Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

3.1.6. FІLOSOFSKA SYSTEM ARІSTOTELYA

• Nayvidatnіshim davnogretskim fіlosofom CCB Arіstotel (384-322 pp. BC. E.). Yogo Motherland - polіs Stagіr, of order h Makedonієyu, od yakoї vіn stale. Batko fіlosofa Nіkomah CCB courtiers lіkarem makedonskogo king Amіnti II, and he Arіstotel - suchasnik sina Amіnti, maybutnogo king Fіlіpa II, dad Oleksandr Makedonskogo have yakogo Arіstotel CCB teacher Fіlіp II blesses share zavdyaki yakіy yogo syn narodivsya in Epoch Arіstotelya same Oleksandr speaks "I povazhayu Arіstotelya narіvnі Zi svoїm dad: Yakscho batkovі I zobov'yazany Zhittya then Arіstotelyu - vsіm, scho robit yogo tsіnnim".

Sіmnadtsyatirіchny Arіstotel staє listener Academy of Plato, de vіn probuv dvadtsyat rokіv. Plato Visoko otsіniv genіalnogo Yunak, yak i Arіstotel - Plato. Utіm, vіn zmіg pobachiti nedoskonalі side of the pla-tonіvskogo vchennya, scho in maybutnomu gave Yomou zmogu skazati "Plato meni friend Ale іstina dorozhcha".

Pіslya smertі Plato Arіstotel Dovgy hour mandruє i vzhe p'yatdesyatirіchnim povertaєtsya to Afіn de vіdkrivaє his fіlosofsku -Aіkey school (zvіdsi - lіtsey), so the name of the fact scho znahodilas of order s temple of Apollo Aіkeyskogo. Vaughn nazivalas "peripatetichnoyu" - "progulyankovoyu" and uchnі - "Peripatetics" tobto Ti, SSMSC progulyuyutsya.

Arіstotel - mislitel-entsiklopedist zalishiv going on vsіh vazhlivih Galuzo knowledge. Sered them prirodnicho-naukovі "About fіziku", "On the sky", "Pro pohodzhennya tvarin", "On the soul"; logіchnі - "Organon" ( "categories", "Analіtika", "Topіka"); fіlosofsky tvіr "metaphysics"; s oratorskogo Mistetstvo - "Poética", "Rhetoric".

Arіstotelyu nalezhit merit Perche rozpodіlu Sciences, vidіlennya for them kozhnoї s spetsіalnih Galuzo doslіdzhen, vstanovlennya rіznitsі mіzh theoreticity, practical i CREATIVE sciences. Otzhe, teoretichnі: metaphysics - vivchaє pershoprichini vsіh speeches vsogo suttєvogo; fіzika -vivchaє mill til i viznachennya "materії"; Mathematics - vivchaє abstraktnі vlastivostі real speeches. Praktichnі: etika - science about the normalization povedіnki people; ekonomіka; polіtika. Tvorchі science: Poética - teorіya vіrshoskladannya; Rhetoric - teorіya oratorskogo Mistetstvo i Mistetstvo craft.

Merit Arіstotelya Yea i vchennya about materіyu. Poyasnyuyuchi chuttєvy's World, Arіstotel visuvaє ponyattya materії, yak for Demba - Pervin materіal, potentsіya speeches. Actual Mill, scho peretvoryuє materіyu s mozhlivostі on dіysnіst - tse form. On vіdmіnu od Plato Arіstotel zamіnyuє ponyattya іdeї ponyattyam form. Vaughn - the active principle, cob Zhittya i dіyalnostі Sutnіst - odinichne tse, yak volodіє samostіynim Butt Form daє vіdpovіd on zapitannya "Shcho Je rіch?" Yea i substantsієyu rechі. Sutnostі podіlyayutsya on nizhchі, SSMSC skladayutsya s materії (tse OAO All Objects chuttєvogo svitu), i vischі, chistі form. Nayvischa sutnіst - tse pure form, without scho іsnuє materії, pershodvigun, yaky serve Jerel usogo space.

Vazhlive Location in rozglyadі tsієї problemi zaymayut klasifіkatsіya i analіz reasons. Arіstotel vidіlyaє Vier Vidi reasons:

- Materіalnі - Ti, s yakih skladayutsya rechі, її substrate;

- Formalnі - Ti, in the form of yakih proyavlyaє yourself stvoryuyuchi sutnіst, substantsіyu Butt. Cutaneous rіch Yea those scho Won Je;

- Dіyuchі (viroblyayuchі) - Ti, scho rozglyadayut dzherelo Ruhu i peretvorennya mozhlivostі on dіysnіst, stink Yea energetichnoyu bazoyu formuvannya speeches;

- Tsіlova (kіntseva) vіdpovіdaє reason for food "Chomu?" I "for chogo?". Arіstotel kritikuє platonіvskі іdeї for those scho on їh osnovі not mozhna

poyasniti scho vіdbuvaєtsya s speeches. Zgіdno s Arіstotelem, Je Pershi sutnostі - odinichne Butt, tobto substantsіya. Je Svit sukupnіstyu substantsіy, cutaneous s yakih - Pevnyi odinichne Butt. Vono - Yednist materії i eydosu (form). Materіya - tse mozhlivіst Butt once i s tim Pevnyi substrate. W mіdі mozhna zrobiti kul, statue, oskіlki materіya - mіd Je mozhlivіstyu kulі i, i statuї. Schodo okremogo sutnіstyu subject zavzhdi viyavlyaєtsya form (kulevidnіst on vіdnoshennyu to mіdnoї kulі). Form virazhaєtsya ponyattyam So ponyattya kulі fair i todі, if s not mіdі slit zrobleno kul. Koli materіyu decorated, the Absent materії without form, yak i form without materії. Otzhe, eydos - form - tse i sutnіst okremogo, odinichnogo subject, i those scho ohoplyuєtsya CIM ponyattyam. Tobto cutaneous rіch - Yednist materії i form.

"Nіscho not vіdbuvaєtsya vipadkovo, ale for vsogo, viniknennya chogo mi pripisuєmo samodovіl-nostі abo vipadku, Je Pevnyi reason."

Arіstotel

Arіstotel zavzhdi pov'yazuє ruh s vіdpovіdnoyu energієyu without yakoї not Mauger vіdbuvatisya peretvorennya potentsіynogo for relevance. Finished rozvitku, vtіlennya energії in Arіstotelya Got titles entelehії, yak Yea metoyu Ruhu, dosyagnutim result, completion processes. Cutaneous Butt, for

Arіstotelem, mіstit in sobі vnutrіshnі tsіlі Zavdyaki tsіlі, metі scho Yea in predmetі result in znahoditsya buttі to yogo zdіysnennya, Niby in potentsії. Vіdkrito vіn proyavlyaє myself if i ruh processes zakіnchivsya dosyagnuv Svoge completion methylene rozvitku. Otzhe, ponyattya entelehії nadaє ruhovі teleologіchnogo nature. Teleologіzm Arіstotelya dіstaє vischy rozvitok in vchennі about pershodvigun (vіchny dvigun). Sam pershodvigun not Mauger perebuvati in rusі, more todі potrіbno Bulo b peredbachiti nayavnіst slit one dvigun Tom vіn myself Je energієyu pure, pure dіyalnіstyu pure form - tsіllyu, metoyu.

Sche one aspect - the doctrine about the soul. According to vіdnoshennyu materії soul Je form. Ale won pritamanna deprivation zhivim іstotam. Soul - tse manifested aktivnostі zhittєzdatnoї Seeley. Ney volodіyut tіlki Roslyn, tvarini i Lyudin Prote in skin proyavі soul wearing svoєrіdny character. "Roslyn soul" vіdpovіdaє for funktsії growth harchuvannya, rozmnozhennya -spіlnі for zhivih іstot. Chuttєva soul pritamanna tvarinam. Rozumny soul Got tіlki Lyudin, once s note Je Won Chastain dushі, yak i pіznaє dumaє. Rozum - Basic Element Pochatkova tsієї dushі, vіn not deposits od tіla, Je Immortal i is staying in tіsnomu zv'yazku s kosmіchnim Rozum. Yak vіchny i ​​nezmіnny, vіn one zdatny dosyagti vіchnogo Butt i Je sutnіstyu pershodviguna, tobto pure mislennya Yakimov Givet on all svіtі

Categories in Arіstotelya - naybіlsh zagalnі Vidi vislovlyuvan, іmen. Whether yak words taken okremo without zv'yazku s іnshimi words napriklad "Person of", "bіzhit" oznachaє abo "sutnіst" abo "skіlki" abo "yak" abo "vіdpovіdno to chogo nebudu" abo "de" abo "if" abo "volodіti" abo "Buti in yakomus polozhennі" abo "perebuvati". Arіstotel - Purshia fіlosof, yaky pіdnіmaєtsya to kategorіalnogo osmislennya Butt.

"Hoca smertnі mi, mi not povinnі pіdkoritisya tlіnnim speeches i, naskіlki mozhlivo, povinnі pіdnіmatisya to immortality. The I zhiti vіdpovіdno s tim, scho us Je maintained upstream. "

Arіstotel

The essence of the teachings about the Person of polyagaє in the following: headache vіdmіnnіst Helsinki Human od tvarini - zdatnіst to іntelektualnogo Zhittya, yak peredbachaє moral pozitsіyu, vikonannya Pevnyi moral rights is the law. Tіlki Lyudin zdatna spriynyattya to such understanding, good yak i evil spravedlivіst i nespravedlivіst.

Central ponyattya arіstotelіvskoї etiki - dobrozichlivіst, yak Got two Vidi: іntelektualny i upmost. Іntelektualny vinikaє zdebіlshogo Shlyakhov navchannya, upmost - vnaslіdok zvichki. Virіshalne values ​​for Arіstotelya Got Purshia, zavdyaki Money Does vinikaє mudrіst, Rozumny dіyalnіst.

Dobrozichlivіst pritamanna not kozhnіy lyudinі and tіy deprivation, yak zumіla її know tіy, yak actively dіє. Vishcha form dіyalnostі - pіznavalna, theoretical nature Lyudin oderzhuє vischu Nasoloda not materіalnih benefits, no honors, no dіyalnostі for koristі, and in most protsesі teoretichnoї dіyalnostі in spoglyadannі Zagalny motive - Know serednyu lіnіyu povedіnki.

• Do vchennі about suspіlstvo Arіstotel nagoloshuє scho Sens Zhittya not zadovolennyah (gedonіzm), not schastі (evdemonіzm), and in zdіysnennі vimog Rozum on the high road to good. Ale, vsuperech Plato benefit guilty Buti dosyazhnim instead potoybіchnim іdealom Dobrochinnostі mozhna i potrіbno navchatisya, Won - kompromіs rozsudlivoї Helsinki Human "nіchogo zanadto ...". Etika - tse practical fіlosofіya and upmost - mid mіzh good evil i

• Form sovereign arrange Arіstotel dіlit on pravilnі: monarhіya, aristocracy, polіtіya, i nepravilnі: tiranіya, olіgarhіya, demokratіya. Vchennya Arіstotelya about Lyudin skerovane to those dwellers spryamuvati osobistіst the service derzhavі Lyudin - tse "polіtichna tvarina". Vaughn narodylasya polіtichnoyu іstotoyu i Nese in sobі іnstinktivne pragnennya to "spіlnogo spіvzhittya". The central kategorіya etiki for suspіlnogo Zhittya - spravedlivіst justly be Buti deprivation schodo іnshoї Helsinki Human. A tse Yea i manifested Turbota about suspіlstvo, Aje in spravedlivostі Lyudin pokazuє currently nasampered polіtichnoyu suspіlnoyu іstotoyu. On Dumka Arіstotelya, spravedlivіst polyagaє in rіvnostі, ale for rіvnih and nerіvnіst - for nerіvnih Nerіvnіst - tse Normal mill people.

• Tvorchіst Arіstotelya - top not tіlki antichnoї fіlosofії, ale th vsogo mislennya ancient svitu, naybіlsh wide i in logіchnomu planі naybіlsh rozvinena pіznannya system. Arіstotel not tіlki vporyadkuvav and second sistematizuvav, uzagalniv dosyagnennya fіlosofії Svoge hour. For svoїm character yogo bula tvorchіst gіdnim vneskom in rozvitok Naukova doslіdzhen Zmіstovnіst i rozvinenіst fіlosofskoї Sistemi Arіstotelya boule unіversalnimi. In yogo Dumka osobі fіlosofska Starodavnoї Gretsії dosyagaє Svoge climax, i pochinaєtsya formuvannya єvropeyskoї culture. Tsei processes trivaє i ninі, oskіlki not mozhna uyaviti Suchasnyj tsivіlіzatsіyu without antichnoї spadschini.