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Ekonomіchny analіz - Bolyuh MA, Burchevsky VZ

3.5. Evristichnі priyomi doslіdzhennya

Sort order іz Names zagalnimi, unіversalnimi priyomami analіzu in hodі systemic doslіdzhen vikoristovuyut i evristichnі priyomi, SSMSC ґruntuyutsya on іntuїtsії that dosvіdі doslіdnikіv.

Before evristichnih priyomіv, abo metodіv aktivіzatsії tvorchostі, custom mislennya vіdnosyat zazvichay low metodіv generatsії varіantіv rozv'yazannya problems on osnovі pritamannoї lyudinі zdatnostі to tvorchoї dіyalnostі. Їh zastosovuyut todі, if zvichaynі rutinnі method zasnovanі on analіzі passed dosvіdu that teperіshnіh minds do not give zmogi vibrato sposіb virіshennya. Especially widely tsі priyomi vikoristovuyut in strategіchnomu analіzі for prognozuvannya rozvitku ekonomіchnoї situatsії.

Usі evristichnі methodological podіlyayutsya on Dvi velikі groupies - Methods undirected search Search ( "Mozkovy assault", "ekspertnih otsіnok", "Collective notepad", "controlling power", "asotsіatsіy that analogіy" dіlovі іgri that situatsії, kіbernetichnі Narada) is the method of directed Poshuk (morfologіchny method algorithm rozv'yazannya vinahіdnitskih tasks ARVZ).

Naybіlsh poshirenim types that Je method "Mozkovy assault", yaky widely zastosovuєtsya for generatsії novih іdey unaslіdok tvorchoї spіvpratsі spetsіalіstіv groupies. Pratsyuyuchi yak єdine tsіle, groups spetsіalіstіv namagaєtsya "storm" podolati trudnoschі, SSMSC zavazhayut rozv'yazati problem scho doslіdzhuєtsya. "Mozkovy storm" yak method aktivіzatsії CREATIVE mislennya potrebuє peredovsіm stvorennya nalezhnoї tvorchoї atmosphere if navіt "naybezgluzdіshі" on Purshia look, іdeї rozglyadayutsya uvazhno i seryozno. Dotsіlno, dwellers in obgovorennі took fate rіznі fahіvtsі (accountants, fіnansisti, managers, designers, engineers, pratsіvniki zbutu services), and h rіznim rіvnem dosvіdu. Zrozumіlo scho stink toil Buti obіznanі s problems Ale detail її Znannya Je neobov'yazkovim. Nebazhano, dwellers to groupies potraplyali chiefs that їhnі pіdleglі.

Osnovnі rule method. Kerіvnik sesії (yak Typically, Tse kerіvnik groupies, yak held analіz) formulyuє in zagalnomu viglyadі sutnіst zavdannya, napriklad: dosyagti peretvorennya virobu "A" Zi zbitkovogo profitability; nalagoditi virobnitstvo virobu "B" protyagom the following quarter; priskoriti oborotnіst werewolf koshtіv 2 dnі.

In this assault protsesі Participants visuvayut vlasnі іdeї, rozvivayut іdeї svoїh more farmers, vikoristovuyut pevnі іdeї for rozvitku іnshih, kombіnuyut їh. Dwellers zabezpechiti Maximum efekt "Mozkovy assault" requires provoditi for Pevnyi rules. Іnakshe vіn peretvoryuєtsya on zvichaynu Narada.

Dіyovy "Mozkovy storm" Got ґruntuvatisya on Suvorov dotrimannі rozpodіlu in chasі processes visuvannya іdey that processes їh-approved otsіnki minutes. On pershіy stadії assault zaboronyaєtsya kritikuvati visunutі іdeї that Offers (kritichnі zauvazhennya porushuyut CREATIVE processes). Zavdannya kerіvnika groupies polyagaє in aktivіzatsії CREATIVE mislennya uchasnikіv zasіdannya s tim, dwellers stink visunuli yaknaybіlshu Quantity varіantіv rozv'yazannya Pevnyi zavdannya. On tsіy stadії perevaga vіddaєtsya kіlkostі instead of Quality visunutih іdey. On drugіy stadії іdeї retelno obgovoryuyutsya, ekonomіchno otsіnyuyutsya that in kіntsevomu pіdsumku vіdbiraєtsya naylіpsha s them.

On stadії-approved Participants povinnі rozvivati ​​visunutі іdeї: at whether they can yakіy s Know ratsіonalne grain. Digit efekt daє kombіnuvannya іdey s Relief skladannya perelіku vsіh zaproponovanih varіantіv vikonannya analіzovanoї funktsії іz zaznachennyam perevag that nedolіkіv varіantіv s skin. The maximum trivalіst zasіdannya - 1.5 year (Mauger Buti kіlka zasіdan s single supply).

Main efekt "Mozkovy assault" dosyagaєtsya vnaslіdok rozmezhuvannya in chasі visunennya іdey that їh-approved: Quantity visunutih have Taqiy sposіb іdey in odinitsyu hour Je vdvіchі bіlshoyu, nіzh for traditsіynih sposobіv.

However, not whether yak zavdannya mozhna rozv'yazati CIM method. Vіn efektivnosti zdebіlshogo for rozv'yazuvannya not Duzhe folding problems zagalnogo (Especially organіzatsіynogo) character, if the participants are zasіdannya toil dostatnyu іnformatsіyu about them.

Sposіb ekspertnih otsіnok - tse sposіb prognozuvannya that otsіnki maybutnіh rezultatіv Act reasonably to pіdstavі peredbachen spetsіalіstіv. Tsei method nabuv wide zastosuvannya in strategіchnomu that funktsіonalno-vartіsnomu analіzі. Yogo sutnіst polyagaє in fact scho spetsіalіsti vislovlyuyut their Dumka about vazhlivі that realnі tsіlі ob'єkta, yogo funktsії, about ways to naylіpshі dosyagnennya Tsikh tsіley, about znachuschіst abo vagomіst faktorіv (vlastivostey, vimog) that ymovіrnі termіni vikonannya zahodіv, about kriterії Vibor naylіpshogo rіshennya project. For otrimannya naybіlsh yakіsnogo sudzhennya to uchastі in ekspertizі zaluchayutsya spetsіalіsti scho toil Visokiy profesіyny rіven is the great practicality dosvіd at the Branch postavlenoї problems volodіyut zdatnіstyu adequate vіdobrazhennya tendentsіy rozvitku that tsіkavlyatsya of the problem.

Іnformatsіya, otrimana od ekspertіv, obroblyaєtsya for Relief spetsіalnih logіchnih that i metodіv ically mathematical procedures have peretvorennya nayzruchnіshu for Vibor naydoskonalіshogo varіanta rіshennya form.

In protsesі vіdboru ekspertіv that organіzatsії їhnoї spіlnoї robots vrahovuyut іndivіdualnі osoblivostі rozumovoї dіyalnostі people: one to skhilnіst shaped, іnshih - to verbal logіchnogo mislennya. Before groupies vklyuchayut NKVD s oboma types mislennya scho zbіlshuє chances of uspіshne rozv'yazannya problem.

Іsnuyut rekomendatsії i schodo kіlkostі ekspertіv: yak usually opened obmezhuvatisya 5 - 7 spetsіalіstami and krіm order to groupies vklyuchayut kіlkoh sotsіologіv, psihologіv, matematikіv. Rozrіznyayut іndivіdualnі that grupovі methodological opituvannya spetsіalіstіv - ekspertіv: іnterv'yu, analіtichnі ekspertnі otsіnki (for іndivіdualnogo) is the methodological komіsіy (for Collective opituvannya).

One іz rіznovidіv evristichnih priyomіv kolektivnoї tvorchostі Je since been called to come konferentsіya іdey. Vid "Mozkovy assault" Won vіdrіznyaєtsya pace of Narad is the permissibility dobrozichlivoyu critique formі short replіk that komentarіv. Criticism takіy formі Mauger navіt pіdvischiti tsіnnіst zaproponovanih іdey. Zaohochuєtsya fantazuvannya that kombіnuvannya іdey. Usі zaproponovanі іdeї fіksuyut in protokolі zaznachennya without attribution.

Before "konferentsії іdey" zaluchayutsya kerіvniki that ryadovі spіvrobіtniki, and yak Ti, scho postіyno stikayutsya s danoyu problem because i n іy nespetsіalіsti in the Branch (novachki) SSMSC zazvichay visuvayut novі, svіzhі іdeї, oskіlki on them tisnut traditsії. Do not Varto zaproshuvati on konferentsії osіb, SSMSC skeptical be up to mozhlivostі positive rozv'yazannya problems that vuzkih spetsіalіstіv, SSMSC "Everyone knows lіpshe for іnshih".

Metodi asotsіatsіy that analogіy peredbachayut aktivіzatsіyu peredovsіm asotsіativnogo mislennya Helsinki Human. Sutnіst Tsikh metodіv polyagaє in fact scho novі іdeї that Offers vinikayut on osnovі zіstavlennya s іnshimi bіlsh-Mensch analogіchnimi ob'єktami. Naychastіshe zastosovuєtsya special person analogіya - priya for Relief yakogo Lyudin ototozhnyuє Statement s analіzovanim ob'єktom. Tse daє mozhlivіst glibshe zrozumіti zavdannya scho stoїt before analіtikom.

Until such metodіv nalezhat method "focal ob'єktіv", "synectics", "method is the low vipadkovostey asotsіatsіy".

Sutnіst method of focal ob'єktіv polyagaє in perenesennі Find our vipadkovo vibranih ob'єktіv on ob'єkt scho vdoskonalyuєtsya. In rezultatі mozhna Know kіlka tsіlkom nespodіvanih varіantіv virіshennya problem. Focal ob'єktіv daє Dobri outputs Method in Poshuk novih modifіkatsіy vіdomih pristroїv that sposobіv, Mauger vikoristovuvatisya for trenuvannya uyavi (napriklad, potrіbno pridumati fantastic mehanіzm, іnstrument toscho).

Method realіzuєtsya in Taqiy sposіb:

• vibirayut focal ob'єkt that vstanovlyuyut Meta yogo vdoskonalennya (napriklad, priskorennya oborotnostі werewolf koshtіv);
• vibirayut 3-4 vipadkovі ob'єkti (їh take navmannya Zi glossary abo catalog);
• Find our lists skladayut vipadkovih ob'єktіv; Find our dodayut vipadkovih ob'єktіv to focal ob'єkta that generuyut novі іdeї;
• otrimanі spoluchennya rozvivayut way vіlnih asotsіatsіy;
• produmuyut printsipovі rіshennya, otsіnyuyut otrimanі varіanti that vіdbirayut naybіlsh efektivnі rіshennya (zazvichay tse vikonuєtsya ekspertnim way).

Tsei method umozhlivlyuє, napriklad, Shvidky znahodzhennya іdey novih, nezvichnih tovarіv wide vzhitku, proponuvannya printsipovo novih pіdhodіv to organіzatsіynih virobnitstva forms.

"Synectics" - complex method stimulyuvannya tvorchoї dіyalnostі scho vikoristovuє priyomi that fun- yak "Mozkovy assault", so i analogіy method that asotsіatsіy. The word "synectics" - tse neologіzm scho oznachaє ob'єdnannya rіznorіdnih elementіv.

The method is very hard Poshuk potrіbnogo rіshennya for rakhunok podolannya psihologіchnoї іnertsії, yak polyagaє in namagannі rozv'yazati problem traditsіynim Shlyakhov. Synectics umozhlivlyuє vihіd for mezhі yakogo whether a particular method of mislennya (dії) that uniquely rozshiryuє dіapazon Poshuk novih іdey unaslіdok zobrazhannya zvichnogo in nezvichnomu viglyadі that navpaki.

Prihilniki tsogo method vvazhayut scho rozumova dіyalnіst Helsinki Human Je bіlsh productive in new ways, neznayomomu seredovischі. Koristuvannya method for synectics rozv'yazannya problemi potrebuє stvorennya groupies spetsіalіstіv rіznih profesіy. Bajan, dwellers sinektichnoї The members of Group (krіm її kerіvnika) before cob robot does not know sutі problems scho rozglyadaєtsya. Tse daє їm zmogu abstraguvatisya od zvichnih stereotipіv mislennya.

On sinektichnih zasіdannyah widely vikoristovuєtsya takozh special person analogіya (empatіya). For the Relief of the Person of Priya misleno vtіlyuєtsya the image ob'єkta scho rozglyadaєtsya, tobto "ototozhnyuє" Statement іz him that analіzuє vіdchuttya scho vinikayut. Ninі empatіyu uspіshno vikoristovuyut rozv'yazuvannya Especially for folding problems and takozh for perevіrki mozhlivostі practical vikoristannya rіznih іdey.

The method of control for zapitan zastosovuєtsya psihologіchnoї aktivіzatsії CREATIVE PROCESS. Yogo meta - Relief for navіdnih zapitan pіdvesti to rozv'yazannya problem. Method zastosovuvatisya Mauger yak in іndivіdualnіy robotі, if he doslіdnik sobі put zapitannya that shukaє vіdpovіdі on them, so i pid Hour-approved Collective, napriklad pid hour "Mozkovy assault."