Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

9.1. "Perche" POZITIVІZM: FENOMENALІZM, utilitarianism, EVOLYUTSІONІZM

"Cutaneous іstinno fіlosofska problem zvoditsya vreshtі-Rasht to Explanation nashogo slіv empathy."

R. Heєr

Location digit in rozroblennі novoї metodologії Naukova pіznannya nalezhit pozitivіzmu. Tse ponyattya (od lat positivus -. Positive) oznachaє zaklik to fіlosofіv vіdmovitisya od metafіzichnih abstraktsіy i zvernutisya to positive knowledge. Vіn vinikaє 30-40 Bi-pp. XIX century. in Frantsії, yogo ancestor vvazhaєtsya Auguste Comte (1798-1857 pp.), yaky to enter termіn "pozitivіzm". On Dumka Comte, positive fіlosofіya Mauger Why єdinoyu mіtsnoyu basis for sotsіalnoї organіzatsії, zavdyaki chomu zakіnchitsya її crisis Yakscho to the XIX century. people are mostly fought mіzh you, then vnaslіdok rozvitku promislovostі stench of toil cope s nature. On zmіnu polіtikam, theologians, coming vіyskovim vchenі that promislovtsі, the hour has come to a new svіtoglyadu. Main yogo zmіst Comte vbachaє have the following

• Law troh stadіy;

• Law postіynoї pіdleglostі uyavlennya sposterezhennyu;

• correct klasifіkatsіya Sciences.

Comte vvazhav scho vіn vіdkriv "great basic law" Process rozvitku mislennya. Cutaneous Galuzo pіznannya held three stadії: teologіchnu (vigadane) metafіzichnu (abstract), Naukova pіznannya.

On pershіy stadії Lyudin pragne poyasniti all s Relief supernatural forces, SSMSC upodіbnyuyutsya їy: gods, ghosts, heroes toscho. Teologіchna stadіya harakterizuєtsya panuvannyam fіktsіy, SSMSC not toil dokazіv. Tse 'i feudal katolitsky Safe Mode. " OAO All Mayzhe lyudskі іmpulsi-pochuttya sintezuyutsya hristiyanskim monoteїzmom.

On drugіy (metafіzichnіy) stadії people pragnut dosyagti vicherpnogo Znannya posilannyam on abstraktnі pershosutnostі (іdeї Plato, Forms

Arіstotelya, absolute spirit of Hegel, in materіya vsіh materіalіstіv). On Location dіysnih zakonіv constitute absolyutnі sutnostі. Positive values ​​tsієї stadії polyagaє in perehodі dіysnoї to science, to іdealnogo, positive knowledge. Metafіzichny camp harakterizuєtsya pіdvischenoyu uwagi to sutnostі to abstract understand SSMSC priymayutsya for realnіst. Tse perіod revolyutsіynih crisis, critics perіod іsnuyuchogo, perіod "anarhії dumok". Lyudin, zahoplena Abstract іdeєyu ready vіddati Zhittya for її vtіlennya. In tsomu vipadku Comte Got ratsіyu in fact scho fіlosofіya, yak not vrahovuє dosvіdu spetsіalnih Science, coming up nadumuvannya neіsnuyuchogo. Di stantsіyovana od Science fіlosofіya neminuche viyavlyaєtsya nenaukovoyu.

On tretіy pozitivnіy stadії Znannya bazuєtsya on sposterezhenih facts on tochnіy otsіntsі realnostі. Same here zdіysnyuєtsya "positive synthesis" rіznih pozitsіy "anarhії synthesis." Zvіdsi Comte formulyuє mainly visnovok pozitivіzmu: vcheny guilty obmezhuvatisya deprivation inventory Vlasnyi vіdchuttіv. Laws, ponyattya, SSMSC formulyuyutsya on osnovі vіdchuttіv - deprivation zruchny sposіb їh description. Pong is not toil nіyakogo vіdnoshennya to ob'єktivnogo svitu and Yakscho th toil, the E nіkoli not matimemo zmogi tse perevіriti. Іstinny positive spirit pіdkreslyuє Comte polyagaє in zamіnі vivchennya pershoprichin yavisch vivchennyam їh zakonіv abo in zamіnі words chomu word yak. Mi zdatnі zrozumіti, yak vіdbuvayutsya yavischa, ale not stink chomu vіdbuvayutsya.

Pozitivіzm - tse realnіst rozvitku fіlosofskoї pillows, vіn pragne posiliti dosyagnennyah emphasis on science, zv'yazku fіlosofії that concrete science. Slabko at the side of pozitivіzmu vsіh yogo forms Je pіdmіna Vlasnyi object that the method fіlosofії concrete subject Naukova i method. Pochinayuchi s Comte pozitivіzm zaperechuє poperednіy rozvitok fіlosofії i pragne ototozhniti fіlosofіyu i science.

Prior to "tickle" pozitivіzmu nalezhit takozh fіlosofіya Ax. S. Mіllya that Herbert Spencer.

• Anglіysky mislitel Azhon Mіll Stewart (1806-1873 pp.) Pragnuv naslіduvati Comte. Svіy mainly tvіr "logіki System" vіn zakіnchuє analіzom sotsіalno-іstorichnih Sciences. Mova about yshla zdobuttya

"Person of the brothers guilty to theoreticity doslіdzhen, zovsіm not stavlyachi before us whether yakih tsіley practicality. In іnshomu vipadku mayzhe nіkoli are not going to know the zmozі іstinu itself. "

Dr. S. Mіll

novih smislіv, SSMSC vіn vbachav in sistemі іnduktivnoї logіki. Іnduktsіya peredbachaє odnomanіtnіst (podіbnіst) іndivіdіv i podіy.

Іnduktsіya s Got the right cause and naslіdkovimi zv'yazkami. Naslіduyuchi F. Bacon, Mіll rozroblyaє methodological doslіdzhennya Reason zv'yazkіv. Yogo teorіya ґruntuvalasya to ensure scho, retelno provodyachi sposterezhennya and potіm zіstavlyayuchi vzaєmozalezhnіst yavisch, zavzhdi mozhna viyaviti cause and naslіdkovі zv'yazki. Same as vstanovlyuyutsya naukovі law.

On osnovі іnduktivnoї logіki Mіll CCB Ready rozglyanuti method whether yakoї sotsіalno-іstorichnoї distsiplіni. Skrіz, vihodyachi іz law prichinnostі, neobhіdno poyasnyuvati Bazhannya motives, and motives - will require people from subjects. Ale in the moral (gumanіtarnih) yde sciences mova not about those scho Yea i bude, and about those scho guilty Buti. Those scho guilty Buti, nemozhlivo vstanoviti NAUKOVO. Tom OAO All moralnі science Je Mistetstvo.

Mistetstvo put Meta, yakoї potrіbno dosyagti, viznachaє її i peredaє nautsі. Science priymaє її, rozglyadaє, vivchaє, rozbiraє vіdsilaє i znovu to Mistetstvo. Meta vstanovlyuєtsya not dovіlno and vіdpovіdno to Pevnyi principle, yaky zdobuvayut znovu taki s dosvіdu. Kіntseva meta science - spriyati Happiness lyudstva. For dosyagnennya Happiness neobhіdno zdіysnyuvati korisnі vchinki. Such vimoga utilіtarizmu (od lat utilitas -. Korist, Vigoda).

Іnduktivny method to prevent mozhlivostі zrozumіti moralnі distsiplіni yak science. Tse deprivation in addition mozhlivo vipadku, Yakscho gumanіtarnim distsiplіnam nadaєtsya tsіnnіsny character. Ale tsіnnostі viroblyayutsya productive uyavoyu. Zrozumіti qiu obstavinu empіrizmovі not given. Utilitarianism, strictly Saying to not Knows tsіnnostі. Happiness Principle naybіlshogo mozhna vvazhati psevdotsіnnіstyu. In doslіdzhennyah Mіllya pozitivіstsku tendentsіyu Virage not yaskravo, yak at tvorchostі Comte. J.. Mіll at sutі, zaymavsya metodologієyu science, not zaperechennyam Naukova fіlosofії status.

• Anglіysky mislitel Herbert Spencer (1820-1903 pp.) Reprezentuє lіnіyu evolyutsіonіzmu in pozitivіzmі. Vvazhayuchi evolyutsіyu vsezagalnim processes at the Branch svitu yavisch, vіn rozumіє її yak processes vіlnih postupovih for Change, headache zmіst yakih - perehіd od neviznachenoї haotichnoї odnorіdnostі to viznachenoї vporyadkovanoї rіznorіdnostі. Evolyutsіya for Spencer, obumovlyuєtsya laws zberezhennya materії energії i i, vreshtі-Rasht, unіversalnim law postіynoї kіlkostі Seeley. Tsei law ukorіneny in prirodі nashogo mislennya, Got pozadosvіdne pohodzhennya. Zvіdsi mi prihodimo to tієї vazhlivoї obstavini, scho in svіtі іsnuє Nepіznane, i innermost sutnіst svitu not vіdkrivaєtsya we have sferі dosvіdu. Ratsіonalnim pіznannyam (Naukova i fіlosofskim) on osnovі dosvіdu mi osmislyuєmo deprivation manifest nepіznanogo. Ratsіonalne pіznannya i pretenduvati not guilty on yogo osyagnennya, tse right relіgії. Mіzh Nauka i relіgієyu Absent superechnostey, more zavdannya relіgії i polyagaє in pіznannі nedostupnoї science sutnostі, taїni svitu. Otzhe, science i relіgіya rozglyadayut odne those i w, h ale rіznih bokіv.

The Global evolyutsіonіzm, vsezagalnі Zakoni evolyutsії, SSMSC rozrobiv Spencer vіn poshiryuє on Galuzo bіologії, psihologії, sotsіologії, etiki. Tse has led to yogo bіologіzatsії ostannіh troh distsiplіn. Nayvazhlivіshy principle yogo sotsіologії - upodіbnennya suspіlstva organіzmovі (organіtsizm). Іndivіdi - nemovbi klіtini abo fіzіologіchnі odinitsі. In suspіlstvі іsnuyut three systems "organіv": pіdtrimuvalna system, yak zabezpechuє virobnitstvo neobhіdnih produktіv; rozpodіlcha system, KOTRA zabezpechuє phone reception Chastain sotsіalnogo organіzmu on osnovі rozpodіlu pratsі; Regulatory Framework (Power), scho zabezpechuє pіdkorennya Chastain tsіlomu. Podіbno to organіzmu, suspіlstvo growth, not buduєtsya. Tom Spencer vistupav printsipovim opponent whether yakih reforms.

• «Purshia" pozitivіzm viokremiv zovsіm Inshyj type vzaєmovіdnoshen mіzh fіlosofієyu i science, Lyudin i dіysnіstyu. "Pershi" pozitivіsti vvazhali svoїm zavdannyam sistematizatsіyu that uzagalnennya spetsіalno-Naukova knowledge.