Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

9.3. NEOPOZITIVІZM

• «Third" іstorichna form pozitivіzmu vinikaє in the 20 pp. XX century. i dіstaє neopozitivіzmu titles. Yogo ancestors - avstrіysky fіzik theorist M. Shlіk (1882-1936 pp.), Avstrіysky fіlosof, logіk i mathematician A. Vіtgenshteyn (1889-1951 pp.), Avstrіysky fіlosof i logіk Carnap (1891-1970 pp.) anglіysky fіlosof, logіk i mathematician Bertrand Russell (1872-1970 pp.), predstavniki lvіvsko-varshavskoї school Tarsky A. Ya i Aukasevich.

Neopozitivіzm skladaєtsya s number fіlosofskih shkіl i napryamіv. Іstorichno Persha i basically varіantom neopozitivіzmu Je "logіchny pozitivіzm", scho sformuvavsya within dіyalnostі Vіdenskogo gurtka, osnovnі іdeї yakogo (Institution fіlosofії to logіchnogo analіzu MTIE science principle verifіkatsії, traktuvannya logіki of Mathematics yak formally peretvoren in movі science toscho) steel Especially popular 30-40 Bi-pp. XX century. in kolah naukovoї іntelіgentsії. On Dumka predstavnikіv tsogo directly fіlosofіya vzagalі not Got object doslіdzhennya, oskіlki Won yavlyaє him not zmіstovnu science about yak nebudu realnіst and becoming dіyalnіst yak Especially sposіb teoretizuvannya.

Zavdannya fіlosofії vbachaєtsya in logіchnomu analіzі Naukova vislovlyuvan i uzagalnen, Aje OAO All Znannya znahodyat virazhennya in movі in viglyadі vislovlyuvan, to blame fіlosofіya rozrobiti fun- perevіrki Tsikh vislovlyuvan zgіdno s dosvіdom Helsinki Human.

Usі vislovlyuvannya podіlyayutsya osnovnі three categories, logіko-matematichnі (analіtichnі); empіrichnі (sintetichnі); metafіzichnі (NAUKOVO neobgruntovanі). Fіlosofіya guilty conduct analіz Naukova vislovlyuvan, vіdkinuti OAO All NAUKOVO neobґruntovanі i zabezpechiti pobudovu іdealnih logіchnih models obґruntovanih Naukova prompted.

• Logіchny pozitivіzm Vote Main zavdannyam Borotba s metafіzikoyu (fіlosofієyu) in tsіlomu, namagayuchis postaviti currently over Borotba materіalіzmu that іdealіzmu. Rozvitok real science pіdvіv directly to power about teoretich-

"Cutaneous uzagalnennya Je gіpotezoyu - otzhe, gіpotezі nalezhit role neobhіdnіst yakoї nіhto not zaperechuє. Ale cutaneous gіpoteza guilty yakomoga skorіshe i yakomoga chastіshe pіdlyagati perevіrtsі, i zrozumіlo, gіpotezu, scho not vitrimala takoї perevіrki, slіd without Vahan sprostuvati ".

Poincare

"Offers metafіziki Je psevdopropozitsії, SSMSC at logіchnomu analіzі viyavlyayutsya abo porozhnіmi phrases, phrases abo scho porushuyut rules of syntax."

Carnap

Well dіyalnіst Taku yak, scho pov'yazana tіlki s logіchnoyu movoyu science: science zvoditsya to fіksatsії and potіm to uporyadkuvannya faktіv from within umovno priynyatoї Sistemi MTIE. In this vipadku zavdannya science obmezhuєtsya inventory їі MTIE. Osoblivіstyu tsogo directly Yea those scho in nomu printsipovo ototozhnyuєtsya ob'єkt s teorієyu ob'єkta. Tse vіdrazu znіmalo power about іsnuvannya ob'єktivnogo svitu yak subject fіlosofskogo pіznannya that led to "zamikannya" fіlosofії deprivation on pіznavalnіy problematitsі logіki i logіchnoї MTIE (logіko-ically mathematical mova traditsіyno vvazhalasya zrazkom dostovіrnogo knowledge).

Another printsipova osoblivіst - ototozhnennya understand "ob'єktivny fact" i "Naukova fact." Mova science logіchnomu pozitivіzmі buduєtsya so: іz Pervin atomically vislovlyuvan the rules logіki vivodyatsya skladnі. When tsomu naukovі Offers Buti shaping can abo іstinnimi, hibnimi abo, abo bezgluzdimi (ostannі Je Naukova deprivation of the form). Carnap vvazhav scho OAO All fіlosofskі position is not shaping can Buti verifіkovanі, perevіrenі Shlyakhov Institution to atomic vislovlyuvan, SSMSC fіksuyut chi Inshyj that "fact."

• Kriterієm naukovostі abo nenaukovostі vislovlyuvan Je principle verifіkatsії (od lat Veritas -. Іstina). Zgіdno s CIM principle Naukova Sens toil tіlki Ti vislovlyuvannya, SSMSC dopuskayut Institution їh to vislovlyuvan scho fіksuyut bezposerednіy suttєvy dosvіd іndivіda to "atomically vislovlyuvan". Tobto іstina - tse zbіg vislovlyuvan s bezposerednіm dosvіdom Helsinki Human. Pіznіshe Bulo zaproponovano verifіkatsіyu "navpaki" abo principle falsifіkatsії: Yakscho znaydeno, napriklad, minds for yakih Hoch b deyakі bazisnі Offers teorії nepravilnі, the second UNL teorіya sprostovuєtsya.

Neopozitivіsti vvazhayut scho Je Sens govorito tіlki about those scho mozhna bezposeredno sposterіgati, tobto about facts. Je Svit vzagalі sukupnіstyu faktіv. Vіdchuttya - єdina realnіst, єdine dzherelo knowledge base єdina pіznannya - daє us atomarnі (nayprostіshі) facts. Peredanі in movі, atomarnі Fakti peretvoryuyutsya on logіchnі atomarnі fact. Tse prostі gramatichnі utterance yak napriklad "bіle tse", "Solid tse", "tse blizhche". Pong fіksuyut in movі nashі vіdchuttya. Znannya i pochinaєtsya s Tsikh nayprostіshih logіchnih atomіv.

W logіchnih atomіv reports of The buduyutsya was spoken: "I Taqiy something in such a mіstsі in Taqiy an hour bachiv TAKE yavische something." H protocol was spoken buduєtsya all science. Pіznavalna dіyalnіst polyagaє in kombіnatsії perekombіnatsії protocol that was spoken, vnaslіdok chogo porodzhuyutsya all novі th novі reports of The utterance. Pong іstinnі, Yakscho nesuperechlivo incoming from the system. Kriterіy іstinnostі - formal logіchny. Znannya that pіznavalna dіyalnіst zvodyatsya to doslіdzhennya logіchnoї knowledge structures, yogo nesuperechlivostі, povnoti.

Vazhlive ponyattya neopozitivіzmu - konventsіya (od lat conventio -zgoda.). Pid her slіd rozumіti scho ponyattya science - the law, the category - mislyatsya yak result domovlenostі mіzh scientists, the result of Zgoda and ob'єktivna іstina - pseudoproblem. Povedіnka vchenogo nіchim not obumovlyuєtsya. Vchenі vіlno for domovlenіstyu pripisuyut Pevnyi smisl i values ​​vihіdnim ponyattyam, signs, rules operuvannya them. All tsya The sign "Play" on bazuєtsya konventsії i not Got nіyakogo vіdnoshennya to svitu.

• Pa pіdstavі tsogo vinikaє "logіchny syntax" in osnovі yakogo lezhit konventsіalіzm. The essence of Yogo polyagaє in fact scho Leather logіk Mauger pobuduvati "Vlasnyi logіku" tobto vibrato Taku form MTIE, Taku system "aksіom 'i rules pobudovi, yak tіlki zabazhaє, oskіlki all dіyalnіst - not bіlshe yak movna" gras "for dovіlno vibranimi rules . Mozhna navіt obmezhitisya z'yasuvannyam vіdnosin mіzh movami.

Postupovo neopozitivіsti skhilyayutsya to Dumka, scho himself sintaksichnogo analіzu nedostatno, aktsentuyut th uwagi on zmіstovo-smislovomu tlumachennі movnih forms. Tsey pіdhіd dіstav titles "logіchna semantics", Hoch won the first not vihodila for mezhі modifіkovanogo logіchnogo analіzu MTIE. Spirit neopozitivіzmu A. Vіtgenshteyn sformulyuvav as "Mezhі moєї MTIE oznachuyut mezhі direct svitu".

So rank, zavzhdi daєtsya's World "was broken" through the MOV. Zvіdsi zavdannyam fіlosofії Je logіchny analіz MTIE

"Іsnuyut glibokі trivogi, ukorіnenі us so very gliboko, yak i FORMS nashoї MTIE; їh values ​​TAKE Well bike, yak i vazhlivіst nashoї MTIE. Koli fіlosofi vzhivayut those chi Lots Other word - "Knowledge", "Butt", "subject", "I", "fulfilled", "іm'ya" - i pragnut osyagnuti sutnіst rechі, potrіbno zavzhdi currently zapituvati: Chi vzhivaєtsya coli nebudu tse word movі, yak yogo spawned in such znachennі? Mi znovu od zvodimo words їh metafіzichnogo zastosuvannya to povsyakdennogo ".

L. Vіtgenshteyn

science. Fіlosofіya guilty, zalishivshi ostoron nevirіshuvanі nadumanі problems vivchati, yak i correct nesuperechlivo buduvati visnovok, yak viroblyati vichislennya vislovіv, yak logіchna structure naukovoї system. Fіlosofіya - tse "terapіya" MTIE. Fіlosof - tse "lіkar" MTIE science.

Zvіdsi vidіlilisya vіdnoshen three spheres: the pragmatist (vіdnoshennya MTIE before hto її vzhivaє); Semantics (vіdnoshennya mіzh movoyu i note scho her viznachaєtsya); syntax (vіdnoshennya mіzh movnimi vislovlyuvannyami). All titles tse dіstalo semіotiki. The subject became analіzu values ​​slіv i znakіv vzagalі, logіchnі lіngvіstichnі that psihologіchnі problems SSMSC toil vazhlive Naukova that values ​​practicality.

Neopozitivіzm evolyutsіonuvav in napryamі od analіzu MTIE science to analіzu budennoї MTIE that od zaperechennya fіlosofії to vikoristannya analіtichnogo method for bіlsh abo Mensch zmіstovnogo analіzu Vlasnyi fіlosofskih problems (metodіv modelyuvannya, systematic structural analіzu toscho). Neopozitivіzm yak fіlosofska techіya i sogodnі utrimuє svoї pozitsії, Hoca i in peretvorenomu viglyadі.