Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

6.6. J. SUB'ЄKTIVNA GNOSEOLOGІYA. BERKLІ of I D. Hume

• Superechlivіst poglyadіv, pritamannih fіlosofії New o'clock, nedoskonalіst vіdpovіdey to food, SSMSC hvilyuvali science of perіodu, zooms neobhіdnіst rozroblennya novih kontseptsіy, novih pіdhodіv. One such napryamіv h becoming sub'єktivno-іdealіstichny, vidatnim predstavnikom yakogo Je Berklі George (1685-1753 pp.). Vіn narodivsya in Іrlandії, zakіnchiv University in Dublіnі, CCB teologії teacher. Mandruvav on Єvropі, vіdvіdav Pіvnіchnu America. Ostannі Rocky Zhittya CCB єpiskopom in Іrlandії. The basic Prace - "Treatise lyudskogo all about the principles of knowledge." Uprodovzh usієї tvorchoї dіyalnostі actively zahischav relіgіyu.

J.. Berklі vistupaє peredusіm s Criticism materіalіzmu. In osnovі ponyattya materії, stverdzhuє vіn, lezhit poached, nachebto E, vіdvolіkayuchis od chastkovih vlastivostey speeches can stvoriti іdeyu zagalnogo for them materіalnogo substrate. Ale tse nemozhlivo, oskіlki we Absent i do not Mauger Buti chuttєvogo spriynyattya materії yak takoї. Our spriynyattya kozhnoї rechі rozpodіlyaєtsya without zalishku on spriynyattya pevnoї sumi okremih vіdchuttіv ( "іdey"). Speeches "Buti" zavzhdi oznachaє "Buti at spriynyattі".

Our Rozum Mauger stvoryuvati zagalnu іdeyu rechі, ale not zagalnu іdeyu materії in yakіy vzagalі vіdchuvayut not require science i fіlosofіya, more іdeya materії nіchogo not dodaє to vlastivostey Ponad speeches those scho Mauger Dachi chuttєve spriynyattya. Іsnuє tіlki spirituality Butt, yak podіlyaєtsya to "іdeї" - sub'єktivnі of Quality, scho spriymayutsya us stink - pasivnі. Zmіst our vіdchuttіv, їh spriynyattya zovsіm not stale od us, that "dushі" - stink dіyalnі, aktivnі. OAO All "іdeї" іsnuyut tіlki dushі at (yak i pristrastі pillows, so i rіznі vіdchuttya).

Sub'єkt, yaky spriymaє not іsnuє іzolovano, i rіch, yak stopped spriymati one sub'єkt, mozhut spriymati INSHI sub'єkti. Ale navіt yakbi OAO All sub'єkti znikli, rechі i Dali іsnuvali used yak scrip "іdey" in rozumі-sub'єkta God, yaky іsnuє vіchno i "vkladaє" in svіdomіst okremih sub'єktіv zmіst їhnіh vіdchuttіv. Otzhe, іsnuє Spirit Cauterets kozhnoї mitі viklikaє in sub'єkta chuttєvі vrazhennya, SSMSC spriymayutsya him. A s їh rozmaїttya, order i Especially mozhna zrobiti visnovok scho Creator nezmіrno Wise, mogutnіy i Welcome.

Gnoseologіchna kontseptsіya J. Berklі -. Іdealіstichny sensualism. "Buti" zavzhdi oznachaє "Buti spriynyatim". Mi can not spriynyati materіyu yak іdeyu zagalnogo, that we can not govorito about її іsnuvannya. Our Rozum Mauger stvoryuvati zagalnu іdeyu rechі, ale not zagalnu іdeyu materії. Nauka i fіlosofіya not require vіdchuvayut in іdeї materії, to scho Won nіchogo not dodaє to vlastivostey Ponad speeches those scho Mauger Buti chuttєve spriynyattya.

• Meta lyudskogo Zhittya Berklі vbachaє in bagatstvі. Vono - not land i do not groshі, SSMSC Je zovnіshnіmi Find our deprivation, viyavom bagatstva, not yogo rushіynoyu power. Way to bagatstva lezhit in rozshirennі spherical zastosuvannya pratsі that in pіdvischennі її produktivnostі.

• Bіlsh poslіdovnim in vіdstoyuvannі pozitsії sub єktivnogo іdealіzmu CCB Inshyj anglіysky fіlosof - Devіd Hume (1711-1776 pp.). Narodivsya, navchavsya i have pratsyuvav Edinburzі (Shotlandіya), Ziman the post of professor in unіversitetі. Yogo fіlosofіya Je organіchnim prodovzhennyam lіnіy scho vihodyat s sensualіzmu Locke. Hume CCB znayomy s fіlosofієyu J.-J. Rousseau, and takozh s kartezіanstvom, fіlosofієyu Spіnozi, Leybnіtsa, viyaviv zatsіkavlenіst sub'єktivnim іdealіzmom Berklі. Golovna yogo Prace - "Doslіdzhennya lyudskogo Rozum" (1751 p.).

• Golovna problems - teorіya pіznannya, zgіdno s yakoyu єdine (i bezzaperechne), scho іsnuє, Je vrazhennya. Pong podіlyayutsya on pervinnі -vrazhennya zovnіshnogo dosvіdu i vtorinnі - chuttєvі way pam'yatі ( "іdeї") that vrazhennya vnutrіshnogo dosvіdu (afekti, Bazhanov, pristrastі). Prostі іdeї (chuttєvі way pam'yatі) stale od zovnіshnіh vrazhen. Skladnі іdeї - tse psihologіchnі asotsіatsії Just one іdey s odnoyu. Ponyattya "substantsії" (i telesnoї, i duhovnoї) - Tse deprivation zruchna fіktsіya nashoї uyavi. Vaughn tsіlkom vіlno (i dovіlno) kombіnuє vrazhennya result chogo Yea i realnіst. Іz vrazhen abo іdey pam'yatі mi stvoryuєmo Svoge old system, yak

"The Basics of Me Absent rozumnoї vіriti in іsnuvannya materії. Do Me Absent bezposerednoї іntuїtsії її, i do not mozhu I bezposeredno on osnovі svoїh vіdchuttіv, іdey understand Act reasonably addicted i Robit visnovok about nemislyachu, nedіyalnu substantsіyu, yak not spriymaєtsya ni for Relief pravilnoї deduktsії, ni for Relief obov'yazkovogo visnovku " .

J.. Berklі

"Usі rechі, SSMSC pіznayutsya us, Yea, for au-Perche, pillows, in other words, zdatnostі spriymati pillows, in tretє, zdatnostі viklikati pillows."

J.. Berklі

"People volodіyut zagalnoyu skhilnіstyu uyavlyati all іsnuyuche podіbnim sobі that pripisuvati cutaneous ob'єktu Ti of Quality, s yakimi stink blizko znayomі that SSMSC bezposeredno usvіdomlyuyut stink."

David Hume

ohoplyuє all those scho mi pam'yataєmo chi yak spriynyattya the vnutrіshnіm spriymannyam, chi is zovnіshnіmi chuttyami, i cutaneous Chastain tsієї system of order s nayavnimi vrazhennyami, nazivaєmo zvichaynoyu realnіstyu. Hume zaymaє skeptical pozitsіyu schodo problemi i materії spirit, was theoretically not yak Mauger Buti virіshena.

Especially the value of y fіlosofії A. Hume nabuvaє ponyattya dosvіdu. Vіn viklyuchaє s Demba zovnіshnіy's World, all i dosvіd gruntuєtsya deprivation on spriynyattі that vporyadkuvannі vrazhen i uyavlen. Tobto in sformulovanomu Hume ponyattі dosvіdu rozkrivaєtsya vіdriv "svitu svіdomostі" od zovnіshnogo svitu scho ob'єktivno іsnuє.

At about vchennі prichinnіst Hume pokazuє scho іsnuvannya cause and naslіdkovih zv'yazkіv not communicated, that scho those scho vvazhaєtsya naslіdkom not mіstitsya in fact scho vvazhaєtsya reason, logіchno s neї not vivoditsya i not similar to neї. Psihologіchny mehanіzm scho viklyuchaє vpevnenіst people ob'єktivnomu іsnuvannі prichinnostі, bazuєtsya on spriynyattі regulyarnoї i Ruhu appeared in chasі podії B for podієyu A yak i spriymaєtsya zumovlenіst naslіdku tsogo reasons. Ale tse -pomilka, yak in maybutnomu generally produces up postіynogo ochіkuvannya i vіri in those, scho-yak whether appeared but give to B.

One s central figure fіlosofії Yuma Je Vira. Oskіlki mi znaєmo no i do not can know chi dzherela vrazhen ob'єktivno іsnuyut, chi stink just dovіlnі vitvori nashoї fantazії, mi can at zhittєvih situatsіyah keruvatisya whether yakimi uyavlennyami about їh status. Spetsifіka lyudskogo Zhittya with such a Yea, scho us zruchnіshe keruvatisya uyavlennyami about ob'єktivne іsnuvannya predmetіv i yavisch svitu. In tsomu

"People do not pіdozryuyut scho zovnіshnі ob'єkti - Lots Other no scho, yak pokazniki pochuttіv. Stіl, yaky mi bachimo, zdaєtsya Mensch in mіru of yak mi vіddalyaєmosya od Demba; real ale stіl scho іsnuє Square od us, pіdvladny zmіnam; otzhe, our soul spriynyala tіlki Yogo image. "

David Hume

Absent nіchogo wrong, Ale slіd postіyno pam'yatati: our vpevnenіst in ob'єktivnomu іsnuvannі svitu, yak bazuєtsya on vіrі not Mauger pretenduvati on іstinnіst.

• Skepticism i agnostic D. Hume not zaperechuyut force lyudskogo Rozum. їh Basics Je criticism prirodnicho-Naukova i fіlosofskogo mislennya, yak Hoch i rozvivalosya, ale zdebіlshogo mehanіstichny little character.