Estetika - Liauchuk LT

§ 3. Formation i rozvitok hudozhnіh zdіbnostey Helsinki Human

Viznachayuchi estetichny potentsіal hudozhnoї tvorchostі, slіd vrahovuvati scho zhodna sphere lyudskoї dіyalnostі not Got takoї Glibin emotsіynogo vplivu on Lyudin, yak

Varnalis K Aesthetics - criticism. M., 1961. S. І06-107.

Mistetstvo, scho for cutaneous viznachnim with a solution postaє yaskrava i samobutnya person Mitzi, Rozum, pochuttyam, yakogo stvorene will of all those wonderful, over denote bezsily hour. In zv'yazku s CIM osoblivoї teoretichnoї uwagi zaslugovuє analіz vnutrіshnіh psihologіchnih Especially іndivіda, SSMSC rozvivayutsya in dinamіtsі: makings zdіbnostі, obdarovanіst, talanovitіst, genіalnіst.

Deposits - tse vrodzhenі anatomical and fіzіologіchnі osoblivostі nervovoї system mozk. Pong stanovlyat basis rozvitku zdіbnostey.

Zdіbnostі - tse іndivіdualno-psihologіchnі osoblivostі konkretnoї Helsinki Human, zavdyaki Yakima uspіshno vikonuєtsya that chi іnsha productive dіyalnіst.

Obdarovanіst - tse yakіsno svoєrіdne poєdnannya zdіbnostey scho Yea zaporukoyu uspіshnogo vikonannya konkretnoї dіyalnostі.

Talanovitіst - tse Visokiy rіven rozvitku zdіbnostey, peredusіm spetsіalnih, tobto such SSMSC give zmogu uspіshno vikonuvati pevnu'dіyalnіst: lіteraturnu, muzichnu, stsenіchnu toscho. Ponyattya talent slіd vikoristovuvati deprivation at analіzі profesіynoї dіyalnostі in mistetstvі and takozh vzhivati at otsіntsі printsipovo novih, poznachenih origіnalnіstyu i samobutnіstyu pіdhodu hudozhnіh tvorіv.

Genіalnіst.- tse nayvischy rіven rozvitku zdіbnostey, yaky viznachaє appeared tvorіv scho toil іstorichne value in zhittі suspіlstva, zasvіdchuyut nova Epoch in rozvitku culture.

Shcho Well up to the challenge hudozhnіh zdіbnostey, then won pov'yazana s power prirodnoї obdarovanostі Helsinki Human. Bіlshe of talent Je bezposerednіm result nayavnostі Pevnyi nahilіv to hudozhnoї dіyalnostі. At 40 i Rocky vіdomy mistetstvoznavets B. Teplov zaproponuvav tezu .- "Zdіbnostі - tse deposit at rozvitku" 12. Schopravda, pіznіshe vіn vіdmovivsya od tsієї pillows i dіyshov visnovku scho "prirodzhenimi shaping can Buti deprivation anatomical and fіzіologіchnі osoblivostі, tobto makings" . Schodo zdіbnostey, the stench not toil Elements prirodzhenostі and Je zavzhdi result rozvitku.

Dosit poshirenoyu Je kontseptsіya vіdomogo psychologist K. Platonov, yaky vvazhaє scho "The heat formulyuvannya BM

12 Div -.- Teplov M New data on the study of the properties of the human nervous system // typological features of the higher nervous activity of man: Sb- M, 1963.

fishing "zdіbnostі - tse deposit at rozvitku" potrebuє not vіdmovi od Demba, a clarification: pid makings treba rozumіti prirodzhenі, ale not obov'yazkovі spadkovі peredumovi rozvitku away. " Spirayuchis on dosyagnennya psihologії, fіzіologії i fіlosofії, K. Platonov perekonlivo bring, scho "denote skladnіsha structure konkretnoї zdіbnostі, team bіlshe in neї Nabutov, umovno reflex." Prote valued role vіdіgraє i prirodzheny factor. "Zaperechuvati prirodzhenіst deyakih elementarnih zdіbnostey and vіdpovіdno th elementіv folding structures zdіbnostey nevіrno so very, yak i viznavati prirodzhenimi (i Tim bіlsh spadkovimi) OAO All zdіbnostі". W looking around at Taku formulation of the problem, Platonov gadaє scho "makings - tse prirodzhenі peredumovi rozvitku funktsіonalnih organіv and otzhe, i funktsіonalnih individual structures. Oskіlki psihіchnі RISS in minds dіyalnostі povinnі rozglyadatisya yak zdіbnostі, ostіlki makings Je prirodzhenimi peredumovami zdіbnostey "13.

On our Dumka, viznachayuchi іsnuvannya prirodzhenih zadatkіv not slіd pereotsіnyuvati їhnoї rolі. Aje mіzh inclinations that viyavlennyam hulozhnіh zdіbnostey lezhit Dovgy rozvitku Helsinki Human Way. Prirodzheny factor nіkoli not viznachav povnіstyu talent. Vodnochase bezperechnim Je th those scho for Pevnyi minds prirodzheny factor Mauger Why Chudova basis for Shvidky rozvitku that udoskonalennya talent.

Pіdkreslyuyuchi role i values ​​prirodzhenogo factor, mi rozumієmo scho Person of cutaneous far, yak Got Pevnyi Natural Hist, obov'yazkovo guilty prisvyatiti Zhittya Mistetstvo. Ale unlikely chi Lyudin, pozbavlena natural Nakheel to hudozhnoї tvorchostі, Mauger pіdnyatisya to rіvnya talanovitogo profesіynogo Mitzi. The I vzagalі problem іsnuvannya th rolі prirodzhenogo factor potrebuє uwagi that Pevnyi theoreticity zagostrennya Hoch used to scho s her pov'yazana practice postupovogo vihovannya, formuvannya hudozhnіh zdіbnostey, hudozhnogo talent.

Gliboke i vsebіchne pіznannya zakonіv tvorchostі slіd pochinati s vivchennya rozumovogo rozvitku, the reasons i mozhlivostey Formation hudozhnіh zdіbnostey ditini. Istoria Mistetstvo Knows Cheema prikladіv, if Nakheel to hudozhnoї dіyalnostі viyavlyavsya in dіtey in Pershi Rocky Zhittya. So, Mozart at vіtsі chotiroh-p'yati rokіv Pocha vikonuvati i stvoryuvati Pershi muzichnі create. Zalishila-

13 Platonov K. Problems abilities. M., 1972. S. 128.

Xia tsіkava rozpovіd suchasnika Mozart, musicians of the Andes-REAS Shahtnera 14, about unіkalnі zdіbnostі Mozart, Diti, either. Shahtner CCB svіdkom of yak chotirilіtnіy Wolfgang zaproponuvav batkovі podivitisya spellings concert for him klavіru. "Spochatku mi steel smіyatisya over tsієyu nіsenіtnitseyu - zgaduvav Shahtner - Ale potіm dad Pocha uvazhno rozglyadati smut - Noti, kompozitsіyu. Vіn Dovgy stood vrazheny, divlyachis on Paper the Arcos. Nareshtі Dvi slozi, slozi zahoplennya th radostі, Pokot yogo s eyes. " Batko Mozart i Shahtner - obidva profesіynі Muzikante - boules vrazhenі skladnіstyu zaproponovanoї ditinoyu melodії, її vnutrіshnoyu logіkoyu, strunkіstyu.

Navіt pripuskayuchi mozhlivіst deyakih perebіlshen in Tsikh spogadah, slіd against, viznati scho SAME Nadzvychaina sytuatsia Visokiy stupіn rozvitku muzichnih zdіbnostey Mozart-ditini zooms svoєrіdnіst CREATIVE PROCESS grown composer Mozart. Vid Perche sprob Kindergarten through truncated Creator of Zhittya Mozart skladalasya reentrant spetsifіka vіdobrazhennya in muzitsі emotsіynih experience. However rannіy manifested hudozhnoї obdarovanostі MAV i svoї negativnі RISS. Pіznіshe about tvorchіst Mozart Pocha skladati legend, namagayuchis predstaviti yogo yak "light," "thoughtless" composer, yaky all stvoryuvav s nathnennya, іntuїtivno. Podіbnі tendentsії in otsіntsі pratsі whether yakogo artist lead to sproschen uyavlen about CREATIVE processes, sound neperekonlivo i do not rozkrivayut naygolovnіshogo - napruzhenoї, skladnoї tvorchoї robot without yakoї nemozhliva appeared spravzhnogo Mystetskyi vitvoru.

Fridom obdarovanіst Mozart - not poodinoke yavische. Before "genіalnih" dіtey nalezhali Leonardo da Vіnchі i Mіkelandzhelo, Canova i Byron i Repіn Serov, Rims-cue-Korsakov manifested ... i Prokof'єv hudozhnіh zdіbnostey at Rann vіtsі svіdchit about іsnuvannya prirodzhenogo factor i zumovlyuєtsya vіn fіzichnoyu organіzatsієyu Helsinki Human ( napriklad, Pevnyi rіvnem rozvitku Zorov chi hearing analіzatora). Vodnochase Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhlivo, ditina dwellers in yakoї viyavleno hudozhnіy Hist, small mozhlivіst yogo rozvivati, small minds for formuvannya hudozhnіh zdіbnostey. Aje sama sotsіalnі minds on osnovі natural danih formuyut hudozhnіy talent.

Ditina potrebuє to yourself uwagi, zatsіkavlenogo stavlen-

14 Div.-. Schuler D. If Mozart kept a diary ... Budapest 1963.

nya. Bіlshіst dіtey volodіyut so bi moviti "vseosyazhnoyu" talanovitіstyu. Sche chіtko not viznachivshi Svoge іntv 'resu in particular yakomus vidі Mistetstvo, we stink vrazhayut svoєrіdnіstyu spriymannya predmetіv that yavisch, їh olyudnennyam, usunennyam faces mіzh real i fantastic. Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhlivo correctly spryamuvati іnteres ditini maximum vikoristati OAO All perevagi Kindergarten vіdnoshennya to dіysnostі for pobudovi mіtsnogo foundation visokohudozhnіh estetichnih smakіv i іdealіv, SSMSC will zaporukoyu spravzhnogo potyagu to hudozhnoї culture i in zrіlomu vіtsі.

Svoєrіdne rozumіnnya rolі th values ​​dityachoї obdarovanostі in stanovlennі i zmuzhnіnnі hudozhnogo talent proponuє pedagogіchna system V. Suhomlinskogo. Vidatny ukrainian teacher zumіv perekonlivo prodemonstruvati vnutrіshnіy phone reception mіzh hudozhnoyu obdarovanіstyu ditini, її rozumіnnyam Crazy minutes that have been approved upmost printsipіv, rozkrittyam forces of good i evil. "... Neobhіdno zorati i zasіyati nasіnnyam field Crazy dityachoї svіdomostі" - scientists say.

B. Suhomlinsky Radivoje vikladacham postupovo vplivati ​​on pochuttya, uyavu, fantazіyu dіtey. Requires dwellers nevelichky vіdtinok Zhittya TRAVEL before ditinoyu vsіma Farben raydugi. Used Bulo Duzhe good, dwellers of skin vihovatel ditini nіkoli not zabuvav nastanovi V. Suhomlinskogo "Іdіt in the field, at the park, piyte s dzherela pillows, i tsya alive water Zroby your vihovantsіv Wise doslіdnikami, dopitlivimi people i sing. I tisyach razіv perekonuvavsya: without poetichnogo, emotsіyno-estetichnogo Strum nemozhlivy povnotsіnno rozumovy rozvitok ditini "15.

"Musica - uyava - fantazіya - Tale - tvorchіst» - • tse of the Way, according to Money Does for Suhomlinskim, іde rozvitok spirituality ditini forces. Dosvіdcheny teacher vihovuvav zvichaynih instead hudozhno obdarovanih dіtey. The I zvernennya to emotsіynogo svitu spriymalosya him yak skhodinka in probudzhennі Rozum, svіdomostі, zatsіkavlenogo representations to pratsі. The I is not Got printsipovogo value chi becoming hto-not-be s uchnіv Suhomlinskogo profesіynim Mitzi. Ale is not viklikaє sumnіvіv of the fact scho handrail and steering s dіti this teacher did not know scho Takeo bayduzhіst, cherstvіst dushі, mіschanska obmezhenіst іnteresіv.

Tendentsії, zakladenі V. O Suhomlinskim, znahodyat plіdne prodovzhennya at CREATIVE eksperimentah of Ukrainian

15 Suhomlinsky B Serdce vіddayu dіtyam K, J972- S. 39-386 pedagogіv 80-90 rokіv schodo rozvitku hudozhno obdarovanih dіtey 16.

Bіlshіst psihologіv i vihovatelіv pіdkreslyuyut values ​​uyavi i fantazії for rozvitku hudozhnіh zdіbnostey ditini. Svoєrіdnu programa vihovannya hudozhnіh zdіbnostey ditini zaproponuvala Mіzhnarodna front fee osvіti s power, yak in 1971-1972 pp. vivchala osvіti mill-wide usієї zemnoї kulі. The Reports of komіsії, zokrema, zaznachalosya scho "Osvita zdatna rozvivati ​​chi galmuvati tvorchіst". Tse deposits od of yak rozumіti osvіtu: yak mehanіchnu transfer of knowledge dosvіdu i chi yak probudzhennya uyavi, fantazії ditini. Front fee to direct butt positive dosvіdu robots іspanskogo artist Ramon Sancho Mіnyano, vikladacha malyuvannya in serednіy shkolі. Vіn povnіstyu vіdmovivsya od kopіyuvannya nature, not navchaє dіtey basics of painting and rekomenduє svoїm uchnyam maljuvaty, zvertayuchis to svoєї uyavi. Uchnі Mіnyano sluhayut music (napriklad, create Bach Chaykovskogo, Stra-vinskogo) and potіm namagayutsya "pereklasti" muzichnі way to movu farb. Bezumovno, then Chima tsіkavogo Yea i, naygolovnіshe, sproba synthesis dvoh vidіv Mistetstvo - poєdnannya Hearing i Zorov vrazhen. Against non slіd zabuvati scho vіdmova od kind od bases profesіynoї maysternostі nіkoli not shown dіtey to opanuvannya realіstichnoї metodologії. Nagolos on samovirazhennі vіdkrivaє Direct Way to sub'єktivіzmu. In the unfortunate method іspanskogo vchitelya znahodit Cheema prihilnikіv sama Sered teoretikіv quiet, hto vіdstoyuє formalіstichnі mistetstvі Basically, i repeat, scho Mauger naslіduvannya realnoї dіysnostі zaglushiti tvorchі nahili ditini.

Probudzhuyuchi fantazіyu, viklikayuchi to CREATIVE іsnuvannya way uyavi in ​​ditinі neobhіdno vihovuvati i gliboke rozumіnnya of scho Leather view Mistetstvo - profesіya tse, yak potrebuє glibokih knowledge profesіynoї culture, vimagaє bagatorіchnoї maysternostі school. Without knowledge of the I zakonіv painting without notnoї alphabet without dosvіdu fantazіya that uyava davatimut svoї fetal deprivation to Pevnyi hour.

Talanovitіst dіtey - tse zavzhdi іspit on zrіlіst for їhnіh batkіv that vchitelіv, tse great vіdpovіdalnіst grown for zrostannya, talent that have been approved, for the establishment of garmonіynoї, vsebіchno rozvinenoї osobistostі,

Vіddayuchi nalezhne prirodzhenomu factor in stanov-

16 Div /. Talanovita osobistіst, sіm'ya, school, power // Tezi mіzhnar. nauk.-Pract. Conf. K., 1994.

lennі hudozhnіh zdіbnostey, pіdkreslyuyuchi perevagi Rann Wink nahilіv to tvorchostі, Kindergarten obdarovanіst all are not slіd pereotsіnyuvati. Tsogo not Bajan ROBIT not tіlki for pedagogіchnih mіrkuvan. Hoca th tsya obstavina vіdіgraє not stay role. At sorry, we zhittі mozhna sposterіgati prikrі vipadki to yakih generally produces navіsheny on ditinu yarlik "vunderkіnda". Ale i right in іnshomu. Not slіd zabuvati scho Fridom obdarovanіst nіkoli not vihodit for mezhі Kindergarten svіtospriymannya that svіtorozumіnnya. Mіzh "genіalnoyu" ditinoyu i talanovitim Mitzi lay dovgі Rocky opanuvannya profesії, viroblennya svіdomogo representations to Zhittya th tvorchostі, usvіdomlennya svoєї suspіlnoї sutnostі i Svoge Gromadska poklikannya. Mina trivaly hour Perche nіzh on osnovі prirodzhenogo factor pochne skladatisya hudozhnya zdіbnіst Mitzi i formuvatisya hudozhnіy talent - spetsifіchna zdatnіst to Helsinki Human hudozhno-shaped vіdtvorennya navkolishnoї dіysnostі to tvorchoї robots in Pevnyi vidі Mistetstvo. Vchenі fair pіdkreslyuyut scho talent - tse not tіlki psihologіchne and second sotsіalne yavische,

Deposits, yak prirodzhenі peredumovi zdіbnostey, mozhut viyavitisya i in zrіlomu vіtsі. The I do not tіlki viyavitisya and second rozvinutisya to rіvnya talent. In zrіlomu vіtsі rozvinuvsya talent I. Krilova i Paul Gauguin, Shishkov i M. Vrubel, Aksakov S. Sergєєva i-Tsenskogo. Tsіkavo scho psychologists do not vvazhayut podіbne yavische chimos vinyatkovim. Fakti sprostovuyut dosit poshirenu Dumka, about those, scho at once Zi starіstyu vіdbuvaєtsya znizhennya іntelektu, zvuzhennya іnteresіv. Psychologist G. A. vivchila camp zdіbnostey 439 cholovіk in vіtsі 60-97 rokіv i dіyshla visnovku scho 72 vіdsotki doslіdzhenih "pragnuli dіyalnostі actively Suka її that viyavlyali Elements tvorchostі dіyalnostі in" g /. Naytsіkavіshe ones. scho in zrіlomu vіtsі not tіlki udoskonalyuyutsya nayavnі zdіbnostі and second formuyutsya novі.

Bіlshіst profesіynih mittsіv plіdno pratsyuyut protyagom usogo Zhittya i zberіgayut CREATIVE aktivnіst to glibokoї starostі. So, Mіkelandzhelo pratsyuvav to 79 rokіv. Bernard Shaw - to 94. Verdі target opera "Otello" in the 73 prophets, Leo Tolstoy 61 Year writing "Kreutzer Sonata," and in 71 rіk- "Voskresіnnya" 18.

"Platonov K. Problems abilities M. І972 S. 135. '* Rudkevich LA Talent:.. Psychology and becoming // Social psychology of personality, L., 1974. S. July 2.!.

Postupovy rozvitok hudozhnogo talent yogo zmuzhnіnnya rozkrivaє rіznomanіtnіst aspektіv vivchennya individuals Mitzi, vlastivu Yomou Yednist psihofіzіologіchnogo that suspіlno-іstorichnogo. Prirodzhenі makings - a basis for deprivation away formuvannya tvorchoї іndivіdualnostі. Tom stink perebuvayut in pryamіy zalezhnostі od zovnіshnіh Zhittya Helsinki Human minds, sotsіalnogo seredovischa od, od spryamovanostі її іnteresіv.

When vivchennі Nature hudozhnogo talent rozkrittі dіalektiki prirodzhenih i Nabutov faktorіv postaє power i about vischy rіven hudozhnoї obdarovanostі - genіalnіst. Hudozhnya genіalnіst - tse nayvischy stupіn rozvitku hudozhnogo talent. Tom analіzuyuchi rіvnі rozvitku obdarovanostі, mi povinnі vrahovuvati i kіlkіsny aspect yaky dopomagaє chіtkіshe uyaviti sobі Ti skhodinki, yakimi pіdnіmaєtsya Lyudin od zadatkіv to hudozhnoї genіalnostі. Pevnyi rіven obdarovannya Got cutaneous normal rozvinena Lyudin. Same zavdyaki tsomu not do the first Mistetstvo zrozumіlі deprivation note hto їh stvoryuє and second note, hto їh spriymaє. Well Vlastivіstyu talent th genіalnostі Je svіdomy, poglibleny, vsebіchny rozvitok hudozhnoї obdarovanostі.

Mitets pіdnіmaєtsya to rіvnya genіya zavdyaki silі th aktivnostі vplivu yogo tvorіv on Zhittya suchasnikіv. W іm'yam genіya pov'yazane stvorennya shedevrіv Mistetstvo, vіdkrittya novoї mistetskoї Epoch. Yakscho tvorchіst talanovitogo Mitzi mother Mauger yak yavische values ​​in rozvitku natsіonalnoї culture, hudozhnya spadschina genіalnogo Mitzi move mezhі natsіonalnogo, pіdnosyachis to rіvnya zagalnolyudskogo viznannya.

Tvorchіst genіalnih mittsіv zavzhdi organіchno pov'yazana s rozvitkom Pevnyi suspіlno-ekonomіchnih formatsіy i Items marked zdatnіstyu to glibokogo opanuvannya sutnostі suspіlnih yavisch. Vodnochase genіy yak lyudska іndivіdualnіst nіchogo unnatural, taєmnichogo in sobі not prihovuє. Talanovitіst, emotsіynіst, pristrasnіst, pratsezdatnіst that bagato іnshih Find our scho virіznyayut genіїv, nerіdko pritamannі th іnshim people. Ale genіalnіst - tse nayskladnіshe zlittya vsіh quiet rice SSMSC chastkovo vlastivі Bhagat. їh synthesis i daє us nova lyudsku yakіst, yak Yea i pіdsumovanim yakіsno novim viyavom usіh vlastivostey maintained upstream, zdobutih lyudstvom protyagom usієї іstorії rozvitku.