home Cultural Ukraїnska that zarubіzhna culture - Vechіrko RM

Ukraїnska that zarubіzhna culture - Vechіrko RM

Materіalna culture slov'yanskih tribes. Gospodarstwa, pobut, sposіb Zhittya

Archaeologists svitu vvazhayut scho population on the shores of oboh Dnipra Je naybіlsh stabіlnoyu Chastain peredіstorichnogo Єvropi population. Already 100 tis. rokіv to neandertalska Lyudin volodіla chlenorozdіlnoyu movoyu, tamed tvarin, he koristuvalas stone obrobki, vikonuvala prostі tehnologіchnі operatsії. In Tsei hour Lyudin vіdkrila Vogon, scho Bulo one s naybіlshih zdobutkіv in lyudskіy kulturі. Rozkopki bilja sіl Mіzin Chernіgіvskoї oblastі, Dobronachіvki (Cherkasy region) vіdkrili starodavnі Zhytlo mislivtsіv - krem'yanі znaryaddya tonkoї obrobki.

Sered tvorіv Mistetstvo - nevelichkі statuettes, SSMSC obviously vіdobrazhali matіr, yak in rodovіy gromadі small koristuvatis Especially shanoyu, fіgurki tvarin іz kіstki i Stone, Embellishment Zi slonovoї kіstki. Blizko 7-6 yew. rokіv addition to nashіy etnіchnіy teritorії rozpochinaєtsya tsivіlіzatsіyny rozvitok. In materіalnіy kulturі vіdbuvayutsya іstotnі zrushennya. On zmіnu prisvoyuyuchomu (spozhivchomu) type gospodaryuvannya (zbiralnitstvo, polyuvannya, mislivstvo) coming productivity (viroblyayuchy) type gospodaryuvannya, osvoєno Suchasnyj cycle sіlskogospodarskih robіt (obrobka ґruntu, sіvba, viroschuvannya, zbirannya, zberіgannya spozhivannya i). Vіdbuvaєtsya since been called to come neolіtichna revolyutsіya. Yakscho prisvoyuyuchy type gospodaryuvannya іsnuє on osnovі spalyuvanih firewood i household vihovannya then viroblyayuchy vikoristovuє i force vіtru, padayuchoї Vod, domestication tvarin, harakterizuєtsya stvorennyam school. Vinikaє rіlnitstvo, yak i poєdnuє gorodnitstvo, tvarinnitstvo i, i okulturyuvannya ґruntіv. Tvarinnitstvo vіdokremlyuєtsya od zemlerobstva, z'yavlyaєtsya craft. Vіdbuvaєtsya podіl pratsі. Odnієyu s Perche on nashіy etnіchnіy teritorії Bula Mogutnov tripіlska zemlerobska tsivіlіzatsіya. Znahіdki mіzinskoї culture traplyayutsya on Kiїvschinі, Poltavschinі, bilja Zolocheva, Chortkiv, Terebovlі.

Tripіllya vіdkriv Vіkentіy Chvojka archeologist. At V-III yew. BC. e. tripіlska culture poshiryuvalas on teritorії Ponad Dnіstrom, Dnіprom, Bug. Її zalishki znaydeno on Kiїvschinі in 38 villages in the Podіllі - at 25. tripіltsіv harakternі visokorozvineny rіven materіalnoї, virobnichoї, zemlerobskoї culture, tehnologії crafts. Tripіltsі live births, ob'єdnanі zhіnkoyu (matriarchy). Vid of perіodu znaydeno zhertіvniki in formі rіvnoramennogo Chrestus, bagato dishes, yuvelіrnih virobіv, statuettes, embellishment. W chasіv tripіllya zalishilos 40 Pecher bilja of Kyiv. Pobut tripіltsіv nagaduє our ninіshnіy. Bulo visokorozvinene Mistetstvo. Dinnerware for i zberіgannya prikrashavsya ornament abo rozmalovuvavsya. Kolori vikoristovuvalis Chorny Chervoniy, bіly, Chervona-brunatny.

Zhіnochі fіgurki Mali cult priznachennya. For tripіlskoї culture II tisyacholіttya harakternі visokі mogilnі mounds perekritі kam'yanimi plates іnkoli s The images.

Znahodyat pam'yatniki іz Tіltsya characters. Zabudova Villages zdіysnyuvalas on cola. Poseredinі village CCB maidan, vochevid for thinness. Budinki boule 4-5 m zavshirshki, 15-20 dovzhinoyu. Zustrіchayutsya dvo- i tripoverhovі budinki Area 200 m2. Hata small kіlka kіmnat. According sutі Tse boule Mista abo protomіsta, de could zhiti 50 tis. population. Widely vikoristovuvali vine s dvoh storіn plastered clay. Hati farbuvali in zhovto, Chervoniy kolori.

Tripіlska Culture Got to Ukraine vinyatkove values. In Nashomu pobutі, zvichayah, mіfologії Won zalishila gliboky slіd. On mezhі III-II tisyacholіt tripіlska zanepadaє culture. Z'yavlyayutsya novі tribes tvarinniki, z'yavlyaєtsya backoff Keramika. Settlement vzhe roztashovuyut in mіstsyah unavailable. Tripіltsі stayut vershnikami i voїnami. Yakscho tripіltsіv uvazhayut protoіndoєvropeytsyami, the nova lyudnіst, yak vinikla on їh osnovі - іndoєvropeytsyami. In II tisyacholіttі stink panuyut not tіlki in Ukraїnі and the second on teritorії Gretsії, Іtalії.

Vinikayut tribes zrubnoї Culture - kіmmerіytsі. Їh scho mova bagato uspadkuvala od tripіltsіv. Pohovannya zdіysnyuvalisya in mounds Shlyakhov scorched remains of Hove in urns. Keramika - bowls, makіtri - prikrashena trikutnikami, diamonds, zigzags, hatching. The Weapon, embellishment, Kazan vigotovlenі s bronze. Kіmmerіytsі - Purshia people іm'ya yakogo zafіksovane in іstorії. Pong Mali zv'yazki s maloyu Azієyu, Caucasus. Kіmmerіysku culture doslіdniki vvazhayut prodovzhennyam tripіlskoї.

Pam'yatki tripіlskogo Mistetstvo

Duzhe vazhlivu role in formuvannі nashoї culture vіdіgrali skіfi, Sarmat, Roxolans tribes іranskogo orієntira. Skіfi - chislennі tribes in the I tisyacholіttі, od VII to the II stage. n. e. Bouley skіfi tsarskі, orachі that іn. We put pohovannya stink The Weapon nebіzhchikami s time. Tsarіv Hove pid velicheznimi mounds. Skіfi zgaduyutsya in assіrіyskih pershodzherelah (VII v. BC. E.). Їh power - not deprivation UKRAINE and th of the Volga region, the Urals. Skіfi lived in budinkah, Crete straw, of order CCB loh - pit. Pong rozvodili korіv, sheep, horses.

"Batko іstorії" Herodotus in the V century. BC. e. vіynu describing skіfіv i kіmmerіytsіv, vіn roztsіnyuє Tse yak mіzhusobitsі. Obviously, so i Bulo vono. Pіdtverdzhennya mozhna Know Hoca used in syuzhetі skіfskoї pektoralі (Article IV. BC. E.). Tse gold breastplate tsarska embellishment - 1150 g of gold 958 samples dіametr 30.6 cm Tsya visokohudozhnya yuvelіrna pam'yatka virіznyaєtsya maysternіstyu vikonannya, dekorativnіstyu.. In nіy vtіleno tsіlu low-spohadiv scenes. In tsentrі two-skіfi volodarі zshivayut Golden Fleece-shirt s ovechoї shkіri. Tse єdnostі symbol, image, yaky in mistetstvі duzhe widely vikoristovuєtsya. Znaydeno pectoral in kurganі Tovsta Tomb on Dnіpropetrovschinі archaeologist Boris Mozolevskim chervnya 1971 21 p., In zberіgaєtsya muzeї precios y Kiєvo-Pecherskіy lavrі.

In prikladnіy kulturі skіfіv panuє tvarinny style - tse virobi temple hudozhnogo rіvnya. Sered yuvelіrnih pam'yatok skіfskoї culture takі vsesvіtnovіdomі, yak gold grebіn (mound Solokha bilja with. Great Znamenka on Zaporіzhzhі) Sribna amphora boyova kolіsnitsya that іn.

For skіfskih kam'yanih statues harakternі large head, Mensch Tulub, malі hands that leg. Zgoda tsі statuї will prodovzhenі in polovetskih kam'yanih broads. Sogodnі vіdomo Ponad 100 skіfskih sculptures. Utensils from skіfіv, yak i in tripіltsіv - tse gorschik ( "slov'yansky"), starkly grebіntsevim ornament vlastivim kulturі skіfіv i, i tripіltsіv, kіmmerіytsіv i, i slov'yan.

Skіfi zalishili nashіy kulturі bіlu shirt, hat shpichastu Kozatska, Sagaidak, nozhі-pernachі, Chobot. Herodotus stverdzhuє scho skіfi - bagatoetnіchna power. Sered them vіn rozrіznyav kalіnіdіytsіv, alazonіv, zemlerobіv, kochіvnikіv, tsarskih, SSMSC іnshih respected svoїmi slaves. However їh culture vіdznachalasya odnorіdnіstyu. Ellіno-skіfіv Herodotus Dear blizkimi to grekіv. Skіfi zustrіchali s guests hlіbom-sіllyu, їm Bulo vlastive twinning, yak i pіznіshe Cossacks. They wore stink vishitі shirts, bloomers abo vuzkі Stani Zi shkіri. In skіfskіy movі zustrіchaєmo word "honey", "Strava."

Pochinayuchi s Article VI. BC. e. posilen antichnі vplivi on skіfіv. Cheema doslіdnikіv converging on dumtsі scho skіfi Je mіstsevim people genetichno rozvinutim on osnovі poperednіh. Je posilannya zoroastrіysku on the sacred book "Avesta" (zbіrnik sacred gіmnіv, legends about persholyudinu Іme) de zaznachaєtsya scho prabatkіvschinoyu people "іme" Je UKRAINE i scho tse Yea i nashі skіfi.

Herodotus poєdnuє skіfіv іz Sarmatians i stverdzhuє scho stink pіshli od shlyubіv skіfіv s Amazons. Ancient geography II stage. n. e. Klavdіy Ptolemy nazivaє Ponad hundred sarmatskih tribes (Alan Roxolans, yazigi, sіraki that іn.). Sarmat robili chotirikolіsny vіz without zhodnogo tsvyaha, Mali shovkovі, suknyanі tkanini. Pong zalishili digit slіd in ukraїnskіy kulturі. In III century. BC. e -. Article III. n. e. Sarmat rozselyayutsya on teritorії suchasnoї Ukraine. In Tsey perіod here poshiryuєtsya ancient culture, poshiryuyutsya vplivi gunіv. Pid modes Cheema doslіdnikіv rozumіyut slov'yan, stverdzhuyuchi scho stink Somalia viraznі RISS slov'yanstva.

Ruїni Chersonese

For kіlka stolіt to novoї Yeri in ukraїnskomu Prichornomor'ї z'yavlyayutsya gretskі Mista-kolonії: Hersonissos, Tіr, Olvіya, Pantіkapeya, Teodosіya. Їh zhitelі - tse i mіstseve population. The Greeks have nazivali їh Hersonesі hersonezіtami in Olvії - olvієpolіtami.

Antichnі vplivi manifested in pragnennі prikrasiti, dekoruvati svіy odyag, Zhytlo have narodnіy muzitsі have spіvah, vіdznachennі holy in mіfologії. Rimskі vplivi in ​​ukraїnskіy kulturі pochinayutsya in Article I-III. n. e., if Cordoni Rimskoї іmperії nablizilis. Je arheologіchnі znahіdki ukrіplen Romans on the banks of the Dniester Basin (bilja Zalіschikіv) in Kiєvі znaydeno belongings rimskih coins (I-II v. BC. E.), Crockery, unvarnished (emalі). Hristiyani s Rome Buvaev here for sotnі lіt to 988 p. (Ofіtsіynogo hreschennya). For rimskimi legіonerami yshli kuptsі for merchants mіsіoneri scho carried nova vіru. Tsey vpliv Especially posilyuєtsya naprikіntsі antichnoї Epoch. Tse so zvanі pechernі Mista in Cream, zokrema Eskі-Kermen, Voll (Calais), Mangup. In Tsikh mіstah zalishilis church in Pechery s hristiyanskimi frescoes and takozh pechernі monastirі. Vrazhayut pam'yatki, SSMSC zberіgayutsya in Hersonesі. Hersonissos, yak i Olvіya, MAV Vlasnyi penny system. Here boule brukovanі vulitsі, vodoprovіd, kanalіzatsіya. Uryadovі decrees visіkalisya on kamenі. Sered them "The Citizen Oath of Chersonesos» (I-II v. BC. E.).

Formuvannya slov'yanskoї culture in perіod pershoї half I tis. pіslya narodzhennya of Christ in perebuvalo tіsnih vzaєmozv'yazkah s rimskoyu tsivіlіzatsієyu (zarubinetska, chernyahіvska culture). Tse dopomoglo us osvoїti plow obrobіtok zemlі, emaleve virobnitstvo, traditsії zhitlobuduvannya, Keramiky.

Culture ninіshnіh kraїn Єvropi, napriklad, Ukraine Frantsії i, i Ugorschini Nіmechchini duzhe rіznі mіzh him, ale i toil bagato spіlnogo i OAO All time toil velikі vіdmіnnostі od azіyskih cultures. Slov'yan to know teritorії Ukraine vzhe zadovgo to novoї Yeri. Gesіod, Herodotus, Sophocles, Plіnіy, Tacitus, Ptolemy zgaduyut about them in svoїh create. Gretsky іstorik Prokopіy Kesarіysky writing tvіr "Gothic". Slov'yan vіn i OAO All INSHI vvazhali mіstsevim s population naydavnіshih chasіv. Prokopіy Kesarіysky dіliv їh on venedіv, sklavinіv i antіv. Antes nazivali їh іzzovnі.

Chernyahіvsku culture (for titles Mista Chernyahіv on Kiїvschinі) II-V Art. Archaeologists vvazhayut antіv culture. And selі Zarubintsі (II v. BC. E. I Article II. Pіslya) leaning vіdkrito antіv culture. Spіlnim they Je Keramika, pottery Mistetstvo. Ale znahіdki chernyahіvskoї culture vischogo cultural rіvnya. Znachnі vіdkrittya tsogo perіodu Zroby vіdomy V. Chvojka in 1899, 1901 pp. Znaydeno tsіlі settlement, bagato bronze, srіbnih embellishment grebenі, namisto, gorschiki, keramіku, takozh kіlka skarbіv i s gold srіbnimi virobami.

At Ti chasi mіgratsії, resettlement tsіlih tribes zvichnim yavischem Bulo, ale not Bulo such dwellers population zmіnyuvalos povnіstyu. A farmer living on zavzhdi svoїy prabatkіvschinі.

Autochthonous population absorbs a INSHI culture, peretvoryuvalo i rozvivalo їh. Vzagalі slіd pіdkresliti scho zamknenih crops, crops without vplivіv Absent. Chim tіsnіshі zv'yazki, team visokorozvinenіsha culture. Visokі culture zavzhdi vinikali on peretinі shlyahіv. Nedarma nіmetsky fіlosof JG Herder from the XVIII century. prognozuvav bike maybutne ukraїnskіy kulturі, porіvnyuvav її s Elladoyu.

In antіv CCB tsіkavy Reigning ustrіy. Vіn uvazhavsya dosit democratic. Mova antіv blizka to rozmovnoї MTIE population Kiїvskoї Rusі. Pong uspadkuvali traditsії, vіruvannya tribes that lived in the scho teritorії Ukraine. Anti served on grekіv kerіvnih planted. Ant Vsegord CCB vіzantіyskim commander ANT Amamgast - kerіvnik frakіyskih vіysk (... 469 p e BC), prince in antіv boule Gdozh i Mezhamir.

Zgіdno s "Povіstyu passed lіt" Nestor Lіtopistsya slov'yanskі tribes lived: Polanyi on teritorії ninіshnoї Kiїvschini, drevlyans - at pіvnіchnih Zhytomyr regions, Kiїvschini, dulіbi - on rіchtsі Bug sіvertsі, v'yatichі, radimichі - at pіvnіchnih regions of Ukraine, Bіlorusії , Russie. On skhodі polovetskі Ukraine lived tribes. Same polovtsі zalishili in skhіdnih steppe chislennі antropomorfnі Sculpture - kam'yanih women (bovvanіv). Tsіkavoyu Je їh kolektsіya in Dnіpropetrovskomu іstorichnomu muzeї.

Іoan Marіngol in Bogemskіy hronіtsі wrote: "The essence of Slavonia Gelіsa" (God Sontsya, Gelіosa). The "Slovі of Igor Іgorevіm" їh ZVUT "Dazhbozhimi" grandchildren, grandchildren god Sontsya.

We lived slov'yani great Group (delivery) in huts, often in zagliblenih land obmaschenih clay, pobіlenih. Hata small sіni, Dvi kіmnati. According sutі stink nagaduyut sogodnіshnє Zhytlo villagers in Ukraїnі. According Dnіpru, rіchkah Ros, Diet, Desna, Sula znaydeno bagato such gorodіv-ukrіplen. On Kiїvschinі їh viyavleno blizko 400 on Volinі - 350 Podіllі - 250 Galichinі - 100. Mounds Mali svoє vіysko, ohoronyali zhitelіv od nabіgіv. Tse boule admіnіstrativnі odinitsі. Such was odinitseyu Dovgy hour CCB sama rіd. Spochatku on cholі old was zhіnka. Potіm rolі pomіnyalis. The founder of becoming cholovіk. Tse diktuvalos ekonomіchnimi, defense, pobutovimi іnteresami. Zvichaї starodavnіh slov'yan-ukraїntsіv duzhe tsіkavі. In knizі O. Voropaya "Zvichaї ukrajins'koho people" zgaduєtsya one zvichaїv Zi - taєmne vikradannya narechenoї in Drevlyane, v'yatichіv, sіvertsіv. We do not vikradali dіvchat glades, here іsnuvalo kupno. Buli rіznі іgri, Dances, fun, holy. Sered muzichnih іnstrumentіv vіdomі bubo, trumpet, sopіlka, musket that іn.