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Fіlologіya. Methods. pedagogy

Zapozichen role in stanovlennі leksichnoї sinonіmіki Ukrainian Language

S. I. Tereshchenko, PhD. fіlol. Sciences, Assoc.

Quantity digit sinonіmіchnih ryadіv in ukraїnskіy movі sformuvalasya in rezultatі zapozichen slіv s іnshih atoms. Sinonіmіchnі zv'yazki mіzh Pete th іnshomovnimi words (sinonіmіzatsіya) actively vinikali protyagom usogo perіodu Formation sinonіmіchnoї pіdsistemi nashoї MTIE. Pevnyi Quantity leksichnih sinonіmіv, utvorenih for rakhunok Pete th іnshomovnih slіv, Bula uspadkovana s naydavnіshih perіodіv іsnuvannya MTIE: vіvtar - zhertovnik, Bіblіya - Holy Letter, іdol - the idol, the priest - svyatets, Litera - letter hronіka - lіtopis - Anna, a despot - tyrant tribute-jar that іn. Digit posilyuєtsya mozhlivіst appeared totozhnih values ​​for odinits in XVI-XVII Art. [1]. Protyagom tsogo perіodu zapozichennya іz zahіdnoєvropeyskih atoms stikayutsya іz zapozichennyami s mov skhіdnih: caravan - Fleet closet - Komora. Neologіzmi leksichnі th semantichnі, SSMSC z'yavlyayutsya at perekladah yak-analogues orієntiri at funktsіonuvannі zapozichenih tokens ohoplyuyut usі funktsіonalnі spherical MTIE of the hour:

a) the scope of the first science culture (bіblіoteka - knigohranitelnitsya - knizhnitsya argument - dovіd, ritorstvo - vimova, rhetorician - Krasnomovets, lіchiti - rahuvati, geografіya - Zemleopisanie);

b) Abstract understanding (value - Sens, honor - dostoїnstvo - tsnota, statechnіst - respect, hula - Shame, rastoropnіst - dovtep);

c) sotsіalno-pobutovu (bezmіn - cantor, ganok - sіni, breadbasket - Stodola, panchohi - stockings, drink - napіy - trunok, Bidlo - cattle);

g) Roslyn svitu (Tyutyunov - tobacco, camomile - romaine, Crean - lіleya, fіalka - konvalіya);

d) vіyskovu (Dejneka - Gaydamak, Varta - guard, The Weapon - Weapon, poєdinok - hertz);

e) virobnicho-profesіynu (tipografіya - Drukarnya, kuhmіster - kuhovar - Kuhar, usmar - Rimar, sapogovets - Chobotar - Čhižmár);

g) Vessel admіnіstrativno sphere (debt - Borg - pozichka, Hôpitaux - interrogation - kvestіya, Arendar - zastavnik, Messenger - Courier, svavіlnik - buntіvnik - ґvaltіvnik).

Sinonіmіzatsіya tsogo hour viznachaєtsya traditsієyu zapozichennya іz zahіdnih i klasichnih atoms, scho evident in dіyalnostі Zizanіya L., P. Berinda, Je Slavinetskogo have serednovіchnіy nautsі th kulturі and takozh tendentsієyu to formuvannya єdinoї movnoї Sistemi іz "system of systems", de іnshomovnі words become strukturnі Elements sinonіmіchnoї pіdsistemi. Sinonіmіzatsіya the following stolіt zumovlyuєtsya peredusіm factor is not becoming, and vzhe rozvitku leksichnoї Sistemi Ukrainian Language. Neobhіdnіst stvorennya abstraktnoї vocabulary need at naukovіy termіnologії, sprobi rozshiriti mezhі ohoplennya dіysnostі viklikayut sailed novih іnshomovnih elementіv. One s nayaktivnіshih sposobіv їhnogo zasvoєnnya viyavlyaєtsya sama processes sinonіmіzatsії, yaky virazhaєtsya in doborі Vlasnyi of Ukrainian leksichnih vіdpovіdnikіv to іnshomovnih slіv: fіlosofіya - lyubomudrіє, the article - statte, University - vsevchilische contest - ubіg, revolyutsіya - vorohobnya. Zapozichennya th kontrnomіnatsіya ambiguous otsіnyuvalisya movoznavtsyami, Especially in termіnologіchnih GROUP vocabulary. Odnі vchenі vistupali for usunennya s movnoї practice vsіh іnshomovnih slіv for їh zamіnu Pete. Zamіnі on їhnіy look, povinnі pіdlyagati th titles spetsіalnih termіnіv. Proponuvalosya zamіnyuvati іnshomovnі termіni navіt the piece stvorenimi on zrazok: conglomerate - zchіplyak dotted - krapchak, Components - perven. INSHI, navpaki, vvazhali "trivіalnі" tobto vzhivanі in povsyakdennіy movі termіni nepridatnimi for naukovoї MTIE. Tretі positively rozv'yazuyuchi power sinonіmії termіnіv, zaklikaet to ob'єktivnostі in viborі zapozichenih yak, so i Vlasnyi termіnіv-sinonіmіv [2].

Process zapozichennya potentsіynih sinonіmіv vіdbuvavsya in dvoh basic forms:

a) Direct zapozichennya;

b) kalkuvannya scho takozh viznachaє pevnі osoblivostі sinonіmіzatsії for rakhunok іnshomovnoї vocabulary. When direct zapozichennі hyphenation in ukraїnsku movu s іnshoї have to viglyadі Where Money Does vono іsnuvalo at the moment zapozichennya, oformlyuyuchis vіdpovіdnimi sound zasobami nashoї MTIE not whether yakih structural Change log: kava - coffee necktie - kravatka, faded - a slogan slide - dіapozitiv . Takі zapozichennya vstupayut in sinonіmіchnі zv'yazki not tіlki mіzh him, and th s Pete tokens. So, polonіzmi vibachatisya - probachatisya sinonіmіzuvalisya s lіteraturnim vіdpovіdnikom said farewell th rozmovnim daruvati. Zapozichennya s іtalіyskoї MTIE bandit sinonіmіzuєtsya s Ukrainian word rozbіynik. Porіvnyayte takozh podіbnі for utvorennya way bet: the continent - a continent kulіsi - lashtunki gates - Gate, primіrnik - ekzemplyar, chasopis - newspaper.

On vіdmіnu od direct zapozichennya at kalkuvannі zapozichuyutsya values ​​tіlki іnshomovnih odinits, the structure is the principle їh organіzatsії. Words scho z'yavlyayutsya at slovoutvoryuvalnomu kalkuvannі, stanovlyat result pomorfemnogo perekladu іnshomovnih slіv: іnternatsіonalny - mіzhnarodny, Biography - zhittєpis, bіblіofіl - bibliophile. Osoblivіst sinonіmіzatsії for rakhunok zapozichen viyavlyaєtsya in nayavnostі nulovoї sinonіmіzatsії. Zapozichennya Pevnyi hour funktsіonuє without Svoge rіvnoznachnika. Thus, the percentage of CCB latinіzm zapozicheny ukraїnskoyu movoyu spochatku yak termіn, pіznіshe poshirivsya in rіznih styles Ukrainian Language. Tіlki word percentage Pevnyi hour to get used to, napriklad have hudozhnomu stilі. H II half of the XIX century. zasvіdchuєtsya word vіdsotok. There, de kalkuvannya vіdbuvalosya vsuperech vnutrіshnіm laws rozvitku MTIE, postayut takі bet "psevdosinonіmіv": minulorіchnі - torіshnі (snіgi) spіvpadati - zbіgatisya, galopuyucha - landslide, nestrimna (іnflyatsіya) vikonuyuchy - vikonavets.

H hour dinamіka movnih protsesіv lead to vitіsnennya foreign rіdnіy movnіy sistemі utvoren abo, navpaki on periferіyu sinonіmіchnoї pіdsistemi vitіsnyayutsya Vlasnyi Ukrainian tokens. Nerіdko іnshomovnі words Pevnyi hour parallel s Pete obslugovuyut rіznі movnі the Branch. Analіz one s rozdіlіv Dictionnaire Ukrainian Language showing nayavnіst 17 odinits іnshomovnogo pohodzhennya, zasvoєnih ukraїnskoyu movoyu rіznimi ways: the absurdity - bezgluzdy - nіsenіtny, forklift - avtovіzok, avtotrasa - avtoshlyah, car - avtomobіl, agrarіy - zemlevlasnik hell - hell, aeronavt - povіtreplavets, aeroplan - lіtak actress - aktorka, scarlet - stolіtnik, alyarm - trivoga amulet - talіsman, recluse - Pustelnik - vіdlyudnik, anemіya - nedokrіv'ya, atrament - nintendo, ahіneya - nіsenіtnitsya. Sered them p'yat sinonіmіchnih pairs poznachenі Remarque Book zastarіle minutes.

Zberezhennyu sinonіmії spriyaє parallel processes in viniknennya sinonіmіchnih pairs figurative sense. Napriklad have sinonіmіv kulіsi th lashtunki tse perenosnі values "Chastina theater scene, roztashovana for dekoratsіyami" that "podії scho vіdbuvayutsya taєmno". Krіm values "pismovy sign poznachaє sound scho abo spoluchennya zvukіv MTIE" sinonіmіchny number Litera - letter nabuvaє takozh figurative meaning of "formal meaning Sotho chogo nebudu". Zapozichenі s rіznih atoms sinonіmi faded th slogan іz Semantics "umovne word password devіz" carols slit one meaning - "vislovlena in stislіy formі іdeya, polіtichna vimoga, zavdannya, zaklik" іz dodatkovimi znachennєvimi vіdtіnkami "poster s so zaklikom", "provіdny principle". Slіd zauvazhiti, scho in some vipadkah Rozbudova semantichnoї structuring sinonіmіv, zumovlena vnutrіshnolіngvіstichnimi reasons (napriklad, tendentsієyu to ekonomії zasobіv movnogo virazhennya) spriyaє viniknennyu th zberezhennyu sinonіmіki in іnshih - navpaki, generally produces up diferentsіatsії sinonіmіv in stilіstichnomu i, i in semantically plans.

Otzhe, sinonіmіzatsіya for rakhunok zapozichen, zumovlena zovnіshnolіngvіstichnimi factors, in some vipadkah viyavlyaєtsya in spіvіsnuvannі th povnіy (abo chastkovіy) vzaєmozamіnі zapozichenogo words pitomoї th token in іnshih - at rіvnotsіnnomu spіvіsnuvannі vhodzhen s rіznih movnih Jerel. Pomіcheno scho tendentsіya to active vikoristannya zapozichen in rіznih stilіstichnih GROUP ukraїnskoї vocabulary viyavlyaєtsya pid hour їhnogo formation, scho not zovsіm Skoda spіlkuvannyu on Pochatkova etapі rozvitku movnoї system. Prote pіslya of formation of such groups Gone іnshomovnih slіv zamіst zvichaynih movnih uzhivan at neodnakovih parameters umotivovanostі staє nedotsіlnim.

So rank, perіod Formation sinonіmіchnoї pіdsistemi Ukrainian Language vіdznachaєtsya іntensivnіstyu processes sinonіmіzatsії for rakhunok іnshomovnoї vocabulary. Suchasna ukraїnska mova actively vikoristovuє uspadkovanі s poperednіh perіodіv rozvitku sinonіmіchnі cooperate for іnshomovnimi s components against slіd pіdkresliti, scho for rakhunok sinonіmіzatsіya zapozichen vіdrіznyaєtsya Mensch aktivnіstyu, postupayuchis nulovіy sinonіmіzatsії for yakoї іnshomovne word chastіshe not Got sinonіmіchnogo vіdpovіdnika.

literature

1. Rusanіvsky VM structure leksichnoї i gramatichnoї semantics. - K., 1988. - S. 78.

2. Zhovtobryuh MA Mova ukraїnskoї Presa (mid dev'yanostih rokіv XIX century.). - K., 1965. - S. 320, 353-354.

3. Nakonechny GV Before іstorії unormuvannya ukraїnskoї NAUKOVO-tehnіchnoї termіnologії // Movoznavstvo. - 1992. - № 6. - S. 41-47.