Філософія: мислителі, ідеї, концепції - Kremen V.G.

8.5. PSYCHOANALIS 3. FREYDA

• Ірраціоналістичні тренції «філософії життя» продовжує та поглиблює психоаналітична філософія. Її empirical base became psychoanalysis, a whic in the framework of psychiatry yak soderjniy pіdhіd to lіkuvannya nevrozіv by the method of catharsis, abo self-purification. The founder of psychoanalysis is the Austrian lycar-psychopathologist and psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). He was born in Moravia (Chekhia), in the number of Austro-Ugric Emperia. Mayzhe lived all life at Vidny, de zakinchiv spojatku gimnazіyu, and potyim medical faculty Videnskogo university. Freud rozpochav his naukovu diyalnist yak fahivitsy z fiziologiїta nevlogologii, a grave material, zamusilo zmusilo obscure "pure science." Він becoming lіkarem-psikhiatrі і з'ясував, що знання атотомії та фізіології it is practical nіchim not mozhut допомогти at лікуванні неврозів Упродовж 1885-1886 рр. Stayed in Paris, near the famous Charcot. Turning to Vidnya, vin namagaetsya slidom for frantsuzkimi teachers with a therapeutic method to zastosuvati gipnoz, ali nevdovzi vpnyuyutsya, scho interii gіnnozu dosvitsi. Postulate Freud rozroblyaet vlasnu psychotherapeutic technician, the method of "young asotsiatsy." In 1899 the river. To go to one another is the fundamental work " Tlumachennya snovidin '", yak d dіі і "біблією" psychoanalysis. Zgodom z'yavlyaetsya bagano books and articles Freud z nairiznominantnyh problems of medical psychology. On the eve of that day, there was a hurried ambassador, which in 1908 r. Rethink on "Videnskoy psychoanalytical comradeship". Nezvazhayuchi on criticism, psychoanalysis vidhodit "pidpillya", and in the same 1908 р. Відбувається І Міжнародний психоналітичний конрес, and in 1910 р. To be held і Міжнародна психоаналітична асоціація, що. Існує й донині. Before the death Freud kerouvav armiye odnodumtsіv і poslіdovnikіv, scho postinoy zrostala І dosi praci Freuda є teoretichnoyu osnovo dlya bіlshostі psihoanalіticіv. In 1938 the river. Після об'єднання Австрії з гітлерівською Німеччиною Фрейд і його сім'я як євреї переслідувалися, він змушений був мімігватити до Англії, де й помер у 1939 р. Freud's naivazhlivshi praty: "Totem i Tabu", "I and Vaughan", "Psychology of the Analyze of the Human Self," "Unhappy with the Culture".

• Before Freud, the psychology of the vivchala manifests itself in the healthy people. Yak psychopathologist, vivchayuchi nature and the causes of neuroses, Freud nashtovnuvshisya on dyslyanku manskoky psihiki, yaka rasishe not vivchalas, a little bit great value for people living in - tse "nesvidome." On the duma of Freud, the bolshist our bazhan and pragnen nesvіdomi. In the dreams, the hypnotist camps, the facts of our girl: mistakes, sweats, wrong rusahs tochno - to know the virazhenna "nesvidome." Lyudska psikhiika, for Freud, - the structure of the three main cities: nesvidome, pіdsvіdome i svidome. Strewn by Freud, the model of the individuality of the future, is the combination of the three main categories. "Vano" (id) - glybinny layer of nesvidomih nahilіv, sukinnnost інстинктивних потягів, the basis діяльності індивідів; "Ego" is the sphere of the svidomogo, yak viddililosya vіd "Vano" in the process of evolution with the method of adapting to the call of the middle peasants, the mediator of the "Vano" and "Zovnіshnim svit". "Super-I" (Super ego) 3являється at the moment виникнення человеського суспільства, воно, немовби вища істота в

Ludinі, includє szvoyenni іndivіdom sotsіno znachuschі normi і zapovіdі, sotsіalnі zaboroni vladi, batkіv i iz veritativ. Ця психічна інстанція успадковується й актуалізується у відносинах зі its own dad in psychotic skinheads. "Nad-Ya" oderzhu energyi vіd інстинктивнихних прагнень, at once t Zim "Nad-Ya" - саме та інстанція, яка пригнічує інстинктивні ротя, жорстко обносєєє спрятивує діяльність "I". "Nad-Ya" - dzherelo pobutty vinnyi і мук совісті. "Nesvidome" Freud is vvazhaet the central component, a kind of vision of the day of people's psychology, and svidome - deprived of special privilege, overcharged with "unheard of". On Freud's mind, the glyphine layer of the human psyche functions on the basis of natural instincts, "the first prague" and the method of restoring the nai-bolshogo zadovolennya. The basis of the first attempts to work is sexual nahili, yaki Freud nazivayet "lіbіdo" (pragnennya, bazhannya, predilection). Wongs hunt down the sphere of people's love, including love, friendship and love before

"Yaksho in the right pidkorennya nature of the people rihalosya shlya postyynogo progression and the law can legally ochіkuvati shil bolshogo in Maybutnomu, it is important konstatuwati analogous progress in the right ordering of people's visions. Potrbno, in my opinion, rahuvatisya in this fact, that all people have the power to destroy the destructive, anti-social and anti-cultural tendencies, and to stop the violence, to put up strong emotions, to deserve to be known as a guide in a human being. "

3. Freud

Fatherland. Pізніше висувається гіпотеза, що діяльність people are encouraged to engage in the yak of biologic, so і соціальних прагнень, в яких доміуючу the role is to play the role of "zinni" - "ерос" and "death instinct" - "thanatos". Dopovnennyam "Lіbіdo" vіgodіє takozh agressivnе beginning - "mortido". In the process of development of the "lіbіdo" індиіда localize in the different zones of the people's body. Spotchatka vono antoorotichne, zgodom be transferred to zovnіshnіy ob'ekt, on іншу человену.

On the basis of conception of the unreasonable, Freud viznachaete takie importantly laying psychoanalysis, yak vchennya about childy sexuality, abo "complex Edipa", in a kind of "zobigayutsya cob, Relief, morality, suspilstva ta mystetstva." Dzherelom "complex Edip" became a long-awaited myth about the Fіvansky tsar Edip - sina tsar Fіv Laiya i ikasti. Laiu bilo vishchuvannya vid Apollo about the death of the hands of the ardent sina, i vin zvezdov druzhinі kinut neobnarodzhenozhenogo on the mountains Kiferon, piercing nemovlyati tendon nyg. Ale servant, otrimavi takie zavdannya vid tsaritsi íokasti і ne znayuchi spravozhnyї cause of the order, having granted ditinu і vіddav ії to the famous Corinthian shepherd. That vidnіs ditinu to his bezditnogo tsar Polioba, yak calling the cotton Edip (swollen feet) and vihovav yak vlasnogo sina. Коли Едіп виріс, one з жителів Corinthu having called yogo підкидьком, і хоч як прийомні батьки the young man was quieted, but he was virgins before the Delphic oracle, he descended about his journey. The oracle giving prophetstvo, scho yomu tried to drive in the father and disguise himself in the matriarch. Do not smyuchi turn to Corinth, a kind of vvazhav svoyeju batkivshchinoyu, Edip virish on a stranger in poshukah shchastya. On perehresti triokh dorіng vіn sostrіv pаvazhnogo pan at супроводі servigі і під hour of welding driving usіh, крім one servant, a kind of vryatuvavsya and turning to Фів, де розповів, що king Lai (а це був він) загинув від рук розбійників, Подорожуючи далі, Едіп Дійшов до Фів, відгадав загадку чудовиська Сфінкса, за що вдячні жителі Фів drew yogo with his own king and for the traditional friendship with the widow of Lai. So zdіysnilosya prophetstvo Delfiyskogo oracle Edip simplified twenty-two rockiv shchaslivo alive with iaokastoyu (svoeju matіr'yu), mayuchi deti. Коли ж Едіп дізнався the truth about the trip, the vikol's death, the gold spike in the night, the fire, the siege of death, and the vignanets of Polivshi Fivi. Nezvazhayuchi on ganbu, slipogo dad was conducting a yoga daughter of Antigonas

Послаючись на міф, Фрейд стверджує, що у відносинах Едіпа та його матері розкривається споконвічна человекська трагедія sexual attraction of the sin before the mother. Freud robi tsikave doslenia about Dostoevsky. Відомо, що the great writer suffering from the impulses, attacking anchor in the youth, відразу після вбивства the villagers of the yogi batka-nelyuda, they stuck to the catharsis and znovu vidnivilisya після неї. Widgets: attack - the punishment for the nesvidome chi, mozhe, svidome bazhannya mortal batki, yaky znushchavsya z materi І tse bazhannya materializovalos vbivstvі batka peasants. At Sibir Dostoevsky in tsiomu pokaranni not mavas consumers, oskilki having gained a punishment for the tsar yak deserved for the holy grich schodo batka, and swamp attack swindlers znovu vidnivilisya. Замість самопокарання Достоеввський Having given yourself to punish intercessors and father

Пізніше формається протилежний варіант "complex Edipa" - sexual attraction of the daughter to her father ("complex Electric"). Behind the long-awaited myth, Electra Bula, the little King of Agamemnon and Klyotemnestr. Koli Agamemnon пішов на Троянську війну, Klіtemnestru having bored Egistf, the Agamemnon's virgin, and namagavsya vbiti Orestes, brother Elektri, I woke up vonutuvali Pislya povennennya Agamemnon troy for the deceitful deceit Egisfovi vdalosya yogo vbiti, alle Elektra dopomagaye Orestu vbiti Egisfa ta Klitemnestru, For the father

Cobs "complex Edipa" Freud vidnosit until the era of the first fret, vbachayuchi ynomu awakening pobuttya blame for the original grich. On the duma of Freud, the " complex Edipa " is the basis for the reformation of the morality of the Zokrem, the tragedy of Sophocles "Tsar Edip" became the mark of the tragedy of the tragic yak of one of the categories of esthetics in the epoch, if the mythology of the bullet is in the form of an ideology. Sophocles tsykavil nasampered, chi muzhe lyudina (yakshcho vona taka, as though guilty bouti ludina) passively piskoritisya svoї dolі through those, nyo moderately unikuti neminuchogo; Chi-won is to blame for the up-dating of moral obscurity.

Freud vvazhaє, scho "complex Edipa, krim mozmolosti yogo vyyavlennya yak nvvidomogo stimulu activity mnozhni, mozhe rodititi і soterіdnu prorotnu retsііyu. So zamadaenaetsya gamletivskiy type osobistosty: Hamlet can not piskoritisya voice rosumu і pomstitisya for the death of the father, oskilki hate, yaka mala b awakening yogo up to pomesti, zminyuyutsya ynogo samodokorami і floury sovisty. Hamlet assured, scho vin not stealing for evil, I am guilty of punishing.

Analyzing the problem of "mortido", Freud vvazhaє aggresivnіst vrodzhenoyu and invulnerable rise of people. Priglyadayuchys to budivnitstva sotsializmu in SRSR in 1930-ti rock, Freud pishe, scho commune pomilkovo vvazhayut people a good nature, ali zipsovannuyu institute of private ownership. Znischennya privetnoy vlasnosti not virishuyu problem agresivnosti, vpnya about vsezagalnu рівність є "безмірноюі ілюзією", аже nature itself has imposed a tension of phizic and roseum zdibnost.

One of the important things to understand from the theory of Freud - "vitnisnenya" (prignichchenost, represiya). The process of the migration of non-residents is defined by the sphere of the unknown. Oskilki uyavlenya, yakі vitisnyayutsya, zberigayut syyu its energy, stinks to turn to the svyazhdomi, yaka to fix opir. In passing, Freud introduces the concept of "sublimation," which is a process, a kind of knowledge prior to the engagement of energies and instincts in non-instinctive forms of the behavior. The process includes the transfer of energy from the inventory of the igniting pragnen to the encumbrances of the new generation; Transformatsiyu emotsіy, yakі siprovuzhuyut diyalnіst (desexualizatsiya, disagresifikatsiya); Звільнення діяльності від диктату інстинктів; Peredvorennya diyan to socially acceptable form. For the sake of understanding, the "sublimate" Freud is able to invoke the viscous psychic functions of the lower ones, explain the truth, yak naukova dіyalnіst, the artist's creativity, the philosopher's peninsula, and the truth. On yogo dumku, vnutrishny psihichnі konflikti, childy kompleksi, nevrotichnі by peremotyuyutsya symptoms on the artist's creativity. "Sublimation", from the point of view of psychoanalysis, is one of the nascent complications of psychic conflicts, but in the opposite, they would call to neurosis.

Freud vvazhal, scho psychoanalysis Mozhie boki vikorystany for clarification and vregulyuvannya Suspilnyh protsessiv. Zokrema, ludina can ovolodіti his own instincts, passions and svidomo keruwati them in real life. Zavdanya psychoanalizu, yogo dumku, yakraz i polagaye in order to translate from the sphere of the sacred and pikkority to his values.

Gravity before Freud became for the bogatogo of his kind antagonism, yaka compensated for the appearance of Marx, which was determined in the period of the Lena and the post-Leninist bureaucracy and the civil service. Freud, to the dope of the French detainee R. Dadoun, becoming a demon, such nainis his pansexualism one stroke on narcissism, power people. Tse bov third strike - the Copernican peninsula, which has emerged against the cosmological anthropocentrism (inhabited by people Earth is not an unruly center of the World), Darwin, which is his "mavpy" theory pokhozhenna people pidrivav anthropocentrism bіologichny. Freud zruynuvav anthropocentrism psychologic and mediated povedinkovy, especially in reality in the svyasya cusaznoї science, yak vbacha in the "unheard of" sexuality dzherela yak altruizmu, and agresivnosti people.

The conception of Freud has become one of the most vivid and vivid ones in the transition from romantic to humanism, to a kind of hvorilo, and canvolence, hvoriye people (Marxism - the rarity of such humanism), to the humanism of realistic elements of inevitable tragedy in the canvas historical forecasts

• Freud's ideals were known to be a gifted roulette from neo-Freudianism, zokrem in the theory of Karl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), one of the yogo-laying organizations. The essence of the rise of Jung and Freud was rooted to the rosy nature of the forms and forms of the unveiled. Jung vvazhaє, scho Freud is unjustifiably calling all mankind dіyalnіst to біологічно decadent інстинктів, - stinks mаyut not біологічну, but суто symbolic nature. In the basics of the symbolic yak part of the self-psychosis lie myths and legends, yak y z dalnnіh chasiv yіk yak "kolektivne nesvidome" the beginning of the people's life and can be seen in the magical people of the first people, and in the best of times. Analizuyuchi pitanya khudozhnoi creativity, Jung velcheznen znachennya nadaє mіfovi yak soderzhdnomu dzherelu misterstva і "nesvidomomu", yake viznacha process of the image. Accentuation of respect for the meaning of the mysterious and unreasonable psychic in the mystery of creativity, Jung vvazhaє, scho dіyalnіst the artist is guilty of seeing the pose active, tsіlsprjamovannіmі, sіedomіmі psihіchnimі діями.

Vvazhayuchi the myth of the virazhennyam of the "collective unrequited", the power of all nations, nations, races, yak vplyivaє na stavlennya іndivіdualnoy svidomosti, Jung to robe the "archetype" yak formallynye zrazki povedinki abo symbolic images, on the basis of which are formalized in concrete terms, in a realistic way Житті стереотипи свідомої діяльності человени. "Archetypes" dyut lyudinі instinctively. Відповідно до цього Юнг розрізняє існування двох типів особистості: екстравертна та інтровертна (екстраверт та інроверт). In the first vipadk, the psychologically pronounced is over the sub-ect. Інроверсія -процес, at yakomu sub'ektu nalezhit viznachalna tsінність. In the structure of skin diseases, two types are known specifically in the wake of teletextual, emotional, sensory, and intellectual zdibnost. The special value of Jung is given to the intellectual property of the pritamannim, the yak vin vvazhaє, nesvіdomimі -іrраціоналізмом і суб'єктивністю. Jung pіdkreslyuє role інровертної інтуїції, yak stulyuє osoblyvі tipi osobistosti: мрійника, the fantast, the clairvoyant and the artist.

K. Jung to chicht mezhu mizh іndivіdualnym і kolektivnim nevіdimim: pepshe vіdobryazhe dosvіd okremoї people iі zagradaєtsya z izdevan, yakі kolis buli sіdomomіmi, аle втрали свій свідомий nature внаслідок забтття чи пригнічення. Kolektivne nevisylome - tse gagololjudskiy dosvid, the characteristics for all races і peoples, yakomu slobi pam'yat pam'yati menykogo past, and takozh gorodskiy tvarinnny mill.

Having sat at its own theirії ідеї міфу-symbol yak dzherela мистецтва з інтуїтивною съдністю, що переважає в реалізації задуму, Jung accentuates respect for creative works, rozglyadayuchi їх як відхилення від нормими. Інтуїцію - ірраціональну, невідому - Юнг перетворює на містичну силу, яка спонукає до творчості.

• Posters of the psychoanalytical phylosophy of neo-Freudian Alfred Adler (1870-1937), Erich Fromm (1900-1980) on the basis of the basic principles of the theory, they explained the social reality of the people's lives. Napriklad, E. Fromm namagayetsya sintezuvati іdeї young Marx zekzistentsializmom i psychoanalizom. In particular, there is a great deal of vincennial, all - purpose psycho - netic manifestation of hype in the different socioeconomic centers. On the threshold of Marxism, Fromm to lead the character of the formality is not seen in the middle of the social medium, but from the "subordination" of the human form: "existential" and "historical". In ekzistentsialnomu бутті людина перебуває між життям і смертю, on суречночності життя регугє різноманітнимими ways відповідно to its character and culture.

• Історичні суперечності, що є neobhіdnіyu partnoyu chelovecki іsnuvannya, stvoiulyutsya і virіshuyutsya people's yak in the process of withered zhittya, and in the process of historical development. Yak propagandist of "healthy suspilstva", uzunennya istorichnyh superechnosti Fromm p'yaz'yazu zі trebrennyam gumanisticheskogo sospilstva. Він покладає великі надії на вводня "humanistic planuvanya", activeізації індивіда shvetom method of "humanitaritelnogo upravlynnia", the widening of the new forms of "psihoduhovnogo oriєntatsії." Fromm visuєєe іdeіu trіvrаlnya nebelіikh spіlnnost, yakі vіdnichachimutsya vіsnіyu kul'turoyu, zhittya style, manner of the guide, basing on zagalnih "psihoduhovnyh oriєntatsіyah." In the result of the znekne exploitation, so you see people, yak panuvannya that pidkorennya.

"Vaglivi is not a hypothesis about the nature of this kind of creativity, but the benefit of people's souls; і сьогодні це настільки ж істинно, як у часи Вед або Будди».

Е. Фромм