Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

7.2. FІLOSOFSKA I. SYSTEM KANT

• Zasnovnikom nіmetskoї klasychnoji fіlosofії Je Іmmanuїl Kant (1724-1804 pp.). Narodivsya vіn in sіm'ї remіsnika in Kenіgsberzі in Shіdnіy Prussії de provіv truncated Zhittya. Serednyu osvіtu zdobuv the "latinskіy shkolі" vortices-vannya in yakіy little provіntsіyny character Zgoda zakіnchiv fіlosofsky Faculty unіversitetu, pіslya chogo dev'yat rokіv pratsyuvav domashnіm teacher. In 1755 r. becoming in fact i magіstrom Well rotsі - lecturer Kenіgsberzkogo unіversitetu. Assistant professor otrimuvali not pay for lektsії, ale od oderzhuvali svoїh sluhachіv Pevnyi bag of pennies. Kant CCB popular vikladachem zavzhdi i read in kіlka kursіv odnochasno, not to vіdchuvav nestatkіa Uprodovzh pp 1766-1772. pratsyuvav takozh bіblіotekarem. W 1770 r. Kant became professor i MAV zarobіtok scho yogo zadovolnyav usі required.

I. Kant vіdomy svoїm modestly i punctuality Zhittya, yak became a proverb: Niby Istoria Zhittya Kant taka, scho in Demba not Bulo Zhittya ni, ni іstorії. Heine spend at zv'yazku s CIM analogіyu mіzh Kant i Robesp'єrom "Type mіschanina virazheny in oboh: nature priznachila їh zvazhuvati kava i Zukor, ale share zahotіla, dwellers stink zvazhuvali INSHI rechі, threw the first one on the crowbars King, іnshomu - God. "

• Do tvorchostі Kant vidіlyayutsya two perіodi: i subcritical critical. In subcritical perіod (. To 1770 p) Kant vistupav yak vcheny - astronomer, fіzik, geographer. Yomou nalezhit pershіst in obґruntuvannі zalezhnostі priplivіv vіdplivіv i od roztashuvannya Mіsyatsya and takozh obґruntuvannya naukovoї gіpotezi about pohodzhennya Sonyachnoї Sistemi s gіgantskoї gazovoї tumannostі. Qiu gіpotezu, skorigovanu great fіzikom Aaplasom, astronomy i ninі rozglyadayut one yak s mozhlivih varіantіv Explanation pohodzhennya Vsesvіtu.

"I denote bіlshe I rozmіrkovuyu, team bіlshe Dvi rechі napovnyuyut my soul all novim zdivuvannyam i INCREASING blagovolіnnyam: Zoryane sky nadі me i have the moral law Meni."

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The Prace tsogo perіodu in znamenitіy "Zagalnіy prirodnіy іstorії i teorії Sky" (1755 p.) Kant vistupaє yak stihіyny materіalіst i dіalektik, yaky obґruntovuє іdeyu samorozvitku nature.

Prote Vlasnyi kantіvska fіlosofіya, yak became the basis vsієї nіmetskoї klasychnoji fіlosofії, sformuvalas at criticality perіod have yogo Prace "Critique of Pure Rozum" (1781 p.), "A Critique of practical Rozum" (1788 p.), "Critique zdatnostі sudzhennya" (1790 R.). Usі tsі pratsі pov'yazanі єdinim the brainchild i stanovlyat poslіdovnі stupenі obґruntuvannya System of Transcendental іdealіzmu (as Kant nazivav fіlosofsku your system). "Criticality" perіod nazivaєtsya i fact scho fіlosof putting zavdannya conduct criticality analіz usієї poperednoї fіlosofії: protistaviti criticality pіdhіd dogmatic, scho panuvav ranіshe.

• The subject of Kant fіlosofії robit spetsifіku sub'єkta scho pіznaє, yaky on yogo Dumka, viznachaє sposіb pіznannya i kontrolyuє knowledge of the subject. Zroby poached, zgіdno s Yakim not Dumka uzgodzhuєtsya s subject and object h Dumka, Kant robit visnovok scho Yea pіznannya not spoglyadannyam and subject konstruyuvannyam, tobto subject viyavlyaєtsya not vihіdnim and kіntsevim pіznannya product. Pіznіshe tse steel nazivati ​​"kopernikanskim coup in fіlosofії" (if Copernicus z'yasuvav scho gіpoteza about obertannya Heavenly til Navkolo Zemlі not to kіntsya poyasnyuє ruh Tsikh til, vіn sprobuvav dosyagnuti of Success, simmered, scho s Earth planets ruhaєtsya Navkolo Sontsya and zori zalishayutsya neruhomimi).

In New fіlosofії hour (up to Kant) sub'єktivne beginning rozglyadalos yak pereshkoda on high road to іstinnogo knowledge yak those scho spotvoryuє dіysny mill speeches (napriklad, vchennya about "іdoli" F. Bacon). Kant put zavdannya: vstanoviti rіznitsyu mіzh sub'єktivnimi i ob'єktivnimi Some of the elements of knowledge in itself sub'єktі in rіznih yogo i rіvnyah structures. Pereosmislivshi sama ponyattya sub'єkta, vіn leaning in fіlosofії stverdzhuє vsezagalnіst sub'єkta. In most sub'єktі Kant rozrіznyaє two rіvnі: empіrichny (doslіdny) i Transcendental (one scho znahoditsya for the bіk doslіdu). Before empіrichnogo rіvnya nalezhat іndivіdualno-psihologіchnі Helsinki Human osoblivostі to transcendental - nadіndivіdualne beginning in lyudinі, tobto vsezagalnі viznachennya Helsinki Human takoї yak, yak Helsinki Human predstavnika lyudstva

One s major problems "Critique of Pure Rozum" polyagaє in z'yasuvannі mozhlivostі dostovіrnogo Naukova knowledge. Kant vvazhaє scho dostovіrne of knowledge - knowledge about ob'єktivne tse 's єktivnіst ototozhnyuєtsya vsezagalnіstyu i neobhіdnіstyu. Otzhe order dwellers little knowledge dostovіrny character vono guilty volodіti risami vsezagalnostі that neobhіdnostі Ob'єktivnіst Znannya obumovlyuєtsya structures transcendental sub'єkta, yogo nadіndivіdualnimi yakostyami i vlastivostyami.

Sub'єktu scho pіznaє, od nature vlastivі deyakі vrodzhenі (dodosvіdnі, aprіornі) Shape pіdhodu to dіysnostі, SSMSC s samoї dіysnostі Vivest nemozhlivo: Prostir hour, forms rozsudku. Kant detail obґruntovuє vіdmіnnіst fіlosofskih kategorіy rozsudku i Rozum yak dvoh rіvnіv dіyalnostі mislennya. "Our knowledge of skin - vvazhaє vіn - pochinaєtsya s pochuttіv, navigate to rozsudku Zgoda i zakіnchuєtsya in rozumі, vischogo for not yaky іsnuє nіchogo for obroblennya materіalu spoglyadan Institution i yogo to vischoї єdnostі mislennya". Rozsudok zavzhdi Got skіnchenny, obmezheny character and rozumovі pritamanne pragnennya to vihodu for mezhі tsієї skіnchennostі, Poshuk foundations, not the scope of the residual obmezhenih dosvіdu. Prostir i h -tse no form Butt speeches scho іsnuyut Square od nashoї svіdomostі and sub'єktivnі FORMS chuttєvostі Helsinki Human, s of the cob pritamannі lyudinі yak predstavnikovі lyudstva Prostir - tse aprіorna, vrodzhena form vnutrіshnogo pochuttya (abo zovnіshnogo spoglyadannya). Hour - tse aprіorna form vnutrіshnogo pochuttya (vnutrіshnogo spoglyadannya). yak Mathematics Science mozhliva on osnovі funktsіonuvannya expanse (geometrіya) i hour (arithmetic).

Aprіornі FORMS chuttєvostі - Prostir i hour - stvoryuyut peredumovi dostovіrnostі ically mathematical knowledge. Ale realіzatsіya Tsikh peredumov zdіysnyuєtsya on osnovі dіyalnostі іnshoї pіznavalnoї zdatnostі - rozsudku. Rozsudok - mislennya tse, yak i operuє ponyattyami kategorіyami. Vіn vikonuє funktsіyu pіdvedennya rіznomanіtnogo chuttєvogo materіalu, organіzovanogo for Relief aprіornih spoglyadannya forms. Otzhe not subject daє dzherelo knowledge about Demba in viglyadі understand i kategorіy and, navpaki, forms rozsudku - ponyattya the category i - konstruyuyut thing. Tom th uzgodzhuyutsya s our knowledge about them. Kant vvazhaє scho mi can pіznati tіlki those scho mi target. Ponyattya i category of toil Square od іndivіdualnoї svіdomostі neobhіdny i vsezagalny character. That knowledge, scho ґruntuєtsya them, nabuvaє ob'єktivnogo nature. Otzhe, rozsudok uporyadkovuє vіdchuttya Helsinki Human (zdіysnyuє "aprіorny synthesis") for Relief dvanadtsyati kategorіy, SSMSC Yea i "aprіornimi rozsudku forms." "Aprіorny synthesis" chuttєvih danih - tse netvorcha dіyalnіst on bazі formalnoї logіki.

Lachey on rіvnі Rozum, yaky "zadaє" tsіlі scho zabezpechuyut Yednist sintetichnіy dіyalnostі rozsudku, zdіysnyuєtsya "vischy synthesis". Vіn polyagaє in poєdnannі teoretichnoї sphere predstavlenoї rozsudkom, s practical, yak yak rozumієtsya perevazhno upmost moral sphere.

• Teorіyu pіznannya Kant mozhna taxes as follows: іsnuyut rechі samі on sobі, SSMSC dіyut organ chuttіv Helsinki Human i porodzhuyut rіznomanіtnі vіdchuttya. Takі vіdchuttya uporyadkovuyutsya aprіornimi forms chuttєvostі -prostorom i hour, yak fіksuyutsya protyazhnіst. On osnovі Tsikh peretvoren formuyutsya spriynyattya, SSMSC toil sub'єktivny that іndivіdualny character. Dіyalnіst rozsudku on osnovі forms mislennya - i understand kategorіy - nadaє CIM spriynyattyam vsezagalny i neobhіdny character. Otzhe, rіch itself through the channel sobі organіv chuttіv, forms chuttєvostі i rozsudku became zdobutkom svіdomostі sub'єkta "z'yavilasya Yomou" i vіn Mauger zrobiti about neї pevnі visnovki. Rechі, yak stink іsnuyut in svіdomostі sub'єkta, nazivayutsya phenomena (Ti, scho yavlyayutsya). Person of Mauger nobility tіlki phenomenon. SSMSC Well rechі samі on sobі, tobto SSMSC їh of Quality, vlastivostі, vzaєmovіdnoshennya pose svіdomіstyu sub'єkta, Person of the nobility not Knows i do not Mauger. Tom rechі samі on sobі for Helsinki Human will melt "in speeches sobі" - noumena (nedosyazhnimi for ratsіonalnogo pіznannya) nepіznannimi, neroz Crete. Subject's World, Square od svіdomostі (vіdchuttіv, mislennya) vplivaє organ chuttіv. Ale's World sutnostey - tse's World "speech at sobі" tobto not pіznaєtsya Rozum, Je vіri subject (God, soul, immortality). Otzhe "rechі in sobі" transtsendentnі (od lat transcendens -. That scho vihodit for mezhі) іsnuyut posture hour i expanse Kant pіdkreslyuє nemozhlivіst pіznannya "rechі in sobі" i mozhlivіst pіznannya tіlki "yavischa". Such pozitsіya dіstala titles agnosticism (od Graetz agnostos -. Ignorance).

Kant vvazhav, scho in Helsinki Human Absent zasobіv ustanoviti phone reception, zіstaviti noumena phenomena i. Zvіdsi visnovok about obmezhenіst mozhlivostey in pіznannі forms chuttєvostі that rozsudku, Yakimov's World is available tіlki dosvіdu. All scho znahoditsya for mezhami dosvіdu, Mauger Buti dosyagnuto tіlki Rozum. Vіn - nayvischa zdatnіst sub'єkta, yak keruє dіyalnіstyu rozsudku, put in front of him tsіlі. Pid vplivom Rozum rozsudok pragne to absolute knowledge i vihodit for mezhі dosvіdu, zavdyaki chomu vpadaє in іlyuzії i superechnostі. Proof of scho not Mauger іdeyam Rozum vіdpovіdati real object, scho Rozum spiraєtsya on uyavnі іdeї serve vchennya Kant about antinomії Rozum. Antinomії (c od antinomia -. Superechnіst in zakonі) - tse superechlivі vzaєmoviklyuchnі PROVISIONS Napriklad can bring, scho Svit bezmezhny in prostorі that chasі i those scho Got vіn mezhі. Mozhna Know proof Butt God i navpaki. Location Antinomії toil there, for de Relief obmezhenogo lyudskogo rozsudku namagayutsya ROBIT visnovki not about dosvіdu's World, and about Svit "speeches at sobі". Ale Kant zaperechuє OAO All іsnuyuchі "teoretichnі" proof of God Butt: Yogo іsnuvannya you can bring deprivation dosvіdom. Hoch in іsnuvannya potrіbno vіriti God, that scho tsogo vimagaє "practicality" Rozum, tobto our moral svіdomіst.

Vodnochase tse not oznachaє scho Svit nedosyazhny for Helsinki Human, yak Yea resident dvoh svіtіv: chuttєvo spriynyatogo osyagnutogo i Rozum. Purshia -tse's World Nature, Other - tse's World freedom. Do not sferі Svobody dіє theoreticity and practicality Rozum Where Money Does іdeї freedom, immortality, God carols values ​​"postulatіv" moralnoї povedіnki, oskіlki "dopomagayut" in our pragnennyam dosyagnennі nayvischogo good. Kant, on au-Perche, vivodit vzaєmnu rіvnіst usіh people, but in a different way, obґruntovuє lyudsku freedom avtonomnіstyu people that їhnіm right rozporyadzhatisya him i speeches.

• characteristic risoyu moralnoї teorії Kant Je obґruntuvannya nayvischoї ontologіchnoї tsіnnostі vіdnosno Helsinki Human Nature. Yak іstota, zdatna to avtonomnoї motivatsії, Lyudin Je "tsіllyu in sobі" todі yak tvarina - deprivation simply "zasobom". Rozumіnnya sutnostі moral rights Kant vvazhav one s nayvazhlivіshih zavdan fіlosofії. Yak The natural іstota Lyudin pіdkoryaєtsya neobhіdnostі and yak morally - to the transcendental nalezhit svitu, i in tsіy of Quality Won Vilna. Yak morally іstota Lyudin pіdkoryaєtsya tіlki moral obov'yazkovі.

Freedom Je proof іsnuvannya moral law. Povedіnka Helsinki Human schodo moral law motivuєtsya tim, scho INSHI people vіdnosno yakih won dіє, proyavlyayut TER Taku avtonomіyu, abo stink Yea tsіlyami in sobі, ale ni Where Money Does not razі zasobami for dіyalnostі kogos іnshogo. Tom formula "categorical іmperativu" (vischogo schodo practical principle of representation to lyudskoї Volya), yak peredbachaє zmіst moralnoї povedіnki, reads as follows:

"Robie so dwellers vikoristati Lyudin for myself so very, yak i for kogos іnshogo, zavzhdi Meta yak yak i nіkoli tіlki zasіb". Іnshimi words, moral laws peredbachaє nedotorkannіst іnshoї Helsinki Human ( "Person of іnsha guilty Buti holy for you"). Lyudin - zavzhdi meta i nіkoli - zasіb. Form moralnoї povedіnki vislovlyuє Kant: "The Robey so dwellers maxim tvoєї povedіnki on Ba

"Neobhіdnim dopovnennyam to Rozum Je schos scho vihodit beyond mіrkuvan scho znahoditsya still in rozumі, yak E, Mabuchi, can nazvati (pid іmenem freedom, nadchuttєvoї zdatnostі osyagati prichinnіst us), but we can not zrozumіti".

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"Obov'yazok stosovno currently polyagaє in fact dwellers Lyudin dotrimuvalasya lyudskoї gіdnostі in samіy sobі".

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Bi tvoєї povedіnki could become zagalnim natural law. " Otzhe morally povedіnka, Kant, characterized tim, scho Won, s one side, vіdpovіdaє law s another - її motivatsієyu Je gіdnіst Helsinki Human.

• Kant rozrіznyaє theoreticity i practicality fіlosofіyu, її rozmezhuvannya zberіgaєtsya deprivation s point Zora Suvorov dotrimannya faces mіzh okremimi parties lyudskih vіdnosin i svіtom, tobto on osnovі vіdmіnnostey theoreticity i pіdhodіv practicality. Tom prіoritet pіznannya scho bazuєtsya on praktichnіy povedіntsі before Sotho theoreticity pіznannyam stosuєtsya Kant deprivation moralnoї side. Nіmetska fіlosofska gromadskіst in teoretichnіy fіlosofії Kant, z one side, vbachala "moral proof іsnuvannya God 's іnshogo -lіkvіdatsіyu between mіzh theoreticity i fіlosofієyu moral, and svіtoglyadnomu planі - skhilnіst to panteїzmu. Heine, stverdzhuyuchi scho Kant znahodit God for theoreticity Rozum for Relief practical, іronіzuє "Vіn seized of so wise, one yak miy Westphalian friend, yaky rozbiv usі lіhtarі in Gettіngenі i stand in temryavі, MAV dovga Promova about practicality neobhіdnіst lіhtarіv , SSMSC vіn rozbiv deprivation s tієyu theoreticity metoyu, dwellers bring us scho mi nіchogo without them we can not bachiti ". In svoїy fіlosofskіy sistemі Kant put power:

• Shcho mozhu I know? (Fіlosofіya);

• Shcho Robit I guilty? (morality);

• At scho I mozhu spodіvatis? (Relіgіya);

• Shcho Takeo lyudina5 (antropologіya).

• Vіdpovіd on tsі power zmusila zvernutisya to analіzu pіznavalnoї dіyalnostі scho yogo Zroby teorіyu fіlosofієyu transcendental sub'єkta. So rank, Kant visunuv nova kontseptsіyu sub'єkta on osnovі yakoї vіn conduct rozpodіl Butte to Svit Svit Helsinki Human Nature i in yakih dіyut svoї mozhlivostі that Zakoni i mіzh yakimi іsnuyut svoї superechnostі.