Estetika - Liauchuk LT

§ 5. Mistetstvo Renaissance

On rubezhі XIV - XV Art, spochatku in Іtalії and potіm i in usіy Єvropі, sformuvalisya peredumovi for rozkvіtu Mistetstvo scho zvernulosya to antique traditsіy, poєdnanih s novimi spiritually i hudozhnіmi techіyami.. Taqiy turn zumovlyuvavsya usіm complex cultural іstorichnogo Rozwi: rozvitkom commodity virobnitstva, torgіvlі and time s them i mіskoї culture, osvіti, science toscho Pevnyi mіroyu Mistetstvo Renaissance arrogant vplivu vіzantіyskoї culture, s one side, i gotichnoї - s another. Nova Culture Pocha rozvivatisya in quiet іta lіyskih mіstah, SSMSC boule poserednikami in torgіvlі th contacts mіzh converge i Sunset, mіzh Vіzantієyu that Zahіdnoyu Єvropoyu. Before w Іtalіya nіkoli not vtrachala residual antichnі traditsії rimskoї culture.

XIII century. znamenuvalo him Pevnyi rozkvіt se rednovіchnoї culture i zakladennya pіdvalin in Renaissance culture. Through Іtalіyu vіzantіyska vchenіst potrapila in Єvropu. 1240 p. in Parizhі Pocha dіyati University - Purshia mortgage vischoї osvіti in Єvropі, Oseredok euro peyskoї science i fіlosofії. Same here rozgornuv his dіyalnіst іtalіysky monk Thomas domіnіkanets Akvіns cue. yaky poєdnav hristiyanske vchennya s aristotelіzmom, z'єdnavshi note itself imply a supernatural i Earth's (real) vіru i Rozum. Nova Dumka teologіchna stverdzhuvala autonomous іsnuvannya Helsinki Human i earthly Zhittya, viznavala organіchnu їh Yednist s imply a supernatural. Otzhe became mozhlivimi by the blizkі to dіysnostі The images of nature, it is the Helsinki Human її otochennye.

Slіd zaznachiti scho іtalіyskih maystrіv kіntsya XIII century. zavzhdi nadihali murals Dobie Rimskoї іmperії, antique Mistetstvo vzagalі. Ale їh vikoristannya, kopіyuvannya Bulo nemozhlivim, oskіlki іdeyny zmіst quiet printsipovo The images do not vkladavsya in that, yaky priymavsya i panuvav. Lachey basis fіlosofske mislennya scho poєdnalo tіlom s soul, awakened to іnteres vnutrіshnogo svitu Helsinki Human i forms її tіlesnogo virazhennya, postupovimi sprobami zumіlo poєdnati gliboku psihologіchnіst hristiyanskogo Mistetstvo s viraznіstyu that hudozhnoyu dovershenіstyu The images Helsinki Human. Tsei processes trivaє i poninі. Vchenі vidіlyayut in nomu kіlka characteristic perіodіv: perіod protorenesansu Where Money Does viokremlyuєtsya vіdpovіdno Mistetstvo Druha half of the XIII century. (Duecento) poznachene vіdchutnim vplivom vіzantіyskoї school, i Mistetstvo XIV century. (Trichente) poznachene nezaperechnim vplivom Gothic. In most Renesansі okreslyuєtsya three perіodi: rannє Renaissance (Quattrocento) pershoї half of the XV century, a temple Renaissance (other half of the XV - XVI century cob.) That pіznіy, abo modifіkovany, Renaissance (XVI century.)..

Novі hudozhnі іdeї nayvіdchutnіshe Pocha proyavlyatisya malyunkah in fresco. In drugіy polovinі XIII century. Rome alive Bhagat hudozhnіm Zhittya, vіdbudovuvalisya abo perebudovuvalisya Khrami uporyadkovuvalisya їhnі іnter'єri, peredusіm for Relief fresco. Same here, I have Rimі, pratsyuvali takі Maistre, yak P'єtro Kavallіnі, Jacopo Torrіtі, Cimabue, Fіlіppo Rusutі, tvorchіst yakih vіdznachalasya novatorskimi Some of the elements.

On rubezhі XIII - XIV Art. saying about myself i Dante Alіgєrі - Tsey ostannіy sings serednovіchchya i vodnochase Purshia spіvets novoї Epoch. Vchenі vvazhayut, scho on tvorchostі Dante vіdchutno Items marked frantsuzka poezіya trubadurіv so very, yak Won celebrated digit vpliv i on Petrarch, yaky zdobuv osvіtu in Frantsії i kіlka rokіv provіv at neapolіtanskomu korolevskomu dvorі, zahoplenomu frantsuzkoyu Anzhuyskoyu dinastієyu. Not Mensch mіroyu Items marked poezіya trubadurіv i tvorchostі on Boccaccio.

Naybіlsh vіdomimi Maistrov ostannogo perіodu protorenesansu boule i Duccio Giotto. Giotto, bezsumnіvno, viznaєtsya nayznachnіshoyu fіguroyu scho vіdіyshla od serednovіchnoї neruhomostі i resurrected prostorove spriynyattya ellіnіstichnogo Mistetstvo. Nova yogo kontseptsіya buduєtsya on dvoh bunt hudozhnіh principles y perspektivnіy peredachі trimіrnogo expanse that on ob'єmnomu traktuvannі plastichnoї fіguri. Giotto picturesque Vpershe target system, scho gruntuєtsya on vzaєmodії Chastain at tvorі (tse sponukaє to "picturesque" mislennya) vіn giving suchasnikam divovizhno Jasna i chіtku monumental forms, plastichnіst yakoї stvoryuєtsya kolorom.

Mistetstvo Rann Renaissance representations kіlkoma hudozhnіmi schools: florentіyskoyu - Masaccio, Donatello, Brunelleskі; venetsіanskoyu - Dzhovannі Bel lіnі; umbrіyskoyu - P'єro della Francesca. Pіdґruntyam osnovnoї tendentsії rozvitku PERSPECTIVE i trimіrnogo, relєfnogo The images lyudskogo tіla Bulo those scho painting, sculpture became the first architecture samostіynimi Mistetstvo, vіddіlivshis arhіtekturi od, s yakoyu ranіshe have become єdine tsіle. Appeared easel, painting tobto samostіynogo pov'yazuyut poshirennyam traditsії s mother in the home-altar triptych.

Visokiy Renaissance uniquely poglibiv i psihologіzuvav vіdobrazhennya Helsinki Human. Dosyagti tsogo artists go for rakhunok osvoєnnya prospects svіtotіnі i bagatstv coloring. Great values ​​Maistrov slapped vivchennyu anatomії Helsinki Human, without knowledge yakoї vvazhalosya nemozhlivim dosyagti of Success in zhivopisі chi skulpturі. The I smut, samі artists and suchasniki takozh, scho їh otochuvali, boules digit i CREATIVE NKVD. Zagalny gumanіstichny character Epoch Renaissance not mіg not poklikati to Zhittya Visokiy pathos in Helsinki Human zobrazhennі. Same gumanіstichny looking at Lyudin in poєdnannі s temple maysternіstyu robili do the first mittsіv tsієї Epoch (Bottіchellі, Mіkelandzhelo, Leonardo da Vіnchі, Raphael, Bramante, Giorgione, Tіtsіan, Palladіo) neperevershenoyu Skarbnitsya svіtovoї culture.

Dіyachі Renaissance, vіdstoyuyuchi Helsinki Human rights to freedom, to samoviyav, chastіsh for all vіdchuvali nenadіynіst i hitkіst іzolovanogo lyudskogo іsnuvannya. Same TAKE encampment gіpertrofovanoї іndivіdualnostі, scho not Got zovnіshnoї support, nadosobistih regulyuyuchih printsipіv} led to viznannya mozhlivostі rozmaїtogo Buchan i vіdobt dіysnostі expression, appeared to tobto osobistoї manner Creator.

Manєrizmom (od іtal.- vigadlivіst, manіrnіst) named mistetstvoznavtsі Epoch pіznogo Renaissance. W іtalіyskih manєristіv mozhna nazvati Tіbaldі P., B. Chellіnі, Ammanatі B., J. Vazarі.; s іspanskih - El Greco; s nіderlandskih - Bruegel the Elder, Іeronіma Bosch. For Tsikh vsіh hudozhnikіv characterized ekzaltatsіya pіdnesenіst i, i dovershenіst thin maysternіst. їhnya hudozhnya mova zagostreno-sub'єktivna, umovna i manіrna. Tsya Epoch zaymaє mayzhe all the XVI century.

In іtalіyskomu mistetstvі pіslya 1520 p. namіtilisya three tendentsії. Persha, scho zberegti of Namangan in nedotorkanostі garmonіyny іdeal Renaissance temple, dedalі bіlshe skhilyalasya to formal classicism, yaky not volodіv poperednіm zmіstom. Friend, navpaki, harakterizuєtsya glibokoyu CREATIVE obrobkoyu novoї dіysnostі, zavdyaki chomu narodzhuєtsya Mistetstvo scho zberіgaє i pogliblyuє gumanіstichnu sutnіst klasichnogo іdealu, yaky nabuvaє bіlshoї dramatichnostі, naprugi, tragіchnoї superechlivostі. Tse lіnіya Mіkelandzhelo, Tіtsіana, Caravaggio, for yakimi proglyadaєtsya cob Baroque. I, nareshtі, the third - anti-riot klasichny manєristіv.

Doba Renaissance not vicherpuєtsya vіdrodzhennyam antique traditsіy, nayvischimi dosyagnennyami Mistetstvo individuals. W her priyshov zagalny suspіlny coup, while sferі hudozhnoї dіyalnostі - spravzhnya revolyutsіya. Artists rіshuche rozіrvali zv'yazki s remіsnichimi shops, de zdobuvali profesіyu, i perіod oznamenuvavsya residual vіdokremlennyam Mistetstvo od crafts, becoming cob profesіynoї spetsіalіzatsії in mistetstvі, hoch by Renaissance artists already nіyak not have dorіknesh profesіynіy obmezhenostі. Svoєrіdnіst, samobutnіst artist vіdobrazhala Velich osobistostі s skin them vodnochase yak spіlnіst їhnogo zagalnogo temple sound Yednist traditsії, spadkoєmnostі i innovation became the foundation klasichnogo rozvitku painting yak mind Mistetstvo Dobie Renaissance.

Aktivіzatsіya hudozhnoї practices and otzhe, i її supra-vodzhuvacha teorії poklikat to Zhittya printsipovo basis yavische in mistetstvі - appeared profesіynoї hudozhno-teoretichnoї osvіti: in 1585 p. zhivopistsі brati Karrachі organіzuvali Perche Akademіyu Mistetstvo in Bolonї. Tse vzhe bula in Povny rozumіnnі words Vishcha school Pichet vіdomy mistetstvoznavets-doslіdnik B. Vіpper. Here spetsіalіsti (fіlosofi, physicians, sings) read lektsії s estetiki, anatomії, lіteraturi. Here lіkar Lantsonі the Dead tіlah poyasnyuvav fіzіologіchnu Budova Helsinki Human, and one s-bratіv organіzatorіv school Agostіno having read lektsії s prospects of i teorії tіney, vіv grafіchny class. Dvoє іnshih bratіv keruvali Maisternia stvorennya fіgur. Akademіya small kolektsіyu zlіpkіv, prints i medals hour od organіzovuvala hour contest on Krashchi robots s vidacheyu premіy a winner.

Artists such rank, not through steel gotuvati navchannya robotі s materіalom - cloth, Farben, penzlem and through proniknennya in teorіyu have rozumіnnya svoєrіdnostі subject Mistetstvo, tobto navchali hudozhnomu metodovі. Theoreticity Osvita gave poshtovh suttєvomu rozvitkovі samobutnostі, profesіynoї samostіynostі Maistrov i, vіdpovіdno, rozmaїtostі Mistetstvo. Vono nazavzhdi vtratilo anonіmnіst became vinyatkovo avtorskim.

Protyagom XVI - XVII Art. printsipovo zmіnilisya vzaєmini Creator i spozhivacha. Sotsіalna emansipatsіya artist zdіysnyuvalas i zavdyaki svіtskomu patronage - mittsіv zaproshuvali to court, їhnіmi Hotel koristuvalisya Pani, korolі, velmozhі. Schopravda, truncated tse not viklyuchalo zalezhnostі artist Especially od smakіv zamovnikіv. That Yakscho take to uwagi, scho pid їhnі relishes formuvalisya vplivom robіt quiet hudozhnikіv same, then just past skorіshe about vzaєmnu zalezhnіst.

In Tsey perіod sformuvalasya practice of holding hudozhnіh vistavok, spochatku vinyatkovih podіy yak and yak Zgoda system. W Druha half of the XVII century. vzhe dіyali vistavki chlenіv Parizkoї Academy and XVIII s cob st.- publіchnі vistavki in the Louvre stores. Well Todі z'yavilasya second is systematic criticism from vistavok perіodichnih Vidanov. zokrema newspapers.

Otzhe, Epoch Renaissance printsipovo zmіnila encampment Mistetstvo i artist in suspіlstvі. Mistetstvo nablizilos to science polіtiki, sotsіalnoї fіlosofії Vsezrostayucha role nadbudovi, peredusіm її svіtskih forms spriyala єdnostі spiritual Zhittya suspіlstva. Mistetstvo was spravzhnіm rushієm Process Creation Pevnyi suspіlnogo іdealu, yaky have their Cherga, suttєvo vplivav the entire system formotvorchih elementіv Mistetstvo.