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Economy of the enterprise - Pokropivny SF

SECTION 3. TECHNICAL BASE, ORGANIZATION AND PLANNING OF PRODUCTION

Chapter 9. Innovative processes

Key concepts and terms

Innovation process; innovation; scientific and technical progress; Scientific and technological revolution; technology; Automation of production; computerization; Organizational progress; organization of production; Diversification of activities; Conversion of the enterprise (organization); Effectiveness of innovation .

9.1. General characteristic of innovation processes

Concept and classification. The whole set of processes (phenomena) occurring at enterprises of various branches of the national economy can be divided into two groups: traditional and innovative . Traditional processes (phenomena) characterize the normal functioning of the national economy, its branches and enterprises, and innovative processes-the development of the latter at a qualitatively new level. Over the long period, when the economy functioned and developed mainly due to extensive factors (the use of an ever-increasing volume of public resources - personnel, production assets), traditional evolutionary processes dominated production. Since extensive factors have practically exhausted themselves or become economically unprofitable, the development and intensification of modern production should be based primarily on new solutions in the technology sectors, the technology of organizational forms and methods of management. The development, adoption, implementation of such decisions and constitute the content of innovative processes.

In general, the innovative processes that take place in any complex production economic system are a set of progressive, qualitatively new changes that continuously arise in time and space.

The result of innovative processes are innovations, and their introduction into economic practice is usually called innovations . Innovative processes are initiated by individual branches of science, and are completed in the sphere of production, contributing to the progressive changes of the latter. The primary impulses for the introduction of innovations (innovations) at enterprises are not only public needs and the results of fundamental scientific research, but also the use of foreign progressive experience in the fields of technology and production organization, modern forms of management. By their nature, innovative processes, innovations and innovations are divided into interrelated species (Figure 9.1).

Fig. 9.1. The main sources, classification and interrelation of innovative processes (innovations, innovations) in the enterprise

Technical innovations and innovations are manifested in the form of new products (products), technologies for their production, means of production (machines, equipment, energy, structural materials). Organizational innovations encompass new methods and forms of organization of all types of activity of enterprises and other segments of social production (organizational structures for managing spheres of science and production, forms of organizing various types of production and collective labor, etc.).

The economic innovations (innovations) include the methods of economic management of science and production by implementing the functions of forecasting and planning, financing, pricing, motivation and pay, evaluation of performance, and to social - various forms of activating the human factor (vocational training and staff development, First of all, management at all levels, stimulating creative activity, improving conditions and constant support for a high level of labor safety, protecting human health and the environment, creating comfortable living conditions, etc.). Legal innovations recognize new and amended laws and various regulatory and legal documents that define and regulate all activities of the enterprise and organization.

In terms of scale and strength of influence on the efficiency of certain segments of social production, all innovations and innovations can be combined into two groups: local (single) and global (large-scale). If local innovations (innovations) cause mainly evolutionary transformations in the sphere of activity of enterprises and therefore do not have any significant impact on the effectiveness of their functioning and development, then global innovations, which are in most cases revolutionary (fundamentally new), dramatically improve the organizational and technical level Production, providing significant positive shifts in economic and social processes.

Between the separate types of innovation processes (innovations, innovations) there is a relatively close relationship. Technical innovations are primarily caused by the corresponding organizational innovations, and the latter, as a rule, require certain changes in the economic mechanism of the enterprise. In particular, the creation and development of flexible automated systems (production) - GAS (GAP) at enterprises of different industries objectively requires fundamental changes in the organization of technical training of production, methods of current planning and operational regulation, making it necessary to move to a continuous mode of work with flexible production systems. In addition, large-scale computerization of production and other areas of human activity leads to the active formation of a new type of management - industrial services and the corresponding organizational and economic forms of its implementation.

Effective technical, organizational and economic innovations lead to significant positive changes in social processes in enterprises, and the constant actualization of urgent social tasks initiates their solution with the help of new economic methods. Finally, all innovations in enterprises aimed at dynamic development and a steady increase in the efficiency of production must rely on their own legal foundation, the relevant regulatory and legal acts. Otherwise, they will not be able to exert a proper influence on the scale of the goals of enterprises and organizations and the timing of their achievement.

Proceeding from this, it is necessary to positively evaluate the activation of legislative processes in Ukraine, which in the end will facilitate the fastest transition to socially-oriented market relations between business entities.

Influence on production. Local and global innovations of different directions can provide the greatest possible impact on production, if the enterprise uses them consistently, comprehensively and harmoniously. The greatest direct impact on the effectiveness (efficiency) of the enterprise is provided by technical and organizational innovations. Other innovations affect production indirectly through the effectiveness of new organizational and technical solutions. Numerous examples testify to the strength of the influence of certain organizational, technical and other innovations on the corresponding performance indicators of the enterprise.

Thus, experience in the operation of flexible automated production facilities (GAP) showed their significant advantages in comparison with technological equipment in the traditional design: the specific weight of labor compensation (per one component) decreased by 25-39%, and overheads - by more than 80% ; Production areas were reduced by 60%, and the duration of the production cycle was 5-6 times. Among the global technical innovations, the most important in terms of the degree of influence on the economy of the enterprise should be named rotary and rotor-conveyor lines, which also provide an increase in labor productivity - 4-10 times; Reduction of the volume of the necessary production area - by 2.0-2.5 times; Reduction in the length of the manufacturing cycle in 15-20, and the volume of transportation of products in 25-30 times.

The influence of new technical (technological) systems not only on economic phenomena but also on social processes is noticeably increasing, which requires constant attention of designers of new technology to ensuring the necessary indicators of its reliability, economy and environmental friendliness. Especially urgent is the task of greening production. Special scientific research has established, for example, that an increase in twofold air pollution by harmful emissions reduces the service life of industrial equipment prior to the first major overhaul (between two adjacent ones) by an average of one and a half times. The yield of wheat in the zones of operation of a non-ferrous metallurgy enterprise is 40-60% less than outside these zones. At the same time it is known that modern progressive technologies in many cases allow not only to reduce the amount of harmful emissions, but also to transform their additional factors of growth in output and profit. In particular, the use of technology for utilization of sulfur dioxide emissions by thermal power plants by equipping them with appropriate gas cleaning plants can meet half the needs of the national economy of Ukraine in sulfuric acid.

However, the effectiveness of individual global and local measures is an important, but insufficient measure of the degree of influence of innovations of organizational and technical nature on the performance of enterprises. In this regard, it is necessary to own a specific methodology for determining the integral impact of a specific set of innovations on key indicators of the company's economic activities.

First of all, it is recommended to use a general methodical approach, the essence of which is reduced to calculating the main indicators characterizing the economic efficiency of a set of new technical and organizational innovations (TON) introduced over the course of a year (several years) according to special algorithms (formulas). In particular, it is necessary to calculate such technical and economic indicators.

1. Increase in the volume of manufactured products:

(9.1)

Where - the number of released workers at the expense of OET, people;

- labor productivity in the calculated year (period), UAH / person;

V p.i - the volume of production, UAH.

2. Increase in labor productivity:

(9.2)

Where - overall growth in labor productivity at the enterprise in the calculated year,%;

- actual number of staff, people;

- labor productivity of personnel in the base year (period), UAH / person.

3. Increase in the capital-labor ratio (capital-labor ratio) of labor:

, (9.3)

Where - the growth rate of the labor-saving rate of labor in the calculated year,%;

Fosn - the cost of fixed assets, yew. UAH;

F 0 - the labor-power ratio of labor in the base year (period), UAH / person.

4. Growth of capital productivity:

, (9.4)

Where If - the rate of change in return on assets in the calculated year,%;

F 0 - capital productivity in the base year, UAH.

5. To save (%) on the introduction of OET in total costs for production:

, (9.5)

Where D 1 - the average wage of one employee in the accounting year (period), UAH;

P 1 - the total amount of profit in the same year (period), UAH.

6. Increase in profitability of production:

, (9.6)

Where R 1 - level of profitability of production in the accounting year (period),%;

FP - the total cost of production fixed and working capital.

The calculations of average indices, made according to this methodological approach, testify to the significant influence of technical and organizational innovations on the efficiency of production at enterprises of different sectors of the national economy of Ukraine.

With such a noticeable trend of constant reduction of capital productivity, the introduction of technical and organizational innovations provides a significant increase in this indicator (by about 18%). The rate of reduction in production costs (cost of production) and the increase in its profitability are accelerated 1.5-2 times in case of using the conditioned organizational and technical factors. At the same time, the change in the calculated indicators under the influence of technical and organizational innovations, respectively, averages 62-63 and 37-38% of their overall positive dynamics.