vstanovlyuєtsya garmonіya svitu. "In addition, scho narodzhuєtsya - all ob'єdnuєtsya; s of іtso packaging costs, - nayprekrasnіsha garmonіya, i go through all Borotba ".

• In this rite, in іonіyskіy fіlosofії (Mіletska school Geraklіt i) vіdbuvaєtsya poєdnannya fіlosofskogo i fіzichnogo (prirodnicho-Naukova) pіdhodu up Explanation pershoprichini svitu. Predstavniki tsієї fіlosofskoї school dosit chіtko zdіysnyuyut substantsіyny pіdhіd, ototozhnyuyuchi, yak usually substantsіyu Butt s specific stihієyu, yavischem nature. Tsya stihіya Pevnyi mіroyu nabuvaє meaning of the metaphor, and obraznіy formі daє uyavlennya about pershoprichinu vseіsnuyuchogo.