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Estetika - Liauchuk LT

§ 4. Mistetstvo SEREDNOVІCHCHYA

W that have been approved new hristiyanskogo svіtoglyadu antique cult zhivoї, chuttєvoї Helsinki Human zamіnila relіgіyna picture svitu on cholі yakoї standing vsemogutnіy i vsebla-gies God - the Creator of Nature i Helsinki Human. Morally she estetichnim іdealami steel asceticism i upmost samovdoskonalennya Helsinki Human, transfer zhittєvih tsіnnostey іz svitu realnostі in Zhittya relіgіynogo pochuttya, spirit.

In zv'yazku s tim, scho natural Gospodarstwa villager viklyuchilo neobhіdnіst i needful in kolishnіh forms hudozhnogo virobnitstva, єdinim zamovnikom i spozhivachem Mistetstvo became church. Vaughn Well vstanovlyuvala hudozhnikovі th zhorstkі mezhі dіyalnostі - schodo zmіstu, hudozhnіh forms i tsіley tvorchostі. Relіgіyno-hudozhnіy canon peretvorivsya Zgoda to dictate kordonіv hudozhnostі, scho, vreshtі-Rasht, i prizvelo to podvoєnnya svitu in relіgіynіy svіdomostі (Svit earth Zhittya i svit "hail Bozhogo") Oskіlki hudozhnikovі Available LUVs deprivation materіal earth Zhittya and vono wallpaper and continuing ' yazkov musilo Pevnyi rank spіvvіdnositisya s Butt Heavenly - tvіr Mistetstvo guilty LUVs not just schos vіdobrazhati and peredusіm on schos vkazuvati, schos simvolіzuvati. Simvolіchnіst, alegorichnіst steel h hour not tіlki vіdmіtnimi risami serednovіchnogo Mistetstvo and second novimi hudozhnіmi zasobami, SSMSC in spravzhnomu zbagatili svіtove Mistetstvo.

For chasi serednovіchchya Bulo dosyagnuto spetsifіchnogo syncretism rіznih vidіv Mistetstvo in church ritual kompleksі. Architecture, vіdіyshovshi od spіvmіrnostі s Person of, pіdnesla spirit її, target zvelicheny Prostir; fresco populating Tsey Prostir relіgіynoyu іstorієyu; real i vodnochase simvolіchno teatralіzovana Service ob'єdnala vіruyuchogo s Divine svіtom through spіvuchast in magіchnіy dії; ecclesiastical spіv i Música inspired Spiritual garmonіyu i rіvnovagu; merehtіnnya svіchok i lamps, pahoschі mіrri gave warmth i Spiritual spokіy. A UNL tsya zvorushliva atmosphere stvoryuvala Especially those samopochuttya, yak zabezpechuvalo lyudinі spirituality tsіlіsnіst, pіdnesenіst, zvіlnennya i piety.

Axis yak opisuє Tsey vpliv Abat XII century. іz Saint Denі Sugerіy: 'If in moєmu zahoplennі krasoyu home Bozhogo blagolіpstvo bagatokolіrnih kamenіv vіdvertaє mene od zovnіshnіh potyagіv and worthy meditatsіya sponukaє rozmіrkovuvati about rozmaїtіst Holy chesnot, perehodyachi od materіalnogo to nematerіalnogo, todі I pochuvayusya existent nіbito in yakіys nezvichaynіy sferі Vsesvіtu, i do not yak іsnuє spovna in earthly bagnі, i do not have tsіlkom nebesnіy chistotі, i scho s Relief Bozhoyu I mozhu pіdnestisya analogіchnim rank s tsogo nizhchogo in one vischy World "2.

Tsіlіsnіst zmіstu serednovіchnogo Mistetstvo, yak already pіdkreslyuvalos, zabezpechuvav kanonіzovany hristiyansky svіtoglyad. Same tse digit mіroyu spriyalo єdnostі hristiyanskoї serednovіchnoї culture, gave mozhlivіst vzaєmnogo obmіnu hudozhnіmi dosyagnennyami. That navіt i in this, zdebіlshogo bezіmennomu, bezosobistіsno th hudozhnomu utvorennі s bіgom hour okreslyuvalas svoєrіdnіst natsіonalnih i konfesіynih hudozhnіh shkіl. Vіdmіnnіst vіzantіyskogo i romanskogo stilіv and takozh Gothic, yak rozpovsyudilasya perevazhno in neromanіzova-kraїnah Єvropi them, origіnalnіst Mistetstvo Kiїvskoї Rusі - svіdchennya vnutrіshnogo rozmaїttya serednovіchnogo hristiyanskogo Mistetstvo. Digit Nagybanya harakterizuєtsya i svіtske Mistetstvo, Especially pіznogo serednovіchchya.

Romansky style (IX - XII century). - Arhіtekturny style scho sformuvavsya in perіod іntensivnogo budіvnitstva for chasіv pravlіnnya Charlemagne. In nomu chіtko simply chew zapozichennya constructively elementіv s rimskoї arhіtekturi, pristosovanih to novih minds i needed. Osnovnі FORMS Yogo - Temple, Monastir, knyazіvs cue Castle.

Ekzotichnі kam'yanі "orlinі gnіzda" on Skela krі'll sleep over the village, a temple on masivnі kam'yanі Area mіst vor tets. vrazhayuchі zahisnі sporudi monastirіv, SSMSC volodіli digit land Area - truncated Tse Bulo svіdchennyam of scho Dana suspіlstvo protistoїt svoєmu rіvnosilnomu susіdovі. For zamkіv i zahisnih sporud characteristic boule tovstі stіni Jag i s circular top gatherings, scho boule nerіdko prodovzhennyam prirodnoї skelі, yak stink ohoplyuvali podvіynim abo potrіynim stake. Skelja have their Cherga, contours glibokim moat. Vnutrіshnі pomeshkannya castle (takі Well tovstі stіni, vuzkі Vikna, arched door decorated i vіkon, gravіruvannya on kamenі) boule blizkimi to vbrannya church. Poєdnannya masivnostі i vnutrіshnogo decorative ozdoblennya Especially ior is typical for frantsuzkoї romanskoї arhіtekturi. Stilіstichnі osoblivostі romanskoї Epoch Pevnyi mіroyu poznz-

Op. for: Losev AF Renaissance aesthetics. M., 1978. With 511-512.

NO chilisya on budіvnitstvі zhitlovih budinkіv i Gromadska sporud.

Gothic style in zarodivsya Frantsії seredinі in the XII century. i have become provіdnim mіskomu budіvnitstvі, Especially w i Gromadska Budova Church, right up to the XVI century. Gothic appeared pov'yazana іz INCREASING Rolle mіst i mіskoї culture, scho, in its Cherga, pozbavlyalo monopolії Church in Church budіvnitstvo. Vono pereyshlo to hand mіskih remіsnikіv, ob'єdnanih in vіdpovіdnі shops, SSMSC rozgornuli budіvnitstvo not tіlki Gromadska and second ecclesiastical sporud. Bіlshe of spіvzamovnikami budіvnitstva church often vistupali zhitelі Mista, hoch formally kerіvnitstvo zalishalos for clergymen. Sort order mіskim s Cathedral buduvalas, yak rule, the town hall.

Some of the elements characteristic of constructive gotichnoї arhіtekturi? Arch i sklepіnnya. Masivnіst stіn zmenshuєtsya, more arches spirayutsya on buttresses. Znachnі dіlyanki stіni zamіnyuyutsya vіknami, zasklenimi kolorovimi vіtrazhami. Zovnіshnі stіni that іnter'єr temple decorative nasichenі yak arhіtekturnimi of elements, so i sculptures. Subject for relєfnih still images vіtrazhіv naychastіshe stayut zvichaynі zhanrovі scenes and takozh personazhі folk kazok.

Gothic style poshirivsya on painting, knizhkovu mіnіatyuru, sculpture i navіt on zovnіshnіy viglyad Helsinki Human: odyag, embellishment, zachіski. Same in the Gothic Epoch digit mіroyu aktivіzuєtsya rozvitok serednovіchnoї lіteraturi. Tse peredusіm ritsarsky EPOS - "Pіsnya about Roland", "Pіsnya Nіbelungіv about." In їhnіy osnovі - poetichna obrobka іstorichnih legends SSMSC proslavlyayut voєnnі feats feodalіv-litsarіv.

In XII - XIII Art. pomіtnogo rozkvіtu dosyagla lіrichna poezіya litsarstva, yak znayshla vіdobrazhennya from happening trubadurіv on pіvdnі i truverіv - on pіvnochі Frantsії and takozh poezіya mіnezіngerіv in Nіmechchinі. Provіdnoyu temoyu poezії trubadurіv Bula love until Dami at spetsifіchnіy litsarskіy (kurtuaznіy) formі. Love to the Dami - dzherelo bezmezhnogo vnutrіshnogo samovdoskonalennya litsarya. For svoєyu by nature courtly amour bayduzha to rezultatіv. Vaughn orієntovana not dosyagnennya methylene, and experiences. Vono i tіlki vono zdatne bring radіst zakohanomu. Tsya radіst come pіslya Dovgy strazhdan, SSMSC priynyatі dobrovіlno. Pevnyi pіdsumkom rozvitku kurtuaznoї poezії CCB "novel about Troyanda" Where Money Does іdeal svіtskoї culture pov'yazany s іdealnoyu lyubov'yu to zhіnki. Understand system courtesy locked in zhorstkі Cordoni vіrnoї lyubovі OAO All hristiyanskі chesnoti, suspіlna moralnіst, truncated "forms vdoskonalennya zhittєvogo tenor. Well Descho ostoron in force svoєї genіalnostі i entsiklopedichnostі, stoїt tvіr Alіg'єrі Dante's "Divine komedіya". Vidatnim dosyagnennyam anglіyskoї poezії become "Kenterberіyskі opovіdannya" Dzheffrі Chaucer. Tsіnnіst polyagaє happening in the fact scho vіn Pevnyi mіroyu Je entsiklopedієyu lіteraturnih zhanrіv serednovіchchya.

Vіzantіysky style Got the osoblivіst, scho in Vіzantії antique traditsіya nіkoli not pererivalas, yak tse vіdbulosya on Zahodі. Here Mistetstvo digit mіroyu vikonuvalo funktsіyu retranslyatsії i didactics against vsebіchno vikoristati the cultural spadschinu, yak zberegla antique traditsіya, Vіzantіya not zmogla.

Naybіlshu pov'yazanіst s traditsіyami antichnostі small Stolitca Vіzantії Constantinople. Same here at 532- 537 pp. zbuduvali Temple St. Sofії -. nayviznachnіshy pam'yatnik vіzantіyskoї arhіtekturi. Іmperatori Vіzantії, pіdkreslyuyuchi phone reception її s Rome, vimagali od svoїh hudozhnikіv, Abi Ti rіvnyalisya on pam'yatniki rimskogo budіvnitstva. That th vzagalі, perevaga mіskoї culture over Selyanske stimulyuvala rozvitok arhіtekturi, painting, mozaїki, frescoes that Applied Mistetstvo.

Find our other nezaperechnoyu vіzantіyskogo style CCB vpliv on Demba-skhіdno ellіnіstichnih hudozhnіh stilіv, Especially sіrіyskogo i palestinskogo. Same s CIM vplivom povyazuyut rozkvіt Mistetstvo Vіzantії in Article IX., If sformuvavsya Novi arhіtekturny i Picturesque canon Where Money Does vіdchutnoyu vzhe bula Pevnyi hudozhnya zavershenіst.

On Tsey perіod pripadaє th aktivіzatsіya kontaktіv s Vіzantієyu Kiїvskoї Rusі. Priynyavshi Christianity, Russia vіdkrila dverі vіzantіyskim architect, Maistre, artists. Pam'yatki Kiїvskoї Rusі yaskravo svіdchat about vpliv digit vіzantіyskoї hudozhnoї school on davnorusku. The power of culture vіzantіyskoї pomіtno Items marked on rozvitkovі Zahіdnoї Єvropi vzagalі, Especially pid hour Hrestovih pohodіv in XIII century.

'I Vіzantіya target its strong samobutnyu lіteraturu, peredusіm hristiyansku, Cudi incoming gіmni (Roman Slad-kospіvets, Sergiy, patrіarh Konstantinopolsky, Safro-nіy, patrіarh Ієrusalimsky) agіografіchnі create, hronіki, Paterik (opovіdannya about asketіv-pustelnikіv) toscho. Traditsії antichnoї lіteraturi Items marked i pіznіshih on romance novels, іstorichnih povіstyah, entsiklopedіyah.

Digit dosyagnennyam vіzantіyskogo Mistetstvo Bula Musica, perevazhno ecclesiastical. Schopravda, іnstrumenti in nіy not vikoristovuvalis, more Tse Bulo perevazhno vikonan nya psalmіv i gіmnіv, allіluynі spіvi.

Vіzantіyskі lіturgіynі melodії i gіmni digit mіroyu vplinuli on rozvitok muzyky latinskoї Church; Well stink lyagla based melodic ruskoї pravoslavnoї church. Together іz of acceptance of Christianity to Russia priyshli gretskі i bolgarskі spіvaki s Vіzantії.

On vіdmіnu od Zahіdnoї Єvropi Vіzantіya in perіod Serednovіchchya zberegla derzhavnіst i tsentralіzovane upravlіnnya. Domіnuyuchu role in nіy vіdіgravali mіskі center, SSMSC boule oseredkami crafts Mistetstvo, osvіti i torgіvlі. Vіzantіya ob'єdnuvala dosyagnennya zahіdnoї yak, so i skhіdnoї cultures. Usa Tse zabezpechilo їy domіnuyuche spiritual and cultural encampment mayzhe the entire perіod serednovіchchya.