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CULTUROLOGY - Gritsenko TB

3.5. Culture longtime Іzraїlyu

Vuzkoyu Smuha on Zahid od Mesopotamії, mіzh Seredzemnim sea th Lіvanskim ridge mіzh Sinayskim pіvostrovom that rіkoyu Jordan prostyagnulasya teritorіya Palestine. Prior to the XIII century. to NE zemlі Canaan (Palestine longtime Hosting Project) was inhabited by peoples zemlerobskі: hananeї, moavіtyani, amoreї that іn. In the XIII century. to NE їh pochinayut vitіsnyati skotarskі tribes semіtskogo pohodzhennya - єvreїv ancestors. Davnoєvreyska power in rіznih forms proіsnuvala mayzhe tisyach rokіv, s X Art. to NE 70 p. NE, if Palestine bula residual zahoplena Rome peretvorena i have provіntsіyu Rimskoї іmperії.

Unіkalnim Jerel information The davnoєvreysku culture Yea Bіblіya. Її appeared spriyala rozvitku lіturgіynoї th svіtskoї poezії, zbagachennyu poetichnih genre forms. Lіturgіyna poezіya in poєdnannі s choirs spіvom Bula put King David in liturgical practice. Poezіya Svіtska presented at Bіblії cycle lyubovnoї lіriki - Pіsneyu Pіsen King Solomon. Povchalna prose postaє book Jova, scho mіstit Elements rіznih lіteraturnih zhanrіv: sing, lіrichnoї nuclei th fіlosofskogo treatise, scho osmislyuє nerozv'yazanі problemi Butt.

In perіod as the title of another temple (p 536 to NE -.. 70 p NE) in davnoєvreyskіy lіteraturі formuєtsya novelіstichna th іstorichna literature, scho at Nese sobі Find our vplivu Greek antichnoї traditsії - tse books Joseph Flavіya "Іudeyskі starozhitnostі "ta" Іudeyska vіyna ".

Zarodzhennya іudeyskogo Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo pov'yazane s appeared synagogues, scho pіslya znischennya Єrusalimskogo temple will melt relіgіynim not deprivation, and th Gromadska oseredkami єvreїv. Arheologіchnі rozkopki davnіh synagogues in Beg-Alpha (Іzraїl) i Dura Єvropos (Sirіya) showed scho th mozaїchnі freskovі The images tvarini th Helsinki Human skladayut zvichayny yelement not deprivation synagogue іnter'єru and second zovnіshnogo decor.

Ostannі stolіttya Epoch other temples Bulo vіdznacheno posilenim vplivom ellіnіzmu on culture starodavnіh єvreїv, Especially in seredzemnomorskіy dіasporі and the Same in Oleksandrії. Same there z'yavlyaєtsya Novi єvreyskoї lіteraturi genre - drama. The author dekіlkoh p'єs CCB Ієhezakel on prіzvisko Tragіk. One s yogo p'єs, "Vihіd s Єgiptu", scho bula target for laws davnogretskoї tragedії, zbereglasya to our dnіv.

Oleksandrіysky іstorіograf Artapan namagavsya sintezuvati ellіnіstichnі motivates s traditsіynim svіtoglyadom іudaїzmu. At about tvorі іstorіyu єvreyskogo people vіn mіfologіzuє image of Moses the prophet of Greek єgipetskim zrazkom, nadіlyayuchi yogo risami deity Hermes-Thoth.

Nayviznachnіshim predstavnikom єvreyskogo ellіnіzmu in dіasporі CCB theologian i fіlosof felony Oleksandrіysky (I v. NE). Vikoristovuyuchi іdeї gretskoї fіlosofії vіn rozroblyaє method alegorichnogo tlumachennya Bіblії, stvoryuє vchennya about the Logos (Word), scho Bulo poserednikom mіzh God is the people.

So rank, ellіnіstichnі tendentsії in rozvitku єvreyskoї culture rozkololi єvreystvo on ellіnіstіv that ortodoksіv, and Epoch Serednovіchchya ellіnіstichnі traditsії boule digit mіroyu vinischenі.

3.6. Culture of ancient China

Pristupayuchi to vivchennya ulturi to ancient China, chitacham vazhlivo usvіdomiti scho Bulo її zdobutki hard at the basis not tіlki serednovіchnoї and second suchasnoї kitayskoї culture. Such cultural ustalenіst traditsіy poyasnyuєtsya not stіlki geografіchnoyu іzolovanіstyu, skіlki psihologіchnoyu vіdokremlenіstyu kitaytsіv - starodavnі kitaytsі uyavlyali sobі Vsesvit have viglyadі great continent s usіh bokіv otochennye water, at tsentrі yakogo znahoditsya Pіdnebesna іmperіya, tobto China itself.

Svoє pohodzhennya kitaytsі lead od legendary chasіv, if at the I tis. to NE Bulo zasnovano power Xia on cholі s іmperatorom Great Yu. Formuvannya starodavnoї kitayskoї culture yak єdinogo cultural type vіdbulosya in V-II art. to the NE in the Epoch "Voyuyuchih powers", if at zapeklіy borotbі vizhili deprivation sіm naymogutnіshih Reigning utvoren. Same todі sklalisya peredumovi for formuvannya Velikoї kitayskoї іmperії scho prostyaglasya od pustelі Gobі on pіvnochі to Pіvdenno-Kitayskogo sea on pіvdnі, od Lyaodunskogo pіvostrova on skhodі to gіr Pamіru on zahodі scho proіsnuvala kіntsya right up to the stage II. not.

Great role in formuvannі kitayskoї culture, yak at davnі chasi so i Teper, vіdіgravala ієrarhіchnіst. Modell derzhavoustroyu boule traditsіynі vzaєmini in sіm'ї: іmperator CCB Sin sky vіn not tіlki garantuvav vsesvіtnіy order, and the first vvazhavsya dad usіh kitaytsіv scho skladali єdinu Velika sіm'yu, Sacred obov'yazkom skin s її chlenіv Bulo holy vikonuvati svіy " sinovnіy "obov'yazok.

Vazhlivoyu risoyu kitayskoї culture has been viewed kitayska tseremonіya - fіksovanі normalized povedіnki th mislennya scho sklalisya on osnovі cult drevnostі. Pong boule pokladenі the basis of a new type of culture mіskoї ratsіonalnoї th upravlіnnya culture, yakimi povinnі boule volodіti officials that derzhavnі sluzhbovtsі. On vіdmіnu od іnshih kraїn, kitayskі officials do not boule zamknenoyu caste admіnіstrativnі Plant otrimuvali not for Gentry pohodzhennya and pevnі of Merit of the powers that have vipadku uspіshnogo skladannya іspitіv.

Vazhlivoyu risoyu starodavnoї kitayskoї culture on vіdmіnu od єvropeyskoї, Bulo not dosyagnennya tsіley practicality and NKVD samovdoskonalennya Helsinki Human. Confucianism Taoism is the boule skorіshe moral etichnі vchennya, anіzh relіgіynі vіruvannya. Person of ancient China vvazhala currently Chastain Vsesvіtu, pіdporyadkovanoyu zagalnim laws that pragnula rozporyadzhatisya not by nature, but in vkorіnyuvatisya nіy. Navіt Suchasnyj China ovolodіvshi novіtnіmi dosyagnennyami science zberіg traditsіyny type of culture, scho gurtuє people єdine tsіle.

Kitayska tsivіlіzatsіya s Svoge Persha rokіv іsnuvannya Zroby vazhlivі sketch on samovdoskonalennya high road. At Etap rannіh a culture of people viroschuvali wheat, millet - traditsіyny Figure z'yavivsya pіznіshe. W davnіh chasіv kitaytsі vikoristovuvali Tyaglova thinness that znaryaddya for Oran zemlі. Dosit early in seredinі 2 yew. to the NE, the stench became vigotovlyati bronze, and after an hour i deyaky zalіzo. Bronze ware of kitaytsі prikrashali The images that drakonіv ptahіv, navchilisya takozh vigotovlyati mіtsnі tkanini s thread mulberry shovkopryada. In VII-IX Art. kitaytsі Perche at svіtі Pocha vzhivati tea kitaysky sings Lu Yu navіt writing "Book of Tea" ( "Cha Jing", 760 p.), de viklav yogo right prigotuvannya system about tea from powders can dіznatisya s books kitayskogo kalіgrafa X stolіttya Jiang Xiang "Cha lu" (1053 p.).

At 2 yew. to NE in Bulo target Kitaї Square od vimovi ієroglіfіchnu pisemnіst, zavdyaki chomu nosії numerical movnih dіalektіv not rozumіyuchi usnogo movlennya, could easily have spіlkuvatisya pismovіy formі. Naydavnіshoyu pam'yatkoyu kitayskoї lіteraturi Je book songs "Shijing" (XI-VI ct.st. to NE). Tse Express Yourself kitayskogo folklore, SSMSC zbirali derzhavnі officials dwellers dіznatisya representations about people to Vlady. Pisni tіlki not glorify good pravitelіv and second vismіyuvali quiet, hto no pіkluvalisya about svoїh pіddanih.

Widely vіdomі starodavnі kitayskі monumentalnі sporudi - Grand Canal, scho buduvavsya protyagom bagatoh vіkіv, that great kitayska stіna, zavdyaki yakіy kitaytsі of Namangan zahistitisya od zovnіshnіh vorogіv. W rozpovsyudzhennyam Buddhism in Kitaї Bulo pobudovano bagato hramіv. Pong abo visіkalisya in Skela, abo Mali traditsіyny for China viglyad pagodas. Digit mіroyu kitayska buddistska architecture st sculpture arrogant vplivu іndіyskih traditsіy, oskіlki sama in Іndії i z'yavivsya Buddhism. Tse obumovleno th tim, scho for budіvnitstva hramіv i stvorennya statues often zaproshuvalisya іndіyskі Maistre.

Semitisyachnu culture of ancient China tsіlkom mozhna vіdnesti to "vіchnih tsivіlіzatsіy" zberіgshi Vlasnyi samobutnіst, Won gave svіtovі compass spіdometr, seismograph, gunpowder, knigodrukuvannya i navіt water closet.

Tsivіlіzatsії ancient Immediately Zroby velichezny vnesok to svіtovoї culture. Tse boule Pershi, in spravzhnomu tverdі sketch on high road to opanuvannya that osmislennya navkolishnogo svitu that usvіdomlennya Svoge Georeferencing in nomu.

Zapitannya i zavdannya for self-control

1. Shcho Takeo "tsivіlіzatsіya" that SSMSC її acquaint themselves?

2. chomu polyagayut osoblivostі ancient cultures Immediately?

3. SSMSC osnovnі Reason viniknennya tsivіlіzatsіy ancient Immediately?

4. SSMSC s Seven Wonders svitu nalezhali to tsivіlіzatsіy ancient Immediately?

5. Duthie zagalnu characteristic culture of ancient Єgiptu.

6. Viznachiti svіtoglyadnі kontseptsії ancient culture Єgiptu.

7. chomu polyagayut duhovnі round davnoєgipetskogo Mistetstvo?

8. Nazvіt osnovnі pam'yatki Davnoєgipetskoї culture is characterized by i їh.

9. chomu polyagayut osoblivostі Mesopotamії culture?

10. Nazvіt Vier hvilі culture Mesopotamії th characterize їh.

11. SSMSC dosyagnennya harakterizuyut Mesopotamії culture?

12. Give the characteristic zagalnu Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo that arhіtekturi Mesopotamії.

13. Nazvіt osnovnі dosyagnennya culture Mesopotamії, SSMSC not vtratili values ​​i Teper.

14. chomu polyagaє importance of culture for sogodennya starodavnoї Palestine?

15. Describe Bіblії yak viznachnoї pam'yatki svіtovoї culture.

16. Nazvіt peredumovi formuvannya Harappskoї tsivіlіzatsії.

17. In chomu polyagayut osoblivostі formuvannya davnokitayskoї culture?