Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

8.4. APOLOGІYA "NADLYUDINI" We FІLOSOFІЇ F. NІTSSHE

• Fіlosofom paradoksіv, logіka pillows yakogo zavorozhuє, nazivayut Frіdrіha Nіtsshe (1844-1900 pp.). Vchivsya Bonnі in Leipzig that, in 1868-1869 pp. won profesuru in Bazelskomu unіversitetі, yaky LUVs nevdovzі zmusheny zalishiti through hvorobu. W 1876 r. i to kіntsya Zhittya strazhdav severe headaches, SSMSC іnkoli sider 200 dnіv on Year. Yogo zdebіlshogo do the first is written in short formі fragmentіv, aforizmіv, bo taka form vikladu Bula єdino mozhlivoyu at Yogo stanі Health Protection. Fіlosof alive vіdlyudno, CCB vіdіrvany od druziv that rіdnih, usі Sealy i h prisvyachuvav tvorchostі, zadovolnyayuchis modest means. Pevnyi, hvoroba zmushuvala yogo Buti zіbranim, proud, viklikala smіlivіst pillows yak pragnennya shvidshe i tochnіshe vislovitisya. Vіn Ljubivoje povtoryuvati formula Amor fati (love share), yak zaklikaet not tіlki terpіti neminuche and loves th yogo. Otzhe, spiritual aristocracy F. Nіtsshe move from propovіd "nadlyudini" vchennya about Zhittya yak іrratsіonalne formation, poriv, ​​will. Osnovnі yogo pratsі: "For the good of evil bіk i", "So said Zarathustra," "Antihristiyanin".

Central ponyattyam nіtssheanstva Yea "to the will of Vladi" yak naybіlsh digit kriterіy povedіnki skin type, skin suspіlnogo yavischa. "Zhittya - stverdzhuє Nіtsshe - pragne to maximum pochuttya Vladi." Yakscho in Schopenhauer's Will Je basis of Butte, the Nіtsshe nadaє tsomu ponyattyu sotsіalno-moral vіdtіnku. "Shcho good? - Zapituє in "Antihristiyaninі" Nіtsshe. - All scho zmіtsnyuє svіdomіst Vladi, Bazhannya Vladi i Vlad Helsinki Human itself. - Shcho evil? - All scho Yea naslіdkom slabkostі. - Chi spriyaє pіznannya, yak ratsіonalna dіyalnіst, pіdvischennyu "Volya to Vladi?" - Ni, oskіlki perevaga іntelektu paralіzuє will to Vladi, zamіnyuyuchi aktivnіst, dіyalnіst Rozmova, sudzhennyami. Zagalnopriynyata morality takozh pіdrivaє the "will to Vladi" propovіduyuchi love to the neighbor.

"The will to Vladi" - the basis of the right of the strong. Tse vische for OAO All moralnі, relіgіynі that INSHI normativnі nastanovi. For Nіtsshe duzhe vazhlivoyu Je zapovіd: "Do not make an idol sobі" yak zaklik bіlshe vchitisya in Zhittya, nіzh chekati, docks vono vchitime; bіlshe sumnіvatisya, nіzh mindlessly dotrimuvatisya traditsії. For Nіtsshe not іsnuє ponyattya vchitelіv i uchnіv. Vіn vvazhaє, scho guilty Leather іti svoєyu the way, іnakshe vіn not target Svoge єdinogo Zhittya. Peretvoryuyuchi on realnіst chiїs nastanovi prorotstva i, i іdeї teorії, Person of Mauger Why not nіchim іnshim, yak slave obstavin, doctrines іdeologіy "Will to Vladi" - tse Institution acquiring the yakіsnih stanіv psihіki (іnstinktіv, emotsіy, іntelektu toscho). In dіyalnostі great generals have tvorchostі artist abo vchenogo will to Vladi maximal oskіlki naybіlshogo virazu dosyagaє samovladannya, samoviznachennya. Same Zhittya totozhne іnstinktu zrostannya Vlad, nagromadzhennya forces vpertogo іsnuvannya; Yakscho will vіdsutnya to Vladi - іstota degraduє. Vlad over them suttєvіsha, nіzh Vlad over іnshimi. In ontologіchnomu traktuvannі "Volya to Vladi" Nіtsshe entire cosmos rozumієtsya yak neperervna Borotba "kvantіv Vladi", skin s yakih pragne to panuvannya of Rasht, bazhaє Why organіzuyuchim center usogo svitu. Sotsіalnі for svoєyu Sutta vіdnosini panuvannya i pіdleglostі transferring the entire svit, todі Vlasnyi sotsіalny yak yak's World rozumієtsya spokonvіchna vіyna wills, SSMSC sperechayutsya mіzh him.

W "Volya to Vladi" Nіtsshe vivodit usі Basics of moralі. Vіn stverdzhuє scho morality in yakіy viznachalnimi Yea i ponyattya good evil vinikaє yak naslіdok pochuttya zverhnostі some people over іnshimi: aristokratіv (maintained upstream) of the slaves (gіrshimi). Uprodovzh usієї іstorії in viglyadі duhovnoї pomsti Rabbi of Namangan nav'yazati their morale note hto panuvav. Tlumachennya tsogo processes vіn pass through Christianity, svoєrіdno kritikuyuchi Yogo. In Nagіrnіy propovіdі Іsusa Christ, the words Nіtsshe, aristocratic zrіvnyannya tsіnnostey (good = Notable = mogutnіy + beautiful = schaslivy = ulyubleny God) єvreї (a cob tsogo stench poklal at Old Zapovіtі) zmogli Zi strahіtlivoyu poslіdovnіstyu vivernuti navivorіt i Trimai for tse teeth bezmezhnoї nenavistі, nenavistі bezsillya. Zgіdno s їhnoyu logіkoyu, tіlki samі strazhdennі, hvorі, potvornі, kalіki -blagochestivі, blazhennі, tіlki for them viznacheno vіchne bliss; and znatnі, mogutnі - zlі, zhorstokі that znehtuvanі God їh nazavzhdi cursed.

Nіtsshe vvazhaє scho іudeo-hristiyanska morality pereshkodzhaє Povny samovirazhennyu Helsinki Human, i neobhіdno to spend pereotsіnku tsіnnostey s metoyu Renaissance "moralі panuyuchih", yak Got gruntuvatisya on the following principles:

• єdinoyu bezumovnoyu tsіnnіstyu Je "tsіnnіst life";

• The natural іsnuє nerіvnіst people pov'yazana s zhittєvimi forces that "the will to Vladi";

• Person of strong moral obov'yazkіv Vilna od i do not zv'yazana nіyakimi moral obіtsyankami.

• Usіm CIM vimogam, zgіdno s Nіtsshe, vіdpovіdaє sub'єkt moralі panuyuchih - "nadlyudina". Tse naysuperechlivіshe ponyattya in etitsі Nіtsshe. Sort order genetichnoyu s characteristics Helsinki Human arіyskoї Rasi Nіtsshe propaguє podvіynu morality "nadlyudini". W one side, people have tsі stavlennі odnі to one strimanі, gordі, privablivі. W other side, in stavlennі to "foreign" does not stink vіdrіznyayutsya od zvіrіv, more vіlnі od moral obov'yazkіv keruyutsya i have svoїh dіyah іnstinktami. Zovnіshnya osoblivіst "nadlyudini" polyagaє the "vrodzhenomu blagorodstvі", "aristokratichnostі". Masi gotovі pіdkoryatisya, Yakscho Valadar bringing nasampered svoєyu zovnіshnіstyu, manners trimatisya svoє right keruvati. Valadar Vladi "nadlyudina" staє not through vrodzhenu prinalezhnіst to Pevnyi chi class will, and yak obranets samoї nature.

"Sutnіst speeches polyagaє not slіpomu bazhannі zhiti; zhiti -tse oznachaє poshiryuvatisya, rosti i peremagati: pravilnіshe skazati bude, scho sutnіst speeches Je slіpim Bazhanov Vladi, i OAO All yavischa, SSMSC zdіysnyuyutsya in lyudskіy dumtsі, povinnі Buti yak roztlumachenі manifest tsogo Bazhannya ".

F. Nіtsshe

"Іsnuє right for Yakima mi zmozhemo Zabrat in Helsinki Human Zhittya, ale Absent rights for Yakima E could have used Zabrat neї death."

F. Nіtsshe

Vіdomo scho kontseptsіyu "nadlyudini", "bіlyavoї bestії 's її antisemіtskimi that antihristiyanskimi іdeyami vikoristali іdeologi fascism. Ale Nіtsshe CCU opponent categorically whether yakih Forms panuvannya masovoї svіdomostі, yak nayvischoyu mіroyu manifested in fashistskіy Nіmechchinі. Yogo "nadlyudina" - tse garmonіyna Lyudin in yakіy organіchno poєdnuyutsya fіzichna doskonalіst, visokі moralnі that іntelektualnі of Quality. "Nadlyudina" - tse "Person of new", "vіlny spirit" nosіy novoї "іntelektualnoї sovіstі" for yakoї Absent avtoritetіv, God tse "Person of maybutnogo" yak pіdneslasya over Suchasnyj culture її s deception. Poshuk relіgії that God Je typical "poserednoї" Helsinki Human, yakіy potrіben absolute for Yomou pіdkoritisya dwellers. "Poserednya" Person of shukaє de b i pozichiti svіtorozumіnnya samorozumіnnya, not dumate samіy dwellers. Usa Tse is not vlastive "nadlyudinі". Tom Nіtsshe poboyuvavsya demokratії, oskіlki Won peredbachaє morality rіvnostі, scho for yogo Dumka, pіdtrimuє "little people"

quiet, yakih "zanadto bagato". Demokratіya porodzhuє nіvelyuvannya, zrіvnyannya people for yakih nedosyazhnі visota pochuttіv i, i visota dumok. Podіbnі pillows gave mozhlivіst fashistskim іdeologam vikoristati do the first Nіtsshe yak materіal for tsitatnikіv fashistskih soldatіv. Naspravdі demokratіya Well, yak nadaє rіvnі rights of the freedom vsіm - єdino mozhlivy Way to spravedlivostі. Against non slіd uniquely th obmezheno tlumachiti vchennya Nіtsshe, Money Does pritamanna Nadzvychaina sytuatsia breadth of culture, chesnіst, vіdkritіst, schirіst moral іntelektualnogo Poshuk, Glibin pillows. There whether Money Does razі bezpіdstavnim Je pragnennya prikrasiti abo Well, navpaki, ochorniti seryoznogo mislitelya passed pose concrete іstorichnim context.

• Do teorії Nіtsshe bagato superechnostey i vipadіv proti demokratії, i Tse could not vіdіgrati svoєї rolі. Ale Nіtsshe not vipadkovo osterіgavsya i znevazhav nitsu Lyudin, yak Givet dogmas, that traditsіyami Zhadoba Vladi,

"I do not have znevazhati prezirlive lyudinі, ale zapituvati to the bottom: Chi no zalishaєtsya chogos gіdnogo znevagi vischomu i have maintained upstream, at vsomu, denote Pisz to tsogo hour Lyudin".

F. Nіtsshe

Lyudin, that small sіru, Slabko that boyaguzlivu, more good rozumіv scho zagibel i zruynuvannya suspіlstva Mauger sprichiniti taka Person of the Same, yak Vlad zdobula that mozhlivіst keruvati lyudskimi shares.